The effects of passage through the gut of goats and cattle, and the application of dung as a fertiliser on seedling establishment of Dichrostachys cinerea and Acacia nilotica

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Tjelele ◽  
D. Ward ◽  
L. E. Dziba
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Establishment ◽  
Seedling Recruitment ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Recruitment Rate ◽  
Acacia Nilotica ◽  
Dichrostachys Cinerea ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
And Control ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

Seed pods of Dichrostachys cinerea and Acacia nilotica have higher nutritive value than grasses and other browse plants during the dry season and form an important part of the diet of livestock. Seeds of Acacia may be destroyed during passage through the digestive tract of herbivores whereas seeds of other browse species can remain viable even after mechanical (chewing) and chemical (digestive) scarification. The seedling emergence, seedling establishment and recruitment of D. cinerea and A. nilotica seeds, dispersed by cattle and goats, were measured under natural conditions in the wet and dry seasons following sowing in the dry season. Seeds retrieved from goats and cattle, during the first 3 days and the last 4 days of the recovery period, and control seeds were subjected to the following planting methods: (1) seeds placed on top of the soil with no dung, (2) seeds buried to a depth of 2 cm in the soil with no dung, and (3) seeds buried to a depth of 2 cm in the soil with dung, in the wet and dry seasons. Significantly more A. nilotica and D. cinerea seeds were retrieved from cattle (40.0 ± 3.6% and 25.7 ± 3.9%, respectively), than goats (11.7 ± 3.1% and 13.2 ± 3.8%, respectively). There were significant interactions among animal species, seed-recovery day, planting and season for percentage seedling recruitment. Seedlings from seeds retrieved from goats (12.0 ± 0.06%) had a significantly higher recruitment rate than from seeds retrieved from cattle (7.6 ± 0.05%) and control seeds (i.e. no passage through the gut) (4.1 ± 0.02%). Seedling recruitment rate was higher from seeds recovered from animals in the last 4 days of the recovery period and from D. cinerea than A. nilotica. The planting method of seeds buried to a depth of 2 cm in the soil with no dung had the highest seedling recruitment rate. We conclude that both goats and cattle may facilitate woody plant encroachment by enhancing seedling emergence.

Biology and control of Reseda lutea L. 2. Life cycle: seedling emergence, recruitment, and vegetative reproduction

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 517 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Heap
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Seedling Recruitment ◽  
Vegetative Reproduction ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
First Year ◽  
Shoot Production ◽  
Tap Root ◽  
And Control ◽  
Fluctuating Temperatures

The reproductive biology of Reseda lutea L. was studied in the laboratory and field in southern Australia. Seedling emergence was greatest from 5 mm depth (57%) to 10 mm (53%) but also occurred from 80 mm. Seeds on the soil surface did not germinate. Following cultivation of a field population, seedling emergence was high (144/m2) in the first winter and recruitment to the perennial population was estimated at 10·2%. Seedling emergence in subsequent winters was low. Perennial shoot numbers increased gradually in the first year after cultivation, from seedling recruitment and daughter shoots, and then stabilised at around 28/m2. Shoots formed on root fragments at a range of constant and fluctuating temperatures between 10° and 35°C, with a maximum of 17·3 shoots per 50-mm fragment at 15°C. Shoot production increased with root fragment length and diameter. Shoots were produced on root fragments as short as 10 mm and as thin as 1 mm. Fragments from the upper tap root produced more shoots than those from further down the tap root, or from laterals. An illustrated model of the life cycle of R. lutea in Australia is presented.

"Windows of opportunity" for recruitment in long-lived clonal plants: experimental studies of seedling establishment in Vaccinium shrubs

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (9) ◽  
pp. 1369-1374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ove Eriksson ◽  
Heléne Fröborg
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Establishment ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Seedling Recruitment ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Clonal Plants ◽  
Distinct Pattern ◽  
High Fecundity ◽  
Windows Of Opportunity

