Binding of water-extractable organic carbon to clay subsoil: effects of clay subsoil properties

Soil Research ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinhuey Lim ◽  
Trung-Ta Nguyen ◽  
Petra Marschner
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Sodium Absorption ◽  
Oxide Content ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Water Extractable

Addition of clay-rich subsoils to sandy soils can increase yield and may increase organic carbon (OC) retention in soils. The ability of clays to bind OC is likely to be influenced by clay properties, but little is known about the relative importance of properties of clay subsoils for binding of OC. A batch sorption experiment was conducted using seven clay subsoils collected from agricultural lands where claying was carried out. Clay subsoils were shaken for 17 h at 4°C with different concentrations of water-extractable OC (WEOC: 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 9.0 g kg–1 soil) derived from mature wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) straw at a 1 : 10 soil : extract ratio. Sorption of WEOC was positively correlated with clay content, specific surface area and concentration of iron oxides. Further, WEOC sorption was negatively correlated with total OC content, sodium absorption ratio and cation ratio of soil structural stability. However, the relative importance of these properties for WEOC sorption differed among soils. In conclusion, OC retention in clay-amended sandy soils will be positively related to clay soil properties such as clay and Fe oxide content and specific surface area.

scholarly journals CORRELATIONS BETWEEN HOT CALCIUM CHLORIDE-EXTRACTED BORON AND CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES OF SOME BRAZILIAN SOILS

1999 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-300
Author(s):  
Luís Reynaldo Ferracciú Alleoni ◽  
Otávio Antonio de Camargo ◽  
José Maria Aires Silva Valadares
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Aluminum Oxide ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
High Positive Correlation ◽  
Aluminum Oxides ◽  
Physical Attributes

Relationship between soluble boron extracted with a hot CaCl2 0.01 mol L-1 solution and pH; organic carbon; exchangeable cations; cation exchange capacity (CEC); base saturation; total, free and amorphous iron and aluminum oxide contents; clay content; and specific surface area were performed for surface and subsurface samples of five soils. The soils were a Rhodic Hapludox, an Arenic Paleudalf and three Typic Hapludox, all representative soils of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. To quantify the relations between soluble boron and the different soil characteristics, simple linear correlations and multiple regressions, using a stepwise regression program, were performed. Hot-CaCl2 extractable boron (HCB) was significantly correlated with clay content (r = 0.69*), specific surface area (r = 0.68*), CEC (r = 0.63*) and total aluminum oxides (r = 0.70*) in all five soils. In addition, there was a correlation between HCB and organic carbon (r = 0.75*) in the four Oxisols. The correlation coefficient between the product (carbon x clay) and soluble boron contents was also highly significant (r = 0.78**). Multiple regression analysis showed that total aluminum oxide, as well as exchangeable calcium and aluminum, were correlated with HCB, explaining 85% of the variation. The product (carbon x clay) took into account the effect of textural gradient and showed high positive correlation with hot-CaCl2 0.01 mol L-1extractable boron.

Chemical EOR in Low Permeability Sandstone Reservoirs: Impact of Clay Content on the Transport of Polymer and Surfactant

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imane Guetni ◽  
Claire Marlière ◽  
David Rousseau
Keyword(s):  
Porous Media ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Low Permeability ◽  
Depth Propagation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Polymer Retention ◽  
Injection Strategies

Abstract Application of chemical enhanced oil recovery (C-EOR) processes to low-permeability sandstone reservoirs (in the 10-100 mD range) can be very challenging as strong retention and difficult in-depth propagation of polymer and surfactant can occur. Transport properties of C-EOR chemicals are particularly related to porous media mineralogy (clay content). The present experimental study aimed at identifying base mechanisms and providing general recommendations to design economically viable C-EOR injection strategies in low permeability clayey reservoirs. Polymer and surfactant injection corefloods were conducted using granular packs (quartz and clay mixtures) with similar petrophysical characteristics (permeability 70-130 mD) but having various mineralogical compositions (pure quartz sand, sand with 8 wt-% kaolinite and sand with 8 wt-% smectite). The granular packs were carefully characterized in terms of structure (SEM) and specific surface area (BET). The main observables from the coreflood tests were the resistance and residual resistance factors generated during the chemical injections, the irreversible polymer retention and the surfactant retention in various injection scenarios (polymer alone, surfactant alone, polymer and surfactant). A first, the impact of the clay contents on the retention of polymer and surfactant considered independently was examined. Coreflood results have shown that retention per unit mass of rock strongly increased in presence of both kaolinite and smectite, but not in the same way for both chemicals. For polymer, retention was about twice higher with kaolinite than with smectite, despite the fact that the measured specific surface area of the kaolinite was about 5 times less than that of the smectite. Conversely, for surfactant, retention was much higher with smectite than with kaolinite. Secondly, the impact of the presence of surfactant on the polymer in-depth propagation and retention was investigated in pure quartz and kaolinite-bearing porous media. In both mineralogies, the resistance factor quickly stabilized when polymer was injected alone whereas injection of larger solution volumes was required to reach stabilization when surfactant was present. In pure quartz, polymer retention was shown, surprisingly, to be one order of magnitude higher in presence of surfactant whereas with kaolinite, surfactant did not impact polymer retention. The results can be interpreted by considering adsorption-governed retention. The mechanistic pictures being that (a) large polymer macromolecules are not able to penetrate the porosity of smectite aggregates, whereas surfactant molecules can, and (b) that surfactant and polymer mixed adsorbed layers can be formed on surfaces with limited affinity for polymer. Overall, this study shows that C-EOR can be applied in low permeability reservoirs but that successful injection strategies will strongly depend on mineralogy.

