Isotopic studies on the uptake of nitrogen by pasture grasses. I. Recovery of fertilizer nitrogen from the soil : plant system using rhodes grass in pots

Soil Research ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 169 ◽  
Author(s):  
AE Martin ◽  
EF Henzell ◽  
PS Ross ◽  
KP Haydock
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Spectrometric Analysis ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Plant System ◽  
Labelled Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrate Fertilizer

Results are reported of the first of a series of studies on the fate of nitrogen applied to soil under pasture. Two series of pretreatments (nil and 200 lb/ac N) were imposed on Rhodes grass, Chloris gayana Kunth, grown on a light-textured soil in pots in a glasshouse. Subsequently the grass was cut 3.3 cm above the soil surface and labelled ammonium nitrate (15NH4NO3) was added in amounts up to the equivalent of 800 lb/ac N. The fate of this added nitrogen was determined at the end of the experiment by analyzing the total contents of each pot for nitrogen and for 15N. The quantity of total nitrogen found in the pots (which included both labelled and unlabelled forms), and that of labelled nitrogen, were each linearly related to the amount of ammonium nitrate added. Regression analysis showed that 93.6% of added total nitrogen, and 94.0% of added labelled nitrogen, was recovered from the soil : plant system. These recoveries did not differ significantly from one another, indicating that the loss fell equally on labelled ammonium nitrogen and some unlabelled form of nitrogen; it is possible that this loss took place from the added ammonium nitrate fertilizer. There was no evidence to indicate the stage at which this loss occurred. Nitrogen pretreatment had a marked effect on the weight of stubble and roots in the pots when the ammonium nitrate was applied, but had no effect on nitrogen loss. Errors encountered during chemical and mass spectrometric analysis of the soil and plant material are discussed.

Effect of Aeration Rates on the Composting Process and Loss of Nitrogen during Composting

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Xiong Zhi-Qiang ◽  
Wang Guo-Xing ◽  
Huo Zhao-Chen ◽  
Yan Lei ◽  
Gao Ya-Mei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Biological Process ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Aeration Rate ◽  
Ammonia Emissions ◽  
Ventilation Method

Composting is a controlled biological process used to stabilize and transform waste into a soil treatment. Aeration rate is one factor that controls the process of composting, as it ensures the growth of adequate aerobic microbe populations. To investigate the effect of aeration rates on the physicochemical indexes of compost and the loss of nitrogen content during composting, aerobic composting processes with different aeration rates (A: 0.2 L min-1 kg-1 TS, B: 0.05 L min-1 kg-1 TS and C: 0 L min-1 kg-1 TS) were studied. Ammonium-nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total nitrogen and other factors in compost samples from different periods were measured. The results showed that aeration rate significantly affected O2 content under different conditions. The aeration rate also significantly affected water content, nitrate nitrogen, and nitrogen loss. NH3 emissions increased as aeration rates increased at high temperatures owing to nitrogen loss. These results showed that aeration rate had a significant effect on total nitrogen and ammonia emissions (p<0.05). Thus, optimization of the ventilation method could significantly increase seed germination rate. 

Isotope studies on the comparative efficiency of nitrogenous sources

Soil Research ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 155 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Dev ◽  
DA Rennie
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Evaluation Studies ◽  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Lower Efficiency ◽  
Soil Total Nitrogen ◽  
Fertilizer Nitrogen

In a growth chamber experiment with 15N-labelled potassium nitrate, ammonium sulphate and urea at 75 and 150 kg nitrogen/ha and ammonium nitrate at 150 kg nitrogen/ha, nitrogen application produced significant responses of dry matter yield and total nitrogen uptake by shoot and root of barley in chernozemic dark brown Elstow silt loam and deep black Hoey clay soil. Total nitrogen removal per pot and isotope-derived criteria, viz. percentage nitrogen derived from fertilizer, 'A' value and percentage fertilizer nitrogen utilization, indicated that potassium nitrate was the most efficient and urea the least. At 75 kg nitrogen/ha, the recovery of fertilizer nitrogen in shoot and root was 47, 42 and 34% in Elstow silt loam and 65, 54 and 50% in Hoey clay with potassium nitrate ammonium sulphate and urea respectively. At 150 ppm nitrogen, these values were 62, 46 and 45 % in Elstow silt loam and 75,51 and 53 % in Hoey clay and that of ammonium nitrogen from ammonium nitrate, 17 and 43 % in the two soils respectively. The percentage excess of 15N in soil total nitrogen after the harvest of barley showed that urea was tied up more in the soil, causing lower efficiency for crop recovery. The contribution of root portion for different parameters in such evaluation studies needed equal consideration. The availability of fertilizer nitrogen for crop utilization was more in Hoey clay than in Elstow silt loam. Immobilization and losses of fertilizer nitrogen were greater in Elstow silt loam.

