Asymmetric Information, Transaction Costs, and Farmers Decision To Participate In Tobacco Voor-Oogst Kasturi Contract Farming

Contracts participation between tobacco farmers and traders is still low even benefit of contract is huge. This is related to factors that affect to the contract, demographics, farm characteristic, and other related factors. Contracts that initially became a tool to prevent market failure because it regulates how economic actors act against other, turns out to cause transaction costs as a result of asymmetric information that makes the contract does not function ideally. Therefore, this study attempts to explain asymmetry information during the transfer product and the potential transaction costs incurred using the New Institutional Economy approach. Beside that, this study also attemps to explain factors that underlie farmers decision making partnership, that were analized by using the analyst logistic regression.Respondents in this study were 100 respondents, 50 tobacco contract farmers, and 50 independent farmers from December 2018 through January 2019. The results showed that asymmetric information caused adverse selection and moral hazard, as many as 30% farmers had sold products to other parties and 8% of farmers had used pesticides that prohibited by traders. Contracts that are not ideal due to asymmetric information must be re-enforced by using additional costs called transaction costs which are divided into three typess, namely search and information costs, cost to design, negotiate and conclude and the monitor and contract enforcement costs. Monitoring costs have the potential to absorb the largest portion compared to other types of transaction costs. The greater the asymmetric information generated, the greater the transaction costs incurred. Then the factors that significantly influence the decision making of tobacco farmers to partnership are long time farming experience, land size, risk aversion level, certainty of price and source of capital.

Disentangling Challenges to Scaling Alternate Wetting and Drying Technology for Rice Cultivation: Distilling Lessons From 20 Years of Experience in the Philippines

Alternate wetting and drying (AWD) is a low-cost innovation that enables farmers to adapt to increasingly water scarcity conditions (such as drought), increase overall farm production efficiency, and mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It is seen as a pathway for transforming agri-food systems into more resilient, productive, biologically diverse, and equitable forms, ensuring our commitments to the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This paper uses scaling up and innovation uncertainty frameworks to review the success and challenges of AWD's 20-year scaling trajectory in the Philippines and explain the key factors that have influenced its outcomes. The framework adapted for this study is also used to examine the fitness between the scaling context and requirements, organizational mission, and corresponding capabilities. Findings show the innovation platform that vertically integrated key actors and locally adapted AWD has helped foster essential breakthroughs in creating an enabling environment that took AWD to national policy adoption in the Philippines. However, the dominant focus on technology transfer, product focus, and preference for controlled environments in the scaling practice has neglected many important contextual factors, allowing mismatches in enabling policy incentives, institutions, and scale to diminish the impacts of AWD in gravity-based systems. Our findings suggest that rethinking and re-envisioning the ways in which the impact can be scaled in irrigation rice systems using AWD is critical to sustaining food security and making the agriculture sector more resilient to climate change.

Formal Rules to Produce Object Notation for EXPRESS Schema-Driven Data

Recently, product data management systems (PDM) are widely used to conduct complex multidisciplinary projects in various industrial domains. The PDM systems enable teams of designers, engineers, and managers to remotely communicate on a network, exchange and share common product information. To integrate CAD/CAM/CAE applications with the PDM systems and ensure their interoperability, a dedicated family of standards STEP (ISO 10303) has been developed and employed. The STEP defines an object-oriented language EXPRESS to formally specify information schemas as well as file formats to store and transfer product data driven by these schemas. These are clear text encoding format SPF and STEP-XML. Nowadays, with the development and widespread adoption of Web technologies, the JSON language is getting increasingly popular due to it being apropos for the tasks of object-oriented data exchange and storage, as well as its simple, easy to parse syntax. The paper explores the topic of the suitability of the JSON language for the unambiguous representation, storage and interpretation of product data. Under the assumption that the product data can be described by arbitrary information schemas in EXPRESS, formal rules for the producing JSON notation are proposed and presented. Explanatory examples are provided to illustrate the proposed rules. The results of computational experiments conducted confirm the advantages of the JSON format compared to SPF and STEP-XML, and motivate its widespread adoption when integrating software applications.

