Effect of ammonium, organic amendments, and plant growth on soil pH stratification

Soil Research ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 641 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Evans ◽  
M. K. Conyers ◽  
A. S. Black ◽  
G. J. Poile
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Plant Uptake ◽  
Field Trial ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Nitrogen Transformations ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
Soil Substrates ◽  
Sampling Times

We studied the development of soil layers of different pH (strata) within the surface 10 cm of soil. Substrates which affect nitrogen transformations (ammonium sulfate, sucrose, and lucerne hay) were added to the soil to determine the effect of amendment on the development of pH stratification. A glasshouse experiment used soils of 3 different initial pH(0·01 CaCl2; pHCa) values: 4, 5, and 6. At the end of the experiment, soil was sampled in depth intervals of 0·5 cm between 0 and 2 cm depth and then 1-cm intervals between 2 and 10 cm depth. Soil pHCa decreased over time and pHCa changes could be explained by variations in the concentration of ammonium and nitrate, which were brought about by changes in the rate of mineralisation, nitrification, and plant uptake of nitrogen. Little stratification in soil pHCa was found within the 0–10 cm layer. This minimal stratification was considered to be due to the soil in the pots being a closed system where nitrate was not lost through leaching. A field trial was rotary hoed to a depth of approximately 10 cm to achieve adequate mixing of soil and amendments. Soil pHCa decreased over the 6 months of the growing season, ranging from 0·1 pHCa units in the control to 0·4 pHCa units in the hay amendment. Between the initial and final sampling times there was little change in soil pHCa in the surface 0–2 cm. The pHCa decreased in the layers between 2 and 10 cm, thus producing the stratification of soil pHCa. The growth of oats had little effect on the development of pHCa stratification. Decreases in the soil pHCa from the 0–2 cm to the 8–10 cm layer in the absence of plants were 0·22, 0·27, 0·30, and 0·51 for the control, added sucrose, added ammonium sulfate, and added hay amendments, respectively. The processes of mineralisation and nitrification were considered to be the major causes of change in soil pHCa. Stratification of pHCa in the field trial was attributed to nitrification followed by nitrate leaching in the open system.

Pengaruh Penambahan Molases Pada Kulit Pisang Kapendis Untuk Media Produksi Xilanase B.Stearothermophillus DSM 22

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Trismillah
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Banana Peel ◽  
Partial Purification ◽  
Temperature Conditions ◽  
Cavendish Banana ◽  
Working Volume ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
Xylanase Enzyme

Cavendish banana peel can be used as a substitute for the expensive xylan, while molasses than as a source of carbon as well as nitrogen, minerals and nutrients needed for the growth of microbes that can produce the enzyme. Xylanase produced from Bacillus stearothermopillus DSM 22, using media cavendish banana peels with the addition of molasses 1%, 2%, and 3%. Fermentation is done in a shaker incubator at 550C temperature conditions, initial pH 8, and 250 rpm agitation. The result showed the highest enzyme activity of 4,14 ± 0,16 U/mL min., on the addition 2% molasses after 24 hours. Further fermentation carried out in the fermenter working volume of 3.5 liters, with the condition of temperature 550C, pH 8, aeration 1 vvm, agitation 250 rpm, the highest spesific enzyme of activity of 51,62 ± 0,16 U/mg after 24 hours. Partial purification of xylanase enzyme fermentation is done with the results of microfiltration, ultrafiltration, ammonium sulfate (0-80%) and dialysis. There is an increase in the purity of the enzyme at each stage of purification, the highest purity on dialysis 3.23 times of crude enzymes.Kulit buah pisang kapendis dapat digunakan sebagai pengganti xilan yang harganya mahal, sementara molases selain sebagai sumber karbon serta nitrogen, mineral dan nutrisi dibutuhkan untuk pertumbuhan mikroba yang dapat menghasilkan enzim. Xilanase yang dihasilkan dari Bacillus stearothermopillus DSM 22, menggunakan media kulit pisang kapendis dengan penambahan molase 1%, 2%, dan 3%. Fermentasi dilakukan dalam shaker inkubator pada temperatur 550C, pH awal 8, dan agitasi 250 rpm. Hasilnya menunjukkan aktivitas enzim tertinggi 4,14 ± 0,16 U/mL min., pada penambahan 2% molases setelah 24 jam. Selanjutnya fermentasi dilakukan di dalam fermentor, volume kerja dari 3,5 liter, dengan kondisi temperatur 550C, pH 8, aeration 1 vvm, agitasi 250 rpm, aktivitas spesifik tertinggi 51,62 ± 0,16 U/mg setelah 24 jam. Pemurnian parsial fermentasi enzim xilanase dilakukan dengan hasil mikrofiltrasi, ultrafiltrasi, amonium sulfat (0-80%) dan dialisis. Ada peningkatan kemurnian enzim pada setiap tahap pemurnian, kemurnian tertinggi pada dialisis 3,23 kali dari enzim kasar.Keywords: Xylanase, B. stearothermophillus DSM 22, Cavendish banana peel, molasses, enzyme activity

