Assessment of spatial variability of penetration resistance and hardpan characteristics in a cassava field

Soil compaction is generally defined as an increase of the natural density of soil at a particular depth. This compacted soil layer spatially varies over the field. Describing within-field variability is a fundamental first step towards determining the size of management zones. The purpose of the study was to explain the spatial variability of penetration resistance (PR) and hardpan characteristics. Soil PR, dry bulk density (BD), and water content (WC) were measured on the nodes of a mesh. Statistical and geostatistical analysis were used to analyse the spatial variability of PR at 5 depths: 0.0–0.1, 0.1–0.2, 0.2–0.3, 0.3–0.4, and 0.4–0.5 m, and hardpan characteristics. PR had the maximum variability among the measured properties. Hardpan lower edge depth varied from 0.297 to 0.714 m, having a mean and CV of 0.411 m and 20.43, respectively. PR was inversely related to WC. Correlation between BD and WC and PR for the same layer was relatively high. PR and hardpan characteristics showed spatial variability across the field, except PR at depth 0.1–0.2 m. Spherical isotropic models fitted all the measured properties. The range of values of the spatial structure was greater than 7.6 m. The results showed that hardpan and PR spatially varied across the field. These results are important in determining the necessary tillage technique as well as the tillage depth and the target compacted area for a suitable land management. These results also have important implications for how site-specific management information should be collected and explained.

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Characterization of the soil compaction based on the mapping of the apparent electrical conductivity

Revista Engenharia na Agricultura - REVENG ◽

10.13083/reveng.v29i1.12875 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 29 ◽

Author(s):

Eduardo Leonel Bottega ◽

Eder Luís Sari ◽

Zanandra Boff de Oliveira ◽

Alberto Eduardo Knies

Keyword(s):

Electrical Conductivity ◽

Spatial Variability ◽

Soil Compaction ◽

Penetration Resistance ◽

Management Zones ◽

Mean Values ◽

Soil Penetration Resistance ◽

Apparent Electrical Conductivity ◽

Moisture Conditions

Based on the measurement of soil penetration resistance (PR), it is possible to identify compacted soil layers, where root growth may be harmed, affecting crop development and yield. The objective of this work was to analyze the use of management zones (MZ), delimited on the basis of mapping of the spatial variability of the soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa), in the differentiation of soil compaction levels. The work was carried out in a 25.8-ha no-tillage area, cultivated under a center pivot. The ECa was measured under two soil moisture conditions (13.7 and 16.45%), using the Terram® equipment. Soil penetration resistance (PR) was measured using the SoloStar PLG5500 penetrograph. Based on the spatial variability ECa mapping, management zones (2, 3, and 4 zones) were delimited. The mean PR values ??of each MZ were compared by the t-test of means. It was possible to differentiate mean values ??of penetration resistance (PR), which vary from 0.9 to 2.10 MPa, from the characterization of management classes generated on the basis of the ECa spatial variability. The highest stratification of PR values ??was obtained as a function of sampling directed at delimited management zones when the soil had lower moisture content (13.7%). The highest mean PR values ??were obtained for the split of the ECa map into at least three classes. It was identified that for the study area there is no need to perform any mechanical decompaction operation.

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The Relationship between Soil Electrical Parameters and Compaction of Sandy Clay Loam Soil

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture11020114 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 114

Author(s):

Katarzyna Pentoś ◽

Krzysztof Pieczarka ◽

Kamil Serwata

Keyword(s):

Electrical Conductivity ◽

Magnetic Susceptibility ◽

Precision Agriculture ◽

Soil Compaction ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Soil Parameters ◽

Soil Electrical Conductivity ◽

Electrical Parameters ◽

Management Zones ◽

Additional Information

Soil spatial variability mapping allows the delimitation of the number of soil samples investigated to describe agricultural areas; it is crucial in precision agriculture. Electrical soil parameters are promising factors for the delimitation of management zones. One of the soil parameters that affects yield is soil compaction. The objective of this work was to indicate electrical parameters useful for the delimitation of management zones connected with soil compaction. For this purpose, the measurement of apparent soil electrical conductivity and magnetic susceptibility was conducted at two depths: 0.5 and 1 m. Soil compaction was measured for a soil layer at 0–0.5 m. Relationships between electrical soil parameters and soil compaction were modelled with the use of two types of neural networks—multilayer perceptron (MLP) and radial basis function (RBF). Better prediction quality was observed for RBF models. It can be stated that in the mathematical model, the apparent soil electrical conductivity affects soil compaction significantly more than magnetic susceptibility. However, magnetic susceptibility gives additional information about soil properties, and therefore, both electrical parameters should be used simultaneously for the delimitation of management zones.