GANGGUAN BUNYI BAHASA KADAZANDUSUN DALAM SEBUTAN ARAB OLEH ETNIK KADAZANDUSUN DI RANAU, SABAH

Gangguan bahasa ialah produk pemindahan bahasa yang berbentuk negatif daripada bahasa pertama (Kadazandusun) kepada bahasa sasaran (Arab). Berdasarkan perbezaan fonem konsonan yang terdapat dalam sistem bunyi kedua-dua bahasa tersebut, penutur jati Kadazandusun dijangka menghadapi kesukaran ketika menyebut huruf-huruf tertentu. Justeru, kajian ini bertujuan untuk merungkai hakikat gangguan bahasa dari sudut fonetik yang berlaku ketika penutur jati Kadazandusun menyebut huruf tersebut. Oleh itu, objektif pertama kajian ini adalah untuk mengenal pasti huruf bahasa Arab yang sukar untuk disebut berdasarkan gangguan bunyi bahasa Kadazandusun dan sebabnya. Objektif yang kedua pula ialah mengenal pasti huruf bahasa Arab yang mudah disebut oleh etnik Kadazandusun dan sebabnya. Kajian ini berbentuk kajian tindakan yang menggunakan satu set ujian sebutan yang diubah suai berasaskan teori Mahjub untuk mendapatkan skor sebutan sembilan bunyi fonem Arab. Responden kajian seramai 21 orang penutur jati Kadazandusun yang terdiri daripada kalangan remaja, dewasa dan warga tua. Pemilihan responden berasaskan keupayaan membaca al-Quran, penguasaan bahasa ibunda dan kawasan penempatan. Hasil ujian dinilai dengan khidmat nasihat daripada penilai yang pakar dalam bidang ilmu al-Quran dan Qiraat. Dapatan kajian mendapati bahawa Language interference is the negative language transfer product from the first language (Kadazandusun) to the target language (Arabic). Based on consonant phoneme differences in the sound system of both languages, native speakers of Kadazandusun are expected to have difficulty in pronouncing certain Arabic letters. This study therefore was aimed atinvestigating language interference specifically on the aspect of phonetic that occurred when Kadazandusun native speakers pronounced these particular Arabic letters. The first objective of the study was to identify Arabic letters that posed difficulty in pronunciation due to Kadazandusun language interference and ascertain the reasons for this problem. The second objective was to identify Arabic letters that were easy for Kadazandusun speakers to pronounce and the reasons for this non-difficulty. This action research study utilised an adapted pronunciation test set based on theMahjub theory in order to obtain scores for nine Arabic pronunciations. The respondents consisted 21 Kadazandusun native speakers comprising teenagers, adults and the elderly. The selection of respondents was based on their ability to read the Quran, mother tongue mastery and their locality. Test results were evaluated with consultation from experts in Quran and Qira’at. Findings revealed [ ,[ ط ] ,[ ض ] ,[ صع ] ,[ ظ] ] and [ ح ] as letters that the speakers tend to mispronounce whereas [ أ ] ,[ ز ] ,[ ت ] ,[ د ] ,[ س ] ,[ غ ] ,[ خ ] ,[ ق ] and [ ه ] were easy to vocalise. This study has demonstrated that the level of similarities and differences between the phonetic systems of the Kadazandusun and Arabic languages determine the level of interference during language transfer process. Hence it is recommended that the learning of Arabic pronunciation among Kadazandusun native speakers should begin with easier-topronounce letters initially and end with those that are more difficult.

Mod-two cohomology rings of alternating groups

We calculate the direct sum of the mod-two cohomology of all alternating groups, with both cup and transfer product structures, which in particular determines the additive structure and ring structure of the cohomology of individual groups. We show that there are no nilpotent elements in the cohomology rings of individual alternating groups. We calculate the action of the Steenrod algebra and discuss individual component rings. A range of techniques are developed, including an almost Hopf ring structure associated to the embeddings of products of alternating groups and Fox–Neuwirth resolutions, which are new techniques. We also extend understanding of the Gysin sequence relating the cohomology of alternating groups to that of symmetric groups and calculation of restriction to elementary abelian subgroups.

Technological Deconstruction and Reorganization Process of Industrial Design Driven Product Innovation

The work aims at discussing the essence of technology deconstruction and reorganization, and establishing the core value of technical decision-making in product micro-system design, In view of the current reality of neglecting product technology innovation. It clarifies the content of product technology and explores the ways and methods of product technology deconstruction and restructuring in the industrial design process. Industrial design is integration and inclusion, parallel design and collaborative design is the overall trend of its development, product technology design and modeling, man-machine and other design will eventually become unified. The innovation of working principle is the process of replacing the basic elements and modules or optimizing the state of material, information and energy transfer; product structure optimization is the process of mathematically finding the minimum design variables that meet the design requirements; the innovation of modeling material solutions is to solve the decision-making problem of the target multi-scheme; the processing technology improvement is to solve the process route optimization problem under multi-constraint conditions.