scholarly journals Determination of soil specific surface area by water vapor adsorption: II Dependence of soil specific surface area on clay and organic carbon content

1987 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-72
Author(s):  
Raina Niskanen ◽  
Väinö Mäntylahti
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Water Vapor Adsorption ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Vapor Adsorption

The specific surface area of 60 mineral soil samples estimated by water vapor adsorption at 20 % relative humidity ranged from 12.1 ± 3.6 to 225.1 ±18.4 m2/g. Clay (range 1—72 %) and organic carbon content (0.7—14.6 %) together explained 84 % of the variation in the surface area. The regression equation predicting the specific surface area of soil was surface area (m2/g) =2.69+ 1.23clay-% +8.69org.C-%.

scholarly journals Synthesis and Physico-Chemical Characterization of CeO2/ZrO2-SO42- Mixed Oxides

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Manuel Hernández-Enríquez ◽  
Rebeca Silva-Rodrigo ◽  
Ricardo García-Alamilla ◽  
Luz Arcelia García-Serrano ◽  
Brent Edward Handy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Mixed Oxides ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Synthesis Method ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Acid Sites ◽  
Oxide Content ◽  
Physico Chemical

Environmentally friendly solid-acid catalysts CeO<sub>2</sub>/ZrO<sub>2</sub>-SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup> were prepared by the sol gel method varying CeO<sub>2</sub> content (10, 20 and 30 wt%) and using sulfation <em>in situ</em>, maintaining the sulfate ions amount present in the materials at 20 wt%. ZrO<sub>2</sub> and ZrO<sub>2-</sub>SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup> were also prepared for comparison proposes using the same synthesis method. The materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, nitrogen physisorption, potentiometric titration with <em>n</em>-butylamine, decomposition of 2-propanol and <em>n</em>-pentane isomerization. The specific surface area of ZrO<sub>2-</sub>SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup> was high (160 m<sup>2</sup>/g) compared with the unmodified ZrO<sub>2</sub> (80 m<sup>2</sup>/g), however this area decreased with increasing the CeO<sub>2</sub> content (37-100 m<sup>2</sup>/g). There was no significant effect of CeO<sub>2</sub> on the tetragonal structure of ZrO<sub>2-</sub>SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>. The variation of acid sites amount runs parallel to the change of specific surface area. The acid sites amount decreased with increasing cerium oxide content. The decomposition of 2-propanol results fundamentally in the formation of dehydration products such as propylene and diisopropyl ether, both involving acid sites. In addition, a good performance during the <em>n</em>-pentane isomerization was observed for these materials. The selectivity towards isopentane reaches 84% when the Pt/CeO<sub>2</sub>/ZrO<sub>2-</sub>SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup> catalyst with the highest CeO<sub>2</sub> content was used.

RELATIONSHIPS OF SPECIFIC SURFACE AREA AND CLAY CONTENT TO SHRINK-SWELL POTENTIAL OF SOILS HAVING DIFFERENT CLAY MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITIONS

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. ROSS
Keyword(s):  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Swell Potential ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Mineralogical Compositions

Data for 22 samples from 17 pedons were analyzed for relationships of specific surface area and amounts and kinds of clay to coefficient of linear extensibility, as determined by the paste method (COLErod), and to free swelling index (FSI). The soils were divided into three main groups according to their clay mineralogy. The clay of the first group was micaceous, that of the second group kaolinitic, and that of the third group montmorillonitic. Both clay contents and specific surface areas of the combined first and second groups of soils were closely related to COLErod (r2 = 0.81 and r2 = 0.91) with specific surface area giving the higher correlation. The correlation of clay content with COLErod decreased markedly, however, when the montmorillonitic soils were included (r2 = 0.56). In contrast, the correlation of specific surface area with COLErod remained high (r2 = 0.97), indicating that for the soils used in this study, specific surface area was more basic with respect to shrink–swell potential than was clay content. Specific surface area was also highly correlated with FSI (r2 = 0.96) which was expected from the close relationship between COLErod and FSI (r2 = 0.95).