Two experiments were performed to analyse seedling recruitment in Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Vaccinium uliginosum, and Vaccinium oxycoccos. The purpose was to examine the probability of recruitment at "windows of opportunity," i.e., spatially or temporally unpredictable conditions in which seedling recruitment is possible within stands of established conspecific adults. Seedling emergence in all four investigated species depended on a combination of seed and microsite (disturbance) availability. In V. myrtillus, which was studied in more detail than the other species, emergence and survivorship were similar on non wood substrate and on decaying wood, but seedling growth was favored on the latter substrate. An experiment along an environmental gradient with all four species showed that recruitment required approximately similar conditions even though the adults of the species exhibited a clear zonation along the gradient. For all species except V. oxycoccos, recruitment was confined to only a part of the adults' range. Vaccinium species are generally good seed dispersers and have a high fecundity but usually lack developed seed banks. This behavior is interpreted as a response to occurring windows of opportunity for recruitment, i.e., small disturbances with high moisture and organic soil content. Recruitment at windows of opportunity is suggested as one distinct pattern of recruitment among clonal plants, along with previously suggested repeated and initial seedling recruitment patterns, and some implications of this distinction are briefly discussed. Keywords: clonal plants, genets, life histories, population dynamics, seedling establishment, Vaccinium.

scholarly journals Evaluation and Management of the Physicochemical Variables of Asu River, Southeast, Nigeria

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Nwinyimagu Amaechi Joshua ◽  
Nwonumara Godwin Nkwuda ◽  
Ani Chijioke ◽  
Ukeje Ikechukwu Ogeze
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Cross River ◽  
Physicochemical Variables ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
And Control ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

Asu River is one of the major tributaries of Cross River, a tropical reforest river in southeast Nigeria. The climate of the region is divided into the wet and dry seasons. Human activities such as fishing, bathing and washing go on in the river especially during the dry season. Farming also takes place at the fringes of the river. Some important physicochemical parameters of the river were investigated at two designated sites comprising the downstream and the upstream for nine (9) months, from October, 2013 to June, 2014. Temperature, carbon (iv) oxide, conductivity, total dissolved solids, nitrate and phosphate recorded maximum values during the dry season while dissolved oxygen and pH recorded maximum values in the wet season. The physicochemical variables evaluated showed that the river is not in a critical condition as most of the variables recorded are within the WHO permissible limit. However, the paper therefore recommends the need for public enlightenment on environmental management and control of household and industrial wastes in order to sustain the usefulness of Asu River.

Nitrogen interactions with medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusaessp.asperum) seedbanks

Weed Science ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Young ◽  
James D. Trent ◽  
Robert R. Blank ◽  
Debra E. Palmquist
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Establishment ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Seedling Recruitment ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Nitrogen Enrichment ◽  
Land Productivity ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Field Samples ◽  
Low Nitrogen

Medusahead is an invasive annual grass that, once established, severely affects range-land productivity and stability. Medusahead builds large seedbanks in the litter and on the soil surface. Effective weed control of medusahead involves either inhibiting germination from the seedbank, eliminating the seedbank, or enhancing germination so that plants are available for control. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of nitrogen enrichment, immobilization, and nitrification inhibition treatments in the field on the size and germination status of medusahead seedbanks. The germination status of medusahead seeds in seedbanks was determined by periodically collecting field samples of surface soil and litter and bioassaying them in greenhouse emergence tests. Control seedbanks had increased seedling emergence with KNO3or GA3enrichment of the bioassay substrate. The combination of these two materials increased emergence. Nitrogen enrichment increased seedling establishment in the field. Carbon enrichment in the field decreased seedling establishment and increased medusahead seeds in seedbanks. Nitrapyrin treatment decreased medusahead in the field similar to carbon enrichment. In comparison to the control or other treatments, GA3enrichment was not as effective in increasing emergence from nitrapyrin-treated bioassay samples. The combination of carbon and nitrapyrin treatments was very effective in eliminating medusahead emergence in the field, but in wetter years, it never completely eliminated medusahead seedling recruitment and subsequent reproduction. These treatments have promise for influencing succession in medusahead infestations if an adapted perennial species, capable of competing under low nitrogen levels, becomes available.