Transport of Protons and Capacitive Properties of the Nylon/Porphyrin/Graphene Oxide Coating

Electrochemical impedance (EI) measurements were performed to evaluate the nylon 66/-tetra-(para-aminophenyl) porphyrin (H2T(p-NH2)PP)/graphene oxide (GO) film coating on stainless steel and compared to the nylon/H2T(p-NH2)PP and nylon/GO film samples using 1M H2SO4 as electrolyte. The nylon/H2T(p-NH2)PP and nylon/GO composite films showed high electrochemical impedance in the order of 109 ohm-cm2 and a system controlled by mass transfer, product of a diffusion process at low frequencies with a resistance up to 5 orders of magnitude, indicating the diffusion of protons through the coating and a decrease in the metal dissolution. Otherwise, the nylon/H2T(p-NH2)PP/GO film compound evaluated show good ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability in the acid environment, acting porphyrin as a catalyst to the passage of protons through the film, reducing its electrochemical impedance up to 7 orders of magnitude with respect to the compounds nylon/H2T(p-NH2)PP and nylon/GO. Likewise, good capacitance values are also shown by modifying the concentrations of porphyrin and GO reinforcing materials. These properties are important for technological applications, such as anticorrosion coating for bipolar plates or membrane in a fuel cell type PEM, super-capacitors, etc.

PURIFIKASI SENYAWA POLIFENOL GLUKOSIDA HASIL REAKSI TRANSGLIKOSILASI ENZIMATIK DARI BIAKAN DAN UJI AKTIVITASNYA SEBAGAI ANTIMIKROBA

Polifenol-glukosida disintesis menggunakan CGTase yang berasal dari Nocardia sp. Sintesis polifenol-glukosida dilakukan dengan menggunakan resorsinol sebagai akseptor dan tepung sagu sebagai donor. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mensintesis senyawa polifenol-glukosida secara enzimatik menggunakan CGTase dari biakan Nocardia sp,menguji aktivitasnya sebagai senyawa antimikroba dan untuk mengetahui pengaruh senyawa polifenol-glukosida terhadap kerusakan morfologi sel dari biakan Bacillus subtilis. Polifenol–glukosida hasil reaksi transfer dimurnikan menggunakan kolom kromatografi yang berisi matriks oktadesil silica dan menggunakan eluen asam formatdalam methanol (40-90%). Produk yang sudah terpisah ditunjukkan sebagai noda tunggal pada plat kromatografi lapis tipis dengan nilai Rf mendekati nilai Rf standar arbutin. Nilai Rf dari produk transfer tersebut adalah sebesar 0,84 dan nilai Rf standar arbutin adalah sebesar 0.85. Polifenol-glukosida hasil sintesis menunjukkan aktivitasantimikroba terhadap biakan Bacillus subtilis dan Escherichia coli. Kata kunci : polifenol-glukosida, CGT-ase, Nocardia sp., Bacillus subtilis dan Escherichia coli AbstractPolyphenol-glucoside was synthesized by using CGTase derived from Nocardia sp. Synthesis polyphenol-glucoside of was done by using resorcinol as the acceptor and starch sago as the donor. This study aims to synthesized polyphenol-glucoside enzymatically using CGTase derived from Nocardia sp and to assay it’s activity as antimicrobial compound and to determine effect of polyphenol-glucoside on morphological damaging of Bacillus subtilis cells. The synthesized polyphenols-glucoside by transfer reaction was purified through column chromatography containing octadecyl silica matrix that was eluted with formic acid in methanol (40-90%). The separated product was demonstrated by single spot appearance on thin-layer chromatography plate with Rf value that was closed to standard of arbutin Rf. The Rf value of this transfer product was 0.84 while Rf value of arbutin as authentic standard was 0.85. The synthesized polyphenol-glucosie exhibited antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. Key words : Polyphenol-glucoside, CGT-ase, Nocardia sp., Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli.

A Direct Approach to Enantiopure Propionate Derivatives from Ethyl Lactate

The S-propargyl xanthate derived from ethyl (S)-lactate reacts upon heating with various acidic substances to give the propionate transfer product in high yield and with complete inversion of configuration.