Urea-induced nitrous oxide emissions under sub-tropical rain-fed sorghum and sunflower were nullified by DMPP, partially mitigated by polymer-coated urea, or enhanced by a blend of urea and polymer-coated urea

Soil Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 342 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Schwenke ◽  
B. M. Haigh
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Total N ◽  
Degradable Polymer ◽  
Coated Urea ◽  
Polymer Coated Urea ◽  
The Impact

Delaying the accumulation of soil nitrate from urea applied at sowing should mitigate nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions without compromising optimum crop production. This delay may be achieved chemically using a nitrification inhibitor such as 3,4 dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP), or physically by coating urea with a degradable polymer (PCU). In five field experiments across three summers, the impact of DMPP-coated urea applied at sowing on soil mineral nitrogen (N), N2O emissions and yields of grain sorghum or sunflower grown on sub-tropical Vertosols was assessed. At two experiments, DMPP effects on plant N uptake, soil N movement and total N loss were determined with 15N. One experiment included PCU and several blends: urea+DMPP-urea; urea+PCU; urea+DMPP-urea+PCU. Averaged across all experiments, DMPP reduced cumulative N2O emitted by 92% (range: 65–123%) and N2O emission factor (EF: percent of applied N emitted) by 88%. There was no statistical difference in N2O emitted between the 0N control and DMPP-urea. PCU reduced N2O emitted by 27% and EF by 34%. The urea+DMPP-urea blend also nullified urea-induced N2O, but urea+PCU increased N2O emissions and decreased grain yield due to a mismatch between soil N availability and plant N demand. DMPP arrested 15N movement in soil and reduced total 15N loss from 35% to 15% at one of the two 15N experiments. Applying DMPP-urea at sowing is an effective N strategy that nullifies urea-induced N2O emissions, maintains crop yield, and retains N in the soil–plant system. Negative impacts of the PCU+urea blend highlight the influence of growing season conditions on fertiliser N release.

Atmosphere composition and N2O emissions in soils of contrasting textures fertilized with anhydrous ammonia

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Rochette, Régis R. Simard ◽  
Noura Ziadi, Michel C. Nolin ◽  
Athyna N. Cambouris
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Anhydrous Ammonia

Nitrous oxide production and emission in agricultural soils are often influenced by soil physical properties and mineral N content. An experiment was initiated on a commercial farm located in the St. Lawrence Lowlands to measure the effects of recommended (150 kg N ha-1) and excessive (250 kg N ha-1) rates of anhydrous ammonia on atmospheric composition (O2, CO2, CH4 and N2O) and N2O emissions in soils of contrasting textures (sandy loam, clay loam and clay) cropped to corn. N2O emissions and soil temperature, water content and atmospheric composition were measured from post-harvest tillage to the first snowfall during the first year (2000), and from spring thaw to mid-July during the following 2 yr. Episodes of high N2O concentrations and surface emissions coincided with periods of high soil water content shortly following rainfall events when soil O2 concentrations were lowest. The convergence of indicators of restricted soil aeration at the time of highest N2O production suggested that denitrification was a major contributor to N2O emissions even in soils receiving an NH4-based fertilizer. Soil texture had a significant influence on soil N2O concentration and emission rates on several sampling dates. However, the effect was relatively small and it was not consistent, likely because of complex interactions between soil physical properties and N2O production, consumption and diffusion processes. Nitrous oxide emissions during the study were not limited by soil N availability as indicated by similar fluxes at recommended and excessive rates of anhydrous ammonia. Finally, greater N2O emissions in 2001 than in 2002 stress the importance of multiyear studies to evaluate the effect of annual weather conditions on soil N2O dynamics. Key words: Greenhouse gasses, denitrification

scholarly journals Biochar and urease inhibitor mitigate NH3 and N2O emissions and improve wheat yield in a urea fertilized alkaline soil

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Khadim Dawar ◽  
Shah Fahad ◽  
M. M. R. Jahangir ◽  
Iqbal Munir ◽  
Syed Sartaj Alam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Block Design ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Urease Inhibitor ◽  
Alkaline Soil ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Assimilation