INORGANIC NITROGEN LEVELS AND NITRIFICATION POTENTIAL IN LOWBUSH BLUEBERRY SOILS

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
LEONARD J. EATON ◽  
DAVID G. PATRIQUIN
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Plant Uptake ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Garden Soil ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Vaccinium Angustifolium ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Lowbush Blueberry

Soil ammonium and nitrate in the top 15 cm of soil were monitored after application of ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate to plots at 14 PF (previously fertilized) and 12 NF (never fertilized) lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) stands representing a range of soil types and management histories. Overall, nitrate values in unfertilized and ammonium sulfate plots were higher at PF than at NF sites, suggesting greater nitrification at PF sites. In laboratory incubation studies, nitrification proceeded immediately in soil from a PF site, but only after a 4-wk lag in that from an adjacent NF site. Nitrification rates were low compared to that in a garden soil (pH 6.6). N-Serve inhibited nitrification in both soils. In ammonium nitrate plots, "excess" N values (N values in fertilized plots minus values in unfertilized plots) were higher for PF than for NF sites, suggesting greater immobilization, plant uptake or loss of N at NF sites. There was no evidence, in laboratory studies, of immobilization of added N by soil from either type of site. Rhizome N concentration increased significantly in response to fertilization at an NF site, but not at a PF site. Key words: Blueberry (lowbush), fertilizer and soil nitrogen

scholarly journals The influence of various organic amendments on the bioavailability and plant uptake of cadmium present in mine-degraded soil

2018 ◽  
Vol 636 ◽  
pp. 810-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Amjad Khan ◽  
Xiaodong Ding ◽  
Sardar Khan ◽  
Mark L. Brusseau ◽  
Anwarzeb Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Uptake ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Degraded Soil

The Influence of Adjusting Spray Solution pH on the Efficacy of Saflufenacil

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jared M. Roskamp ◽  
William G. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Weight Reduction ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Final Solution ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Field Corn ◽  
Spray Solution ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
Water Ph

Saflufenacil solubility and efficacy has been shown to be influenced by carrier water pH. This research was conducted to determine if altering the pH of a solution already containing saflufenacil would influence the efficacy of the herbicide. Saflufenacil at 25 g ai ha−1was applied to field corn in carrier water with one of five initial pH levels (4.0, 5.2, 6.5, 7.7, or 9.0) and then buffered to one of four final solution pH levels (4.0, 6.5, 9.0, or none) for a total of twenty treatments. All treatments included ammonium sulfate at 20.37 g L−1and methylated seed oil at 1% v/v. Generally, saflufenacil with a final solution pH of 6.5 or higher provided more dry weight reduction of corn than saflufenacil applied in a final pH of 5.2 or lower. When applying saflufenacil in water with an initial pH of 4.0 or 5.2, efficacy was increased by raising the final solution pH to either 6.5 or 9.0. Conversely, reduction in corn dry weight was less when solution pH of saflufenacil mixed in carrier water with an initial pH of 6.5 or 7.7 was lowered to a final pH of 4.0. When co-applying saflufenacil with herbicides that are very acidic, such as glyphosate, efficacy of saflufenacil may be reduced if solution pH is 5.2 or lower.

The role of N transformations in the formation of acidic subsurface layers in stock urine patches

Soil Research ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 221 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Condon ◽  
A. S. Black ◽  
M. K. Conyers
Keyword(s):  
Soil Surface ◽  
Urea Hydrolysis ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Urea Solution ◽  
Nitrogen Transformations ◽  
N Transformations ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Subsurface Layers ◽  
Dominant Process

This study examines the role of nitrogen transformations in the acidification of soil under stock urine patches, specifically the formation of acidic subsurface layers. These are horizontal planes of acidity several centimetres below the soil surface. Glasshouse studies were conducted to relate nitrogen transformations to measured pH changes in soil treated with urine or urea solution (simulated urine). Acidic subsurface layers formed in both urine- and simulated urine-treated soil. With the development of a H+ balance model, the contribution of nitrogen transformations to changes in the H+ concentrations in simulated urine patches was determined.During the first 9 days following treatment, urea hydrolysis and NH3 volatilisation dominated changes in H+ concentration. After that, net immobilisation contributed to H+ changes; however, nitrification was the dominant process occurring. Downward movement of NH4+ originating from urea hydrolysis allowed more nitrification to occur in lower soil layers. The net result of these processes was net acidification of the 4–6, 6–8, and 8–10 cm layers by approximately 0.7, 0.6, and 0.3 pH units, respectively. Thus nitrogen transformations were responsible for the formation of acidic subsurface layers in simulated stock urine patches within 6 weeks of application.