Drought stress and osmo-priming effects on physiological and biochemical characteristics of Ocimum basilicum

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 905-913
Author(s):  
Bahram Majd Nassiry ◽  
Neda Mohammadi
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Catalase Activity ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Seed Priming ◽  
Ocimum Basilicum ◽  
Field Development ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical Characteristics ◽  
Germination Characteristics ◽  
And Control

    One of the effects of reducing water content on soil is reduction of growth and development of seedlings and variation of field development. Seed priming technique has been known as a challenge to improve germination and seedling emergence under different environmental stresses. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the effects of osmo-priming on germination characteristics and changes of proline, protein and catalase activity of Ocimum basilicum seeds. Results showed that drought stress reduced the germination characteristics and drought stress in -8 bar was the critical stress.  Priming treatments were include KNO3, PEG and NaCl by 0, -4 and -8 bar concentrations. The seeds were primed with those materials for 8 and 16 hours. The highest germination characteristics were obtained from nitrate potassium in -8 bar for 16 hours priming. Therefore the best seed treatment under drought stress during germination was obtained from the osmo-primed with -8 bar nitrate potassium for 16 hours. The drought stress increased proline and catalase activity but reduced total protein. Priming treatment increases proline, total protein and catalase activity under drought and control conditions. It is concluded that priming results in improvement in germination components of Ocimum basilicum in drought stress conditions and increases the resistance to drought stress with improvement of proline, protein and catalase activity in germination phase.

scholarly journals Seasonal and Temperature Dependent Variations in Proximate Parameters and Mineral Elements of Smoke-Dried Catfish (Clarias gariepinus, Burchell, 1822) using Traditional and Eco-Friendly Kilns in Lagos, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 639-643
Author(s):  
M.M. Ogunbambo
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Mineral Compositions ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

Smoke-drying Clarias gariepinus (catfish) provides animal protein and a source of livelihood in Lagos, Nigeria. Changes occurring to seasonal and mineral compositions of smoke-dried catfish using local Traditional Drum Kiln (TDK) and a newly constructed Eco-Friendly Kiln (EFK) fitted with a flame, drying and electronic components was carried out in this study. The smoke-drying process was carried out in both wet and dry seasons and smoke-dried catfish samples stored at ambient and adjusted refrigerated temperatures of 28 and 4 0C. The smoke-drying procedure was  standardized at 60 - 80 0C and kiln lasted 24 ± 3 hours. Moisture content results showed a significant difference when the catfish samples were smoke-dried using TDK and EFK and stored in ambient and controlled temperatures in both wet and dry seasons while crude protein, lipid, ash and crude fibre values were significantly different when stored only in dry season. Mineral elements phosphorus, sodium, copper, magnesium and iron showed a significant difference when stored at both temperatures and seasons using both kilns. Mineral elements were found to be most stable in smoke-dried catfish samples when stored at controlled temperatures. This work proved that standardizing smoke-drying process using both kilns resulted in good quality smoke-dried catfish but showed that higher biochemical values were obtained when EFK is used. Key words: Nigeria, Smoke-drying Kilns, Seasons, Ambient, Controlled Temperatures

scholarly journals Rice milling quality as affected by drying method and harvesting time during ripening in wet and dry seasons

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phetmanyseng Xangsayasane ◽  
Khamtai Vongxayya ◽  
Senthong Phongchanmisai ◽  
Jaquie Mitchell ◽  
Shu Fukai
Keyword(s):  
Drying Method ◽  
Milling Quality ◽  
Harvesting Time ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Rice Milling ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

scholarly journals Urbanization effects on the composition and structure of macrophytes communities in a lotic ecosystem of Pernambuco State, Brazil

2016 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 888-897 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. R. C. C. Xavier ◽  
F. Scherner ◽  
D. C. Burgos ◽  
R. C. Barreto ◽  
S. M. B. Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Floristic Composition ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Macrophyte Communities ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Lotic Ecosystem ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Urbanized Areas ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

Abstract Population growth in urban areas changes freshwater ecosystems, and this can have consequences for macrophyte communities as can be seen in the municipalities that border the Capibaribe River, Pernambuco, Brazil. This study reports the effects of urbanization on the composition and structure of macrophyte communities in areas along that river. The following urbanized and non-urbanized sampling sites were chosen: Sites 1 and 2 (municipality of Santa Cruz do Capibaribe), Sites 3 and 4 (municipality of Toritama), and Sites 5 and 6 (metropolitan region of Recife). These sites were visited every two months from January to July 2013 to observe seasonal variation (wet and dry seasons). Thirty-one species were identified. Generally, the non-urbanized sites had a higher number of species. Multivariate analyses indicated significant overall differences between urbanized and non-urbanized areas (R = 0.044; p < 0.001) and between seasons (R = 0.018; p < 0.019). Owing to the large variation in physical, chemical, and biological characteristics between urbanized and non-urbanized areas, we found that urbanization significantly influenced the floristic composition and structure of macrophyte communities.

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