AbstractIn this study, we explored the role of biochar (BC) and/or urease inhibitor (UI) in mitigating ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) discharge from urea fertilized wheat cultivated fields in Pakistan (34.01°N, 71.71°E). The experiment included five treatments [control, urea (150 kg N ha−1), BC (10 Mg ha−1), urea + BC and urea + BC + UI (1 L ton−1)], which were all repeated four times and were carried out in a randomized complete block design. Urea supplementation along with BC and BC + UI reduced soil NH3 emissions by 27% and 69%, respectively, compared to sole urea application. Nitrous oxide emissions from urea fertilized plots were also reduced by 24% and 53% applying BC and BC + UI, respectively, compared to urea alone. Application of BC with urea improved the grain yield, shoot biomass, and total N uptake of wheat by 13%, 24%, and 12%, respectively, compared to urea alone. Moreover, UI further promoted biomass and grain yield, and N assimilation in wheat by 38%, 22% and 27%, respectively, over sole urea application. In conclusion, application of BC and/or UI can mitigate NH3 and N2O emissions from urea fertilized soil, improve N use efficiency (NUE) and overall crop productivity.

Nitrous oxide emissions from red clover and winter wheat residues depend on interacting effects of distribution, soil N availability and moisture level

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arezoo Taghizadeh-Toosi ◽  
Baldur Janz ◽  
Rodrigo Labouriau ◽  
Jørgen E. Olesen ◽  
Klaus Butterbach-Bahl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Moisture Level ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Soil N Availability

The nitrification inhibitor DMPP applied to subtropical rice has an inconsistent effect on nitrous oxide emissions

Soil Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry J. Rose ◽  
Stephen G. Morris ◽  
Peter Quin ◽  
Lee J. Kearney ◽  
Stephen Kimber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitor ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Aerobic Rice ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Tropical Environments ◽  
Peak Flux ◽  
Coated Urea ◽  
Fertiliser Application

Although there is growing evidence that the nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) can lower soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions in temperate environments, there is little evidence of its efficacy in subtropical or tropical environments where temperatures and rainfall intensities are typically higher. We investigated N2O emissions in field-grown aerobic rice in adjacent fields in the 2013–14 and 2014–15 seasons in a subtropical environment. Crops were topdressed with 80 kg nitrogen (N) ha–1 before rainfall, as either urea, urea + DMPP (at 1.6 kg DMPP t–1 urea: ‘urea-DMPP’) or a blend of 50% urea and 50% urea-DMPP in the 2013–14 season, and urea, urea-DMPP or polymer (3 month)-coated urea (PCU) in the 2014–15 season. DMPP-urea significantly (P < 0.05) lowered soil N2O emissions in the 2013–14 season during the peak flux period after N fertiliser application, but had no effect in 2014–15. The mean cumulative N2O emissions over the entire growing period were 190 g N2O-N ha–1 in 2013–14 and 413 g N2O-N ha–1 in 2014–15, with no significant effect of DMPP or PCU. Our results demonstrate that DMPP can lower N2O emissions in subtropical, aerobic rice during peak flux events following N fertiliser application in some seasons, but inherent variability in climate and soil N2O emissions limited the ability to detect significant differences in cumulative N2O flux over the seasonal assessment. A greater understanding of how environmental and soil factors impact the efficacy of DMPP in the subtropics is needed to formulate appropriate guidelines for its use commercially.

scholarly journals Contribution of the cotton irrigation network to farm nitrous oxide emissions

Soil Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 651 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. C. T. Macdonald ◽  
A. Nadelko ◽  
Y. Chang ◽  
M. Glover ◽  
S. Warneke
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Minor Component ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Deep Drainage ◽  
Total N ◽  
Irrigation Network

