Effect of Aeration Rates on the Composting Process and Loss of Nitrogen during Composting

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Xiong Zhi-Qiang ◽  
Wang Guo-Xing ◽  
Huo Zhao-Chen ◽  
Yan Lei ◽  
Gao Ya-Mei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Biological Process ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Aeration Rate ◽  
Ammonia Emissions ◽  
Ventilation Method

Composting is a controlled biological process used to stabilize and transform waste into a soil treatment. Aeration rate is one factor that controls the process of composting, as it ensures the growth of adequate aerobic microbe populations. To investigate the effect of aeration rates on the physicochemical indexes of compost and the loss of nitrogen content during composting, aerobic composting processes with different aeration rates (A: 0.2 L min-1 kg-1 TS, B: 0.05 L min-1 kg-1 TS and C: 0 L min-1 kg-1 TS) were studied. Ammonium-nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total nitrogen and other factors in compost samples from different periods were measured. The results showed that aeration rate significantly affected O2 content under different conditions. The aeration rate also significantly affected water content, nitrate nitrogen, and nitrogen loss. NH3 emissions increased as aeration rates increased at high temperatures owing to nitrogen loss. These results showed that aeration rate had a significant effect on total nitrogen and ammonia emissions (p<0.05). Thus, optimization of the ventilation method could significantly increase seed germination rate. 

scholarly journals Controlled Irrigation and Drainage Reduce Rainfall Runoff and Nitrogen Loss in Paddy Fields

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 3348
Author(s):  
Yanmei Yu ◽  
Junzeng Xu ◽  
Pingcang Zhang ◽  
Yan Meng ◽  
Yujiang Xiong
Keyword(s):  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Paddy Fields ◽  
Controlled Irrigation ◽  
Traditional Irrigation

In southern China, the growing period of rice is synchronized with the rainy period, and the loss of nutrients (such as nitrogen) due to unreasonable irrigation and drainage, along with rainfall and runoff, has become the main source of agricultural nonpoint source pollution. The laws of runoff and nitrogen loss in paddy fields under different irrigation and drainage modes are not clear. In this study, field experiments were adopted to observe the runoff and nitrogen loss under typical rainfall and throughout the whole growth period. The results showed that, compared with the traditional irrigation and drainage mode, the controlled irrigation and drainage mode reduced the drainage of two typical rainfall processes by 47.5% and 31.3% and the peak drainage by 38.9% and 14.4%. Compared with those under the traditional irrigation and drainage mode, the average concentrations of total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and ammonium nitrogen under the controlled irrigation and drainage mode were reduced by 22.2%, 22.7%, and 27.8%, respectively, during the whole rainfall process on July 21 and were decreased by 27.1%, 11.4%, and 25.6%, respectively, on August 25. In irrigated rice areas, under the controlled irrigation and drainage mode, drainage was reduced after two intercepts through paddy fields and drainage ditches. The nitrogen concentration in the drainage ditch decreased due to the increase in retention time and the effect of the ditch and field wetland. Compared with the traditional irrigation and drainage mode, the total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and ammonium nitrogen loads of the controlled irrigation and drainage mode were reduced by 69.8%, 65.3%, and 69.7%, respectively.

Runoff characteristics of nutrients in the forest streams in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan

2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 151-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Umemoto ◽  
Y. Komai ◽  
T. Inoue
Keyword(s):  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Stream Flows ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Hyogo Prefecture ◽  
Forest Streams ◽  
Precipitation Events

Nutrients and other pollutant runoffs from streams in artificial forest areas in central Hyogo Prefecture in southwest Japan have been investigated to estimate pollutant loads since 1995. The orthophosphate and ammonium nitrogen contents were usually low and constant during the investigation. When the flowrates of the streams were normal, the concentrations of suspended solids, CODMn, TOC and total phosphorus were very low, and did not change much. However, when stream flows were increased by rainstorms or other precipitation, higher concentrations of these parameters occurred. Otherwise, the average concentrations of nitrate nitrogen and total nitrogen were 0.26 mg/l and 0.31 mg/l, respectively, and they were often increased by precipitation events. They changed at the same time because the ratio of nitrate nitrogen per total nitrogen was high, about 80%. The fluctuation of concentrations of total phosphorus was similar to SS concentrations, which suggested that phosphorus was discharged in the types of suspended solids from forest areas. The specific loads of the nutrients and some other pollutants did not differ among the three watersheds investigated. However, the difference among them between fine days and rainy days was fairly large. It was presumed that pollutant runoff from forest areas is strongly dependent on precipitation events.