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Examination of the physical state of the soil under conventional and reduced tillage systems

Acta Agraria Debreceniensis ◽

10.34101/actaagrar/51/2087 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 183-186

Author(s):

Géza Tuba

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Soil Compaction ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Penetration Resistance ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Reduced Tillage ◽

Deep Soil ◽

Tillage Systems

he effect of reduced and conventional tillage systems on soil compaction and moisture content in two years with extreme weather conditions is introduced in this paper. The investigations were carried out in a long-term soil cultivation experiment set on a heavy textured meadow chernozem soil at the Karcag Research Institute. In 2010 the amount of precipitation during the vegetation period of winter wheat was 623.3 mm, 2.2 times higher than the 50-year average, while in 2011 this value was 188.7 mm giving only 65% of the average. The examinations were made after harvest on stubbles on 4 test plots in 5 replications in the case of each tillage system. Soil compaction was characterised by penetration resistance values, while the actual soil moisture contents were determined by gravimetry. The values of penetration resistance and soil moisture content of the cultivated soil layer were better in the case of reduced tillage under extreme precipitation conditions. It could be established that regular application of deep soil loosening is essential due to the formation of the unfavourable compact soil layer under 30 cm. Conventional tillage resulted in enhanced compaction under the depth of ploughing, the penetration resistance can reach the value of 4 MPa under wet, while even 8 MPa under dry soil status.

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Traffic soil compaction of an oxisol related to soybean development and yield

Scientia Agricola ◽

10.1590/s0103-90162007000600008 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 64 (6) ◽

pp. 608-615 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Amauri Nelson Beutler ◽

José Frederico Centurion ◽

Maria Aparecida Pessoa da Cruz Centurion ◽

Onã da Silva Freddi ◽

Eurico Lucas de Sousa Neto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root Development ◽

Soil Compaction ◽

Penetration Resistance ◽

Soil Bulk Density ◽

Soil Samples ◽

The Other ◽

Undisturbed Soil ◽

Compacted Soil ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Completely Randomized Design

Excessive traffic on the soil may affect soybean development. This research was carried out to evaluate soybean root development and grain yield under compacted soil, in an Oxisol. The following traffic treatments were used: T0 = no traffic; T1* = 1 passage of a 4 t tractor; and, T1, T2, T4 and T6, respectively for 1, 2, 4 and 6 passages of an 11 t tractor on the same location, each besides the other. After compaction, soybean [Glycine max cv. MG/BR 46 (Conquista)] was cultivated. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design, with six compaction levels and four replicates (plots of 9.0 m²). Undisturbed soil samples were collected in the layers 0.03-0.06, 0.08-0.11, 0.15-0.18 and 0.22-0.25 m, for physical analyses. Root analyses were performed at layers of 0.0-0.10, 0.10-0.15 and 0.20-0.25 m. Soil compaction decreased deep root development and did not affect root amount, but its distribution. Yield decreased at the penetration resistance of 2.33 MPa or higher, and soil bulk density of 1.51 Mg m-3 or higher.

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Assessment of soil compacted state in forest road costruction

FORESTRY BULLETIN ◽

10.18698/2542-1468-2021-6-106-117 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (6) ◽

pp. 106-117

Author(s):

V.K. Katarov ◽

◽

N.V. Aleshina ◽

V.S. Syunev ◽

E.I. Rat’kova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Compaction ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Practical Significance ◽

Successful Implementation ◽

State University ◽

Forest Road ◽

Compacted Soil ◽

Loose Soil ◽

The Republic ◽

The Relationship

The issue of soil compacted state forecasting during the construction of a forest road is considered. The mechanical system formation of contacting particles of the compacted soil are given and substantiated. A model of compaction of a loose soil layer in the system "compaction device - compacted material" has been developed. A new compartment approach in this field of applied research was used, within which the system under study is subdivided into interconnected units, called compartments, the content of a certain substance in each of them is a separate variable of the system. Various technological situations are analyzed with the minimum and maximum allowable boom outreach of the excavator. The modeling of the effect of porosity on the soil layer thickness during its compaction, denser packing of particles and the appearance of residual (irreversible) deformations has been carried out. A method for determining the relationship between the degree of soil compaction and changes in its porosity and deformations has been developed. The complexity of the theoretical study of the compacted soil is substantiated. The practical significance of the developed model of soil layer compaction and the methodology for assessing its deformations has been confirmed with successful implementation at the design and monitoring stages of the construction of a pilot section of a forest road located in the Republic of Karelia on the basis of Petrozavodsk State University.

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Correction of resistance to penetration by pedofunctions and a reference soil water content

Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo ◽

10.1590/s0100-06832012000600004 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 36 (6) ◽

pp. 1704-1713 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Moacir Tuzzin de Moraes ◽

Henrique Debiasi ◽

Julio Cezar Franchini ◽

Vanderlei Rodrigues da Silva

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Soil Water ◽

Soil Water Content ◽

Soil Compaction ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Penetration Resistance ◽

Pedotransfer Functions ◽

Undisturbed Soil ◽

Important Indicator ◽

Soil Penetration Resistance

The soil penetration resistance is an important indicator of soil compaction and is strongly influenced by soil water content. The objective of this study was to develop mathematical models to normalize soil penetration resistance (SPR), using a reference value of gravimetric soil water content (U). For this purpose, SPR was determined with an impact penetrometer, in an experiment on a Dystroferric Red Latossol (Rhodic Eutrudox), at six levels of soil compaction, induced by mechanical chiseling and additional compaction by the traffic of a harvester (four, eight, 10, and 20 passes); in addition to a control treatment under no-tillage, without chiseling or additional compaction. To broaden the range of U values, SPR was evaluated in different periods. Undisturbed soil cores were sampled to quantify the soil bulk density (BD). Pedotransfer functions were generated correlating the values of U and BD to the SPR values. By these functions, the SPR was adequately corrected for all U and BD data ranges. The method requires only SPR and U as input variables in the models. However, different pedofunctions are needed according to the soil layer evaluated. After adjusting the pedotransfer functions, the differences in the soil compaction levels among the treatments, previously masked by variations of U, became detectable.