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas, and agriculture is the dominant source of N2O-N emissions. The Australian cotton industry requires high inputs of N to maintain high lint quality and yields; however, over-fertilisation with N is symptomatic of the industry. Up to 3.5% of N fertiliser applied is lost directly from cotton fields as N2O gas. Excess N may also be lost via erosion, deep-drainage, leaching and runoff, and may subsequently form indirect N2O emissions. The estimate by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) suggests that 0.0025kg N2O-N is produced indirectly from groundwater and surface drainage for each kg N lost via runoff and leaching, although this estimate carries a large degree of uncertainty. This study is the first to address the lack of indirect N2O emission data from irrigated cotton-farming systems. Indirect emissions were determined from total N concentrations in irrigation runoff by using the IPCC emission factor and from measurements of dissolved N2O during the first four irrigations (October–December 2013). Total indirect N2O emissions from the surface of the irrigation network over 3 months when estimated by the dissolved-N2O method were 0.503±0.339kgha–1. By contrast, N2O emissions estimated by the IPCC methodology were 0.843±0.022kgha–1 irrigation surface area. Over the same period of measurement, direct land-surface emissions were 1.44kgN2O-Nha–1 field. Despite relatively high emissions per surface area, the irrigation network is only a minor component of the total farm area, and indirect emissions from the irrigation system contribute ~2.4–4% of the total N2O emissions and <0.02% of the applied N fertiliser.

scholarly journals Factors That Influence Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Agricultural Soils as Well as Their Representation in Simulation Models: A Review

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 770
Author(s):  
Cong Wang ◽  
Barbara Amon ◽  
Karsten Schulz ◽  
Bano Mehdi
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Impact Factor ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Impact Factors ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
The Impact

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a long-lived greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming. Emissions of N2O mainly stem from agricultural soils. This review highlights the principal factors from peer-reviewed literature affecting N2O emissions from agricultural soils, by grouping the factors into three categories: environmental, management and measurement. Within these categories, each impact factor is explained in detail and its influence on N2O emissions from the soil is summarized. It is also shown how each impact factor influences other impact factors. Process-based simulation models used for estimating N2O emissions are reviewed regarding their ability to consider the impact factors in simulating N2O. The model strengths and weaknesses in simulating N2O emissions from managed soils are summarized. Finally, three selected process-based simulation models (Daily Century (DAYCENT), DeNitrification-DeComposition (DNDC), and Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT)) are discussed that are widely used to simulate N2O emissions from cropping systems. Their ability to simulate N2O emissions is evaluated by describing the model components that are relevant to N2O processes and their representation in the model.

scholarly journals Effect of enhanced efficiency fertilisers on nitrous oxide emissions in a sub-tropical cereal cropping system

Soil Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clemens Scheer ◽  
David W. Rowlings ◽  
Massimiliano De Antoni Migliorati ◽  
David W. Lester ◽  
Mike J. Bell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitor ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Measuring System ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
N Fertilisers ◽  
Polymer Coated Urea

To meet the global food demand in the coming decades, crop yields per unit area must increase. This can only be achieved by a further intensification of existing cropping systems and will require even higher inputs of N fertilisers, which may result in increased losses of nitrous oxide (N2O) from cropped soils. Enhanced efficiency fertilisers (EEFs) have been promoted as a potential strategy to mitigate N2O emissions and improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in cereal cropping systems. However, only limited data are currently available on the use of different EEF products in sub-tropical cereal systems. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of three different EEFs on N2O emissions, NUE and yield in a sub-tropical summer cereal cropping system in Australia. Over an entire year soil N2O fluxes were monitored continuously (3h sampling frequency) with a fully-automated measuring system. The experimental site was fertilised with different nitrogen (N) fertilisers applied at 170kgNha–1, namely conventional urea (Urea), urea with the nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP), polymer-coated urea (PCU), and urea with the nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin (Nitrapyrin). Nitrous oxide emissions were highly episodic and mainly controlled by heavy rainfall events within two months of planting and fertiliser N application. Annual N2O emissions in the four treatments amounted to 2.31, 0.40, 0.69 and 1.58kgN2O-Nha–1year–1 for Urea, DMPP, PCU and Nitrapyrin treatments, respectively, while unfertilised plots produced an average of 0.16kgN2O-Nha–1year–1. Two of the tested products (DMPP and PCU) were found to be highly effective, decreasing annual N2O losses by 83% and 70%, respectively, but did not affect yield or NUE. This study shows that EEFs have a high potential to decrease N2O emissions from sub-tropical cereal cropping systems. More research is needed to assess if the increased costs of EEFs can be compensated by lower fertiliser application rates and/or yield increases.