Isotopic studies on the uptake of nitrogen by pasture grasses. I. Recovery of fertilizer nitrogen from the soil : plant system using rhodes grass in pots

Soil Research ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 169 ◽  
Author(s):  
AE Martin ◽  
EF Henzell ◽  
PS Ross ◽  
KP Haydock
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Spectrometric Analysis ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Plant System ◽  
Labelled Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrate Fertilizer

Results are reported of the first of a series of studies on the fate of nitrogen applied to soil under pasture. Two series of pretreatments (nil and 200 lb/ac N) were imposed on Rhodes grass, Chloris gayana Kunth, grown on a light-textured soil in pots in a glasshouse. Subsequently the grass was cut 3.3 cm above the soil surface and labelled ammonium nitrate (15NH4NO3) was added in amounts up to the equivalent of 800 lb/ac N. The fate of this added nitrogen was determined at the end of the experiment by analyzing the total contents of each pot for nitrogen and for 15N. The quantity of total nitrogen found in the pots (which included both labelled and unlabelled forms), and that of labelled nitrogen, were each linearly related to the amount of ammonium nitrate added. Regression analysis showed that 93.6% of added total nitrogen, and 94.0% of added labelled nitrogen, was recovered from the soil : plant system. These recoveries did not differ significantly from one another, indicating that the loss fell equally on labelled ammonium nitrogen and some unlabelled form of nitrogen; it is possible that this loss took place from the added ammonium nitrate fertilizer. There was no evidence to indicate the stage at which this loss occurred. Nitrogen pretreatment had a marked effect on the weight of stubble and roots in the pots when the ammonium nitrate was applied, but had no effect on nitrogen loss. Errors encountered during chemical and mass spectrometric analysis of the soil and plant material are discussed.

scholarly journals Sound Water and Nitrogen Management Decreases Nitrogen Losses from a Drip-Fertigated Cotton Field in Northwestern China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 1002
Author(s):  
Honghong Ma ◽  
Tao Yang ◽  
Xinxiang Niu ◽  
Zhenan Hou ◽  
Xingwang Ma
Keyword(s):  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Nitrogen Losses ◽  
Cotton Field ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilization ◽  
Irrigation Regimes ◽  
Loss Coefficients

Drip irrigation systems are becoming more and more mature and are now widely used to improve crop yield and nitrogen use efficiency in Xinjiang, NW China. However, it is not known if leaching is occurring or not and whether leaching will harm the water environment following N fertilization and drip irrigation. The purpose of our study was to estimate the leaching volumes, nitrogen losses, forms of nitrogen losses, and nitrogen loss coefficients under different N fertilization, P fertilization, K fertilization and irrigation regimes. A long-term field experiment was conducted from 2009 to 2015 in Baotou Lake farm in Korla City, Xinjiang, with drip-irrigated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) being grown under different N fertilizer and irrigation regimes. The treatments were designed comprising 0 N, 0 P, and 0 K with an irrigation of 480 mm as the control(N0P0K0W480) and the following three other treatments: (1) 357 kg N·hm−2, 90 kg P·hm−2, 0 kg K2O hm−2, and irrigation of 480 mm (N357P90K0W480); (2) 357 kg N·hm−2, 90 kg P·hm−2, 62 kg K·hm−2, and irrigation of 420 mm (N357P90K62W420); and (3) 240 kg N·hm−2, 65 kg P·hm−2, 62 kg K·hm−2, and irrigation of 420 mm (N240P65K62W420). The results showed the following: (1) the leaching volume was determined by nitrogen fertilization, phosphorus fertilization, and the irrigation amount. In general, the leaching volume was highest under treatment N357P90K0W480. (2) The nitrogen loss was highest under treatment N357P90K0W480. (3) Nitrate nitrogen (NO3–) was the main form of nitrogen lost, followed by ammonium nitrogen (NH4+). (4) The annual nitrogen loss coefficients followed the order of: N357P90K0W480 > N357P90K62W420 > N240P65K62W420 > N0P0K0W480, with values of 0.85, 0.55, 0.30, and 0, respectively. The leaching volume, nitrogen loss, nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, and annual nitrogen loss coefficient were lowest under the N240P65K62W420 treatment, except in the N0P0K0W480treatment. These results demonstrate that optimizing the management of water and nitrogen (N240P65K62W420 treatment) can effectively reduce nitrogen losses under drip fertigation and plastic mulching.