Rain energy and soil amendments effects on infiltration and erosion of three different soil types

Soil Research ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 455 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Levin ◽  
M Ben-Hur ◽  
M Gal ◽  
GJ Levy
Keyword(s):  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Soil Amendments ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Infiltration Parameters

The effect of rain kinetic energy and soil amendments on infiltration and erosion from three Israeli soils was studied using a drip-type simulator. The soil samples were from the top layer (0-250 mm depth) of cultivated fields differing in their texture, specific surface area and lime content. Three kinetic energies of raindrops were obtained by varying heights of fall (h = 0.4, 1-0 and 1.6 m) of 3 mm diameter drops. The soil types studied were Typic Chromoxerert, Typic Rhodoxeralf and Calcic Haploxeralf. Soil amendments were phosphogypsum (PG) and a combined application of an anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) with PG. An increase in the impact energy of the raindrops reduced depth of rain before ponding, final infiltration rate (FIR), cumulative infiltration (i.e. infiltration parameters) and increased soil erosion. The addition of PAM+PG to the soil surface significantly increased the infiltration parameters and reduced erosion compared with the PG and control treatments. The Typic Chromoxerert was the least susceptible of the three soils to sealing, probably because of its high smectitic clay content, high specific surface area and high CaCO3 content which stabilize soil structure. The Typic Rhodoxeralf with the lowest specific surface area was the most susceptible to clay dispersion, and seal formation. Relative to the Typic Chromoxerert and the Typic Rhodoxeralf, the Calcic Haploxeralf was intermediate in its susceptibility to seal formation.

scholarly journals Comparative Study on Shale Characteristics of Different Sedimentary Microfacies of Late Permian Longtan Formation in Southwestern Guizhou, China

Minerals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Ma ◽  
Shaobin Guo
Keyword(s):  
Specific Surface ◽  
Pore Structure ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Mineral Composition ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Tidal Flat ◽  
Pore Volume ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Late Permian ◽  
Sedimentary Microfacies

Organic-rich marine-continental transitional shales are widely distributed in Guizhou Province, China. Samples from the Late Permian Longtan Formation were investigated using organic petrography analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, field emission-scanning electron microscopy observations, mercury intrusion capillary pressure and gas adsorption experiments to better understand the organic geochemical characteristic, mineralogical composition, full-size pore structure characteristics and fractal characteristic of shale reservoir. The relationships among the total organic carbon (TOC) content, mineral composition, pore structure parameter, methane adsorption capacity and fractal dimension of shale samples are discussed, along with the differences between different sedimentary microfacies. Results show that shale samples are characterized by high TOC contents, low permeability, complex mineral composition and pore structure. Shales of YV-1, deposited in delta and lower delta plains, have an extreme high clay content (71.33% average) and the clay minerals mainly consist of the I/S and kaolinite, while shales of XD-1, deposited in the lagoon-tidal flat, have a relatively low clay content (37% average) and the I/S occupies an absolute advantage. The pore volume, specific surface area and average pore diameter of YV-1 (0.02881 cm3/g, 20.806 m2/g and 11.07 nm, respectively) are larger than that of XD-1 (0.02110 cm3/g, 20.101 m2/g, and 8.40 nm, respectively). The mesopore of YV-1 is the predominant contributor to the pore structure, while the micropore of XD-1 also occupies a certain proportion in addition to the mesopore. Organic matter (OM)-hosted pores are largely developed in XD-1 samples, while clay mineral-hosted pores dominate the pore system of YV-1. Shale samples with higher TOC content and clay content generally have larger specific surface area and pore volume, which provides more adsorption space and enhances pore structure heterogeneity. Samples of XD-1 have high TOC contents, suitable mineral composition and complex pore structure, suggesting that shales deposited in a lagoon-tidal flat environment may have a greater potential for shale gas development.

Effects of Different Organic Carbon Sources on Properties of LiFePO4/C Synthesized by Spray-Drying

2014 ◽  
Vol 535 ◽  
pp. 725-728 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Lu ◽  
Lin Chen ◽  
Yun Bo Chen ◽  
Yi Jie Gu ◽  
Meng Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Carbon Source ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Spray Drying ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Tap Density ◽  
Organic Carbon Sources

LiFePO4/C materials were synthesized by spray-drying using FePO4·2H2O, LiOH·H2O as raw materials, with three kinds of organic carbon sources: soluble starch, crystal sugar and glucose. The particle size, tap density, specific surface area, morphology, structure and electrochemical properties of the LiFePO4/C were tested and analyzed. The results indicate that the organic carbon source has no effect on the phase of LiFePO4, but has a remarkable influence on the tap density and specific surface area of LiFePO4. The LiFePO4/C synthesized with crystal sugar and glucose has higher tap density, smaller particle size and specific surface area. The LiFePO4/C synthesized with the glucose as the carbon source exhibited the most excellent electrochemical performance. The discharge capacities are 160.6, 148.5 and 114.1mAh/g respectively at 0.1C, 1C and 5C. Under low temperature 253K, the discharge capacity is 56.2% of that at 298K with 0.2C.

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