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Operational monitoring of the physical condition of the soil in the process of its unsealing

Mehanization and electrification of agricultural ◽

10.37204/0131-2189-2020-11-2 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 27-32

Author(s):

V. G. Mironenko ◽

B. O. Antypchuk

Keyword(s):

Radio Wave ◽

Physical Condition ◽

Soil Compaction ◽

Crop Production ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Physical Method ◽

Operational Monitoring ◽

Compacted Soil ◽

Production Technologies ◽

Modern Technologies

Annotation Purpose. Effective soil decompressing in modern crop production technologies. Methods. Analysis of modern methods of monitoring the physical condition of the soil, the method of radio wave profiling of the surface of the field, the method of synthesis of technical means, the theory of automatic control. Results. Model ultrasonic monitoring of the depth of the soil compacted layer, the device of forming a control signal to change the depth of the working body of the soil ripper, the results of the device study for operational determination depth of the compacted soil layer. Conclusions. The method of continuous radio wave profiling of the surface of the field in the movement of the ITA allows to effectively determine the depth of the location of the compacted soil layer in modern technologies of crop production. The device for operational control of the depth of the soil cultivator of the agricultural ITA allows to effectively loosen the soil while reducing fuel consumption by 20% and increasing the productivity of the unit by 10%. Keywords: agrotechnology, soil ripper, radio physical method, operational monitoring of soil compaction.

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Resistance of soil to penetration as a parameter indicator of subsolation in crop areas of sugar cane

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-91186-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Aline Barbosa Arruda ◽

Rodrigo Fernandes de Souza ◽

Gustavo Henrique Mendes Brito ◽

Jadson Belém de Moura ◽

Manoel Henrique Reis de Oliveira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Compaction ◽

Diagnostic Method ◽

Penetration Resistance ◽

Soil Resistance ◽

Agricultural Machinery ◽

Compacted Soil ◽

Soil Preparation ◽

Critical Resistance ◽

Resistance Value ◽

Resistance To Penetration

AbstractSugarcane is a very important economic crop that relies heavily on agricultural machinery, which contributes to soil compaction and a consequent decline in productivity. Subsoiling operation reduces the problems caused by compression; however, it is necessary to know its location and intensity. Accordingly, the aim of this work is to present a compression diagnostic method based on soil resistance to penetration as the parameter that indicates need for intervention in the subsoil. Measurements of penetration resistance was carried out in areas of sugarcane, located in the municipalities of Goianésia, Barro Alto and Santa Isabel, in the Brazilian state of Goiás. The Falker penetrometer (PLG 1020) was used, adjusted to a maximum depth of 40 cm and adopted as a critical resistance value of 4.0 MPa. The data were interpolated using kriging and adjusted in AutoCAD 2013 (Autodesk). The methodology proved effective in areas of compacted soil, and the surface layer had less resistance. The reduction in soil preparation was 96.54% and when considering the topographic adjustments, the reduction was 74.07%, showing the viability and importance of the diagnosis to show the proper management.

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Winter pasture and cover crops and their effects on soil and summer grain crops

Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-204x2011001000032 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 46 (10) ◽

pp. 1357-1363 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Alvadi Antonio Balbinot Junior ◽

Milton da Veiga ◽

Anibal de Moraes ◽

Adelino Pelissari ◽

Álvaro Luiz Mafra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Common Bean ◽

Cover Crops ◽

Nitrogen Fertilization ◽

Soil Compaction ◽

Surface Soil ◽

Soil Layer ◽

N Fertilization ◽

The North ◽

Oilseed Radish

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of winter land use on the amount of residual straw, the physical soil properties and grain yields of maize, common bean and soybean summer crops cultivated in succession. The experiment was carried out in the North Plateau of Santa Catarina state, Brazil, from May 2006 to April 2010. Five strategies of land use in winter were evaluated: intercropping with black oat + ryegrass + vetch, without grazing and nitrogen (N) fertilization (intercropping cover); the same intercropping, with grazing and 100 kg ha-1 of N per year topdressing (pasture with N); the same intercropping, with grazing and without nitrogen fertilization (pasture without N); oilseed radish, without grazing and nitrogen fertilization (oilseed radish); and natural vegetation, without grazing and nitrogen fertilization (fallow). Intercropping cover produces a greater amount of biomass in the system and, consequently, a greater accumulation of total and particulate organic carbon on the surface soil layer. However, land use in winter does not significantly affect soil physical properties related to soil compaction, nor the grain yield of maize, soybean and common bean cultivated in succession.

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