TECHNOLOGY OF MINERAL NUTRITION AND ILLUMINATION OF CROPS IN A SPACE VEGETABLE GREENHOUSE

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 68-74
Author(s):  
Yu.A. Berkovich ◽  
◽  
S.O. Smolianina ◽  
V.G. Smolianin ◽  
Ya.V. Morozov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Nitrate Content ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
White Leds ◽  
Nitrogen Ratio

Dependence of Chinese cabbage productivity and nitrate content in eatable biomass on the ammonium and nitrate nitrogen ratio and red light fraction was studied in the context of space greenhouse Vitacycle-T design. Crops were illuminated by a lighting unit assembled of red and white light-emitting diodes (LEDs) producing the photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) of 400–430 µmol/(m2•с) with the ratio of red and white LEDs inputs between 0 and 1.5. The ammonium-nitrate nitrogen ratio in nutrient solutions with stabilized total nitrogen varied from 0 to 1. Under all tested light spectra the favorable range of ammonium nitrogen makes up 15 to 45 mg/L with the maximum of 25 ± 2 mg/L and total nitrogen at 120 mg/L. Ammonium nitrogen increase above 53–55 mg/L leads to crop inhibition. Concentration of nitrates in eatable biomass did not exceed the permissible levels established for leave vegetables irrespectively of the ammonium-nitrate nitrogen ratio and decreased monotonously as ammonium nitrogen was rising above 10 mg/L. According to calculation, the Vitacycle-T root-feeding design (cartages of granular mineral-rich ionite BIONA-312 and slow-release fertilizer Osmocote 14-14-14) is capable to control total nitrogen and ammonium-nitrate nitrogen ratio within the favorable range.

scholarly journals Different Effects of Thermophilic Microbiological Inoculation With and Without Biochar on Physicochemical Characteristics and Bacterial Communities in Pig Manure Composting

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Likun Sun ◽  
Min Long ◽  
Jianshu Li ◽  
Renfei Wu ◽  
Lin Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Total Organic Carbon ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Pig Manure ◽  
Bacterial Phyla ◽  
Total Nitrogen Loss

This study evaluated the effects of thermophilic microbiological inoculation alone (TA) and integrated with biochar (TB) on the physicochemical characteristics and bacterial communities in pig manure (PM) composting with wheat straw. Both TA and TB accelerated the rate of temperature increase during the PM composting. TA significantly reduced total nitrogen loss by 18.03% as opposed to TB which significantly accelerated total organic carbon degradation by 12.21% compared with the control. Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria were the major phyla in composting. Variation of the relative abundance of genera depended on the composting period and treatment. The genera Lactobacillus (26.88–46.71%) and Clostridium_sensu_stricto (9.03–31.69%) occupied a superior position in the temperature rise stage, and Bacillus (30.90–36.19%) was outstanding in the cooling stage. Temperature, total nitrogen (TN), and ammonium nitrogen significantly influenced the bacterial phyla composition. TN, water content, and nitrite nitrogen were the main drivers of the bacterial community genera. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that microbiological consortia were resistant to high temperatures and could fix nitrogen for enriched Pseudomonas; however, when interacted with biochar, total organic carbon (TOC) degradation was accelerated for higher bacterial richness and diversity as well as overrepresented Corynebacterium.