Stable Isotope Analysis of Water Uptake Sources of Primary Forests in the Central Yunnan Karst Plateau

2013 ◽  
Vol 864-867 ◽  
pp. 2455-2458
Author(s):  
Tao Fan ◽  
Jie Li
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Stable Isotope Analysis ◽  
Plant Uptake ◽  
Rock Fracture ◽  
Isotope Analysis ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Cyclobalanopsis Glaucoides ◽  
Primary Forests

Ecosystems in the central of Yunnan karst plateau are very fragile due to thin soil layer and intensive infiltration capacity of rock fracture, which result in a very limited amount of water storage for plant uptake. Water retention in the soil zone and shallow fractured rock zone (subcutaneous) is a key factor for plant growth. Distinction of water sources taken by karst plants is a challenging task for botanists and hydrologists but is needed for ecosystem management. In this study, stable isotope analysis was used to investigate water sources for Cyclobalanopsis glaucoides primary forests at Shilin Geopark in Bajiang vally, central Yunnan of China. Proportions of water sources for plant uptake were determined by the δD and δ18O values of plant stem water, and water taken from soil layers and the subcutaneous zone. The analysis reveals that water was mainly taken from the soil layers and to less degree the subcutaneous zone as well. In dry seasons with scarce precipitation, plants in the primary forest were prone to take more water from subcutaneous zone and deeper layer of soil. Different species had different water use strategies, Cyclobalanopsis glaucoides took a larger proportional water from the deeper layer of soil, suggesting its deeper roots and wider range of shallower roots. However, Olea yunnanensis and Pistacia weinmannifolia extracted more percentage of water from the deeper soil water and subcutaneous water because of its deeper roots.

Field leaching and degradation of soil applied herbicides in a gradationally textured alkaline soil: chlorsulfuron and triasulfuron

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 1445 ◽  
Author(s):  
PR Stork
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Oilseed Crop ◽  
Alkaline Soil ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Leguminous Crop ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Residue Levels ◽  
Water Contents

A bioassay method was used to monitor changes in the leaching and degradation of chlorsulfuron and triasulfuron in a field experiment on a gradationally textured alkaline cropping soil. Following application in May 1991, it was estimated that approximately 46% of chlorsulfuron and 21% of triasulfuron were leached beyond 50 cm by late winter 1991 with 103 mm of cumulative rainfall. No leaching was detected from mid spring 1991 to early autumn 1992. During this time the sulfonylureas were rapidly degraded, with a 50% reduction in residues complete by 80 days. The degradation was increased by increasing soil temperatures and not constrained by lowering soil water contents. Leaching of the sulfonylureas took place again in the following growing season, between late autumn and mid spring 1992, where trace quantities of the herbicides moved from shallower depths to reaccumulate at higher levels, deeper in the soil profile. A part of these residues still remained within the 20-30 cm, 30-40 cm and 40-50 cm soil layers at mid spring 1992, after 344 mm of growing season rainfall. The residues were in the range 0.1 to 0.4 ng g-1 soil of chlorsulfuron and triasulfuron, for this last sampling taken approximately 18 months after the commencement of the experiment. These residue levels are known to be phytotoxic to leguminous crop and pasture species, and oilseed crop species.

scholarly journals Understanding Soil Phosphorus

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Esther Mwende Muindi
Keyword(s):  
Plant Uptake ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Acidic Soils ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Division Cell

Phosphorus is the second most important crop nutrient after Nitrogen. It is an essential macronutrient that plays important role in all crop biochemical processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, energy storage, transfer, cell division, cell enlargement and nitrogen fixation. It is also important in seed germination, seedling establishment, root, shoot, flower and seed development. Despite its importance in crop nutrition, availability of the nutrient in soils for plant uptake is limited by several soil factors. The factors include: soil pH levels, clay mineralogy, organic matter, free iron and aluminium, calcium carbonate, soil temperatures and availability of other nutrients among other factors. Availability of phosphorus for plant uptake can be managed by adoption of practices such as liming acidic soils, application of organic amendments in both alkaline and acidic soils, tillage practices and regulation of time and method of P fertilizer application.

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