TECHNOLOGY OF MINERAL NUTRITION AND ILLUMINATION OF CROPS IN A SPACE VEGETABLE GREENHOUSE

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 68-74
Author(s):  
Yu.A. Berkovich ◽  
◽  
S.O. Smolianina ◽  
V.G. Smolianin ◽  
Ya.V. Morozov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Nitrate Content ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
White Leds ◽  
Nitrogen Ratio

Dependence of Chinese cabbage productivity and nitrate content in eatable biomass on the ammonium and nitrate nitrogen ratio and red light fraction was studied in the context of space greenhouse Vitacycle-T design. Crops were illuminated by a lighting unit assembled of red and white light-emitting diodes (LEDs) producing the photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) of 400–430 µmol/(m2•с) with the ratio of red and white LEDs inputs between 0 and 1.5. The ammonium-nitrate nitrogen ratio in nutrient solutions with stabilized total nitrogen varied from 0 to 1. Under all tested light spectra the favorable range of ammonium nitrogen makes up 15 to 45 mg/L with the maximum of 25 ± 2 mg/L and total nitrogen at 120 mg/L. Ammonium nitrogen increase above 53–55 mg/L leads to crop inhibition. Concentration of nitrates in eatable biomass did not exceed the permissible levels established for leave vegetables irrespectively of the ammonium-nitrate nitrogen ratio and decreased monotonously as ammonium nitrogen was rising above 10 mg/L. According to calculation, the Vitacycle-T root-feeding design (cartages of granular mineral-rich ionite BIONA-312 and slow-release fertilizer Osmocote 14-14-14) is capable to control total nitrogen and ammonium-nitrate nitrogen ratio within the favorable range.

scholarly journals Different Effects of Thermophilic Microbiological Inoculation With and Without Biochar on Physicochemical Characteristics and Bacterial Communities in Pig Manure Composting

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Likun Sun ◽  
Min Long ◽  
Jianshu Li ◽  
Renfei Wu ◽  
Lin Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Total Organic Carbon ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Pig Manure ◽  
Bacterial Phyla ◽  
Total Nitrogen Loss

This study evaluated the effects of thermophilic microbiological inoculation alone (TA) and integrated with biochar (TB) on the physicochemical characteristics and bacterial communities in pig manure (PM) composting with wheat straw. Both TA and TB accelerated the rate of temperature increase during the PM composting. TA significantly reduced total nitrogen loss by 18.03% as opposed to TB which significantly accelerated total organic carbon degradation by 12.21% compared with the control. Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria were the major phyla in composting. Variation of the relative abundance of genera depended on the composting period and treatment. The genera Lactobacillus (26.88–46.71%) and Clostridium_sensu_stricto (9.03–31.69%) occupied a superior position in the temperature rise stage, and Bacillus (30.90–36.19%) was outstanding in the cooling stage. Temperature, total nitrogen (TN), and ammonium nitrogen significantly influenced the bacterial phyla composition. TN, water content, and nitrite nitrogen were the main drivers of the bacterial community genera. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that microbiological consortia were resistant to high temperatures and could fix nitrogen for enriched Pseudomonas; however, when interacted with biochar, total organic carbon (TOC) degradation was accelerated for higher bacterial richness and diversity as well as overrepresented Corynebacterium.

Changes in chemical fractions of nitrogen during incubation of soils with histories of large organic matter increase under pasture

Soil Research ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
AW Moore ◽  
JS Russell
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Podzolic Soil ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Chemical Fractions ◽  
Labelled Nitrogen ◽  
Organic Fractions

A lateritic podzolic soil and a solodized solonetz soil, with histories of organic matter increase under tropical and temperate pastures respectively, were incubated over a period of a year with a weekly wetting and drying cycle. Decreases in organic matter (7 and 11%), total nitrogen (12 and 10%), and non-distillable acid-soluble nitrogen (30 and 25%) occurred, but there were no significant changes in residual nitrogen. Although there were marked increases in mineral nitrogen at the beginning of the incubation in both soils, nitrification was relatively poor in both soils. In a short-term (4 weeks) incubation of a lateritic podzolic soil and a grey clay soil the addition of labelled nitrogen followed by fractionation allowed nitrogen transformations to be examined precisely. Although differences in total nitrogen (labelled + unlabelled) with time were not statistically significant (P = 0.05) in the sandy soil (lateritic podzolic) a loss (28%) of total labelled nitrogen did occur. Parallel with this was an increasing incorporation of labelled nitrogen in all three organic fractions and a disappearance of ammonium nitrogen without the appearance of an equivalent amount of nitrate nitrogen. On the other hand, in the clay soil there was no loss of total labelled nitrogen with time and little incorporation of labelled nitrogen in the organic fractions after the first week. There was little change in the pool of labelled mineral nitrogen between the first and fourth weeks, but virtually complete and quantitative conversion from ammonium nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen. Some of the results point to varying biological lability of chemical fractions of soil nitrogen. These fractions are unlikely to be of much use as indices for sensitive measurement of nitrogen changes in the field, however, possibly because of the continuing accretion and losses which occur in the field.