Changes in chemical fractions of nitrogen during incubation of soils with histories of large organic matter increase under pasture

Soil Research ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
AW Moore ◽  
JS Russell
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Podzolic Soil ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Chemical Fractions ◽  
Labelled Nitrogen ◽  
Organic Fractions

A lateritic podzolic soil and a solodized solonetz soil, with histories of organic matter increase under tropical and temperate pastures respectively, were incubated over a period of a year with a weekly wetting and drying cycle. Decreases in organic matter (7 and 11%), total nitrogen (12 and 10%), and non-distillable acid-soluble nitrogen (30 and 25%) occurred, but there were no significant changes in residual nitrogen. Although there were marked increases in mineral nitrogen at the beginning of the incubation in both soils, nitrification was relatively poor in both soils. In a short-term (4 weeks) incubation of a lateritic podzolic soil and a grey clay soil the addition of labelled nitrogen followed by fractionation allowed nitrogen transformations to be examined precisely. Although differences in total nitrogen (labelled + unlabelled) with time were not statistically significant (P = 0.05) in the sandy soil (lateritic podzolic) a loss (28%) of total labelled nitrogen did occur. Parallel with this was an increasing incorporation of labelled nitrogen in all three organic fractions and a disappearance of ammonium nitrogen without the appearance of an equivalent amount of nitrate nitrogen. On the other hand, in the clay soil there was no loss of total labelled nitrogen with time and little incorporation of labelled nitrogen in the organic fractions after the first week. There was little change in the pool of labelled mineral nitrogen between the first and fourth weeks, but virtually complete and quantitative conversion from ammonium nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen. Some of the results point to varying biological lability of chemical fractions of soil nitrogen. These fractions are unlikely to be of much use as indices for sensitive measurement of nitrogen changes in the field, however, possibly because of the continuing accretion and losses which occur in the field.

scholarly journals Effect of Different Proportions of Three Microbial Agents on Ammonia Mitigation during the Composting of Layer Manure

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (13) ◽  
pp. 2513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhou ◽  
Zhang ◽  
Liao ◽  
Wu ◽  
Mi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Stearothermophilus ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Bacterial Number ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria ◽  
Ammonia Emissions ◽  
Total Ammonia ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Microbial Agents

Odor emissions represent one of the important issues of aerobic composting. The addition of microbial agents to compost is an important method for solving this problem, but this process is often unstable when a single microbial agent is added to the compost. Therefore, in this study, five treatments comprising different proportions of Bacillus stearothermophilus, Candida utilis, and Bacillus subtilis were tested to determine the best combination of the three microbial agents for ammonia reduction, as follows: control group (CK), 2:1:1 (A), 1:1:2 (B), 1:2:1 (C), and 1:1:1 (D). Compared with the CK group, the A, B, C, and D groups reduced ammonia emissions by 17.02, 9.68, 53.11, and 46.23%, respectively. The total ammonia emissions were significantly lower in C and D than in CK (p < 0.05). These two treatment groups had significantly increased nitrate nitrogen concentrations and decreased pH values and ammonium nitrogen concentrations (p < 0.05). Throughout the composting process, the total bacterial number was significantly higher in C and D than in CK (p < 0.05). Therefore, it is likely that B. stearothermophilus, C. utilis, and B. subtilis compounded from 1:2:1 (C) to 1:1:1 (D) reduced the ammonia emissions due to (1) a reduction in the pH and (2) the promotion of the growth of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and the conversion of ammonium nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen. This study provides a theoretical basis and technical support for the odor problem of layer manure compost and promotes the development of composting technology.

scholarly journals Karkamış Baraj Gölü (Gaziantep) Su Kalitesinin İncelenmesi

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rıdvan Tepe ◽  
Banu Kutlu
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Water Quality Management ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen

This study was conducted in order to reveal the physico-chemical properties of the Karkamis Dam Lake located within the boundaries of Sanliurfa and Gaziantep, water samples were taken from 5 stations at 4 and 8 m depths between January and December 2015. Temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, ortho phosphate, phosphorus, total nitrogen and total phosphorus values of water were measured during the year. The detected values were found as temperature (14.3-21.6°C average: 9.4), pH (8.4-9.1-7.8), dissolved oxygen (9-10-11.8 mg L-1), electrical conductivity (251-332-412 ,00S cm-1) ammonium nitrogen (0,003-0,069-0,194 mg L-1), nitrate nitrogen (1,549-2,292-3,473 mg N L-1), nitrite nitrogen (0.001-0.006-0.053 mg L-1), ortho phosphate phosphorus (0.007-0.034-0.076 mg L-1), total nitrogen (0.722-1.1514-1.696 mg L-1), total phosphorus (0.007-0.016-0.026 mg L-1). The Karkamis Dam Lake has a Class I high quality water class according to the Quality Criteria for Inland Water Resources Classification according to the Surface Water Quality Management Regulation.

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