scholarly journals Influence of variable biochar concentration on yield-scaled nitrous oxide emissions, Wheat yield and nitrogen use efficiency

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Khadim Dawar ◽  
Saif-ur-Rahman ◽  
Shah Fahad ◽  
Syed Sartaj Alam ◽  
Shah Alam Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Total N ◽  
Urea Treatment ◽  
Amended Soils ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Semi Arid

AbstractAn important source of the destructive greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide (N2O) comes from the use of ammonium based nitrogen (N) fertilizers that release N2O in the incomplete conversion (nitrification) of NH4+ to NO3ˉ1. Biochar has been shown to decrease nitrification rates and N2O emission. However, there is little information from semi-arid environments such as in Pakistan where conditions favor N2O emissions. Therefore, the object was to conduct field experiment to determine the impact of biochar rates in the presence or absence of urea amended soils on yield-scaled N2O emissions, and wheat yield and N use efficiency (NUE). The experiment on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), had a randomized complete block design with four replications and the treatments: control, sole urea (150 kg N ha−1), 5 Mg biochar ha−1 (B5), 10 Mg biochar ha−1 (B10), urea + B5 or urea + B10. In urea amended soils with B5 or B10 treatments, biochar reduced total N2O emissions by 27 and 35%, respectively, over the sole urea treatment. Urea + B5 or + B10 treatments had 34 and 46% lower levels, respectively, of yield scaled N2O over the sole urea treatment. The B5 and B10 treatments had 24–38%, 9–13%, 12–27% and 35–43%, respectively greater wheat above-ground biomass, grain yield, total N uptake, and NUE, over sole urea. The biochar treatments increased the retention of NH4+ which likely was an important mechanism for reducing N2O by limiting nitrification. These results indicate that amending soils with biochar has potential to mitigate N2O emissions in a semi-arid and at the same time increase wheat productivity.

scholarly journals Nitrous oxide emissions with enhanced efficiency and conventional urea fertilizers in winter wheat

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haibo An ◽  
Jen Owens ◽  
Brian Beres ◽  
Yuejin Li ◽  
Xiying Hao
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitor ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitors ◽  
Late Fall ◽  
Coated Urea ◽  
Polymer Coated Urea

AbstractOptimizing nitrogen fertilizer management can reduce nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. This study tested if split applying enhanced efficiency fertilizers (EEFs) resulted in lower N2O emissions than applying equivalent rates of urea at planting. In semiarid southern Alberta, field trials were conducted during three years (planting to harvest) in rainfed winter wheat crops. Annual fertilizer rates ranged from 146 to 176 kg N ha−1. Fertilizer types were urea, and three EEFs (polymer-coated urea, urea with urease and nitrification inhibitors, and urea with a nitrification inhibitor). Each fertilizer type was applied three ways: 100% banded at planting, split applied 30% banded at planting and 70% broadcast in late fall, and split applied 30% banded at planting and 70% broadcast at Feekes growth stage 4 (GS4, post-tiller formation, wheat entering the greening up phase in the early spring). Nitrous oxide was measured using static chambers between sub-weekly and monthly from planting to harvest. Over three years, cumulative N2O emissions ranged from 0.16 to 1.32 kg N ha−1. This was equivalent to emissions factors between 0.009 and 0.688%. Cumulative N2O emissions and emissions factors did not differ between fertilizer types, but they were lower when fertilizer was split applied at GS4 compared to in late fall (P ≤ 0.10). Our study suggests that EEFs do not reduce N2O emissions from rainfed winter wheat crops, but a well-timed split application with a majority of fertilizer applied after winter can minimize N2O emissions.

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