scholarly journals Controlled Irrigation and Drainage Reduce Rainfall Runoff and Nitrogen Loss in Paddy Fields

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 3348
Author(s):  
Yanmei Yu ◽  
Junzeng Xu ◽  
Pingcang Zhang ◽  
Yan Meng ◽  
Yujiang Xiong
Keyword(s):  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Paddy Fields ◽  
Controlled Irrigation ◽  
Traditional Irrigation

In southern China, the growing period of rice is synchronized with the rainy period, and the loss of nutrients (such as nitrogen) due to unreasonable irrigation and drainage, along with rainfall and runoff, has become the main source of agricultural nonpoint source pollution. The laws of runoff and nitrogen loss in paddy fields under different irrigation and drainage modes are not clear. In this study, field experiments were adopted to observe the runoff and nitrogen loss under typical rainfall and throughout the whole growth period. The results showed that, compared with the traditional irrigation and drainage mode, the controlled irrigation and drainage mode reduced the drainage of two typical rainfall processes by 47.5% and 31.3% and the peak drainage by 38.9% and 14.4%. Compared with those under the traditional irrigation and drainage mode, the average concentrations of total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and ammonium nitrogen under the controlled irrigation and drainage mode were reduced by 22.2%, 22.7%, and 27.8%, respectively, during the whole rainfall process on July 21 and were decreased by 27.1%, 11.4%, and 25.6%, respectively, on August 25. In irrigated rice areas, under the controlled irrigation and drainage mode, drainage was reduced after two intercepts through paddy fields and drainage ditches. The nitrogen concentration in the drainage ditch decreased due to the increase in retention time and the effect of the ditch and field wetland. Compared with the traditional irrigation and drainage mode, the total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and ammonium nitrogen loads of the controlled irrigation and drainage mode were reduced by 69.8%, 65.3%, and 69.7%, respectively.

scholarly journals Ammonium, Nitrate, and Total Nitrogen in the Soil Water of Feedlot and Field Soil Profiles1

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 810-813
Author(s):  
L. F. Elliott ◽  
T. M. McCalla ◽  
L. N. Mielke ◽  
T. A. Travis
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Field Soil

EFFECT OF UREA AND AMMONIUM NITRATE ON YIELDS AND NITROGEN CONCENTRATION OF TIMOTHY AND BROMEGRASS AND LOSS OF AMMONIA FROM UREA SURFACE APPLICATIONS

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. KUNELIUS ◽  
J. A. MACLEOD ◽  
K. B. MCRAE
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Primary Growth ◽  
Total Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Harvest Year

Urea and ammonium nitrate were applied at 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg N ha−1 in spring and after cutting the primary growth of timothy and bromegrass in three field experiments. Dry matter yields of timothy and bromegrass and total nitrogen concentration of tissue and nitrogen yields of timothy were determined. Loss of nitrogen as ammonia was monitored on microplots between the end of May and early July. Primary growth yields were usually similar for ammonium nitrate and urea but in the secondary growth timothy fertilized with ammonium nitrate outyielded timothy fertilized with urea in four out of six harvest years. Dry matter response to applied nitrogen was usually curvilinear in primary growth but linear in secondary growth over the nitrogen rates studied. Total nitrogen concentration in primary and secondary growths of timothy increased linearly with nitrogen rate during the initial 2–3 yr; ammonium nitrate and urea were equally effective in all but one harvest year. Total nitrogen production of timothy also increased linearly over the range of 30–120 kg N ha−1, while ammonium nitrate outyielded urea-fertilized timothy during one season in primary and two seasons out of four in secondary growth. Nitrogen losses increased from spring to summer, in general, with 68–75% of the variation explained by air temperature. Urea and ammonium nitrate were considered equivalent nitrogen sources for the primary growth of timothy but urea was less efficient in the secondary growth under summer conditions.Key words: Urea, ammonium nitrate, timothy, bromegrass, ammonia losses

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