The short-term fate of urea applied to barley in a humid climate. II. A simple model

Soil Research ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 181 ◽  
Author(s):  
DR Scotter ◽  
IH Mohammed ◽  
PEH Gregg
Keyword(s):  
Simple Model ◽  
Plant Uptake ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Humid Climate ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Programmable Calculator

A simple model describing the transformations, leaching and plant uptake of the nitrogen (N) in urea fertilizer applied to a barley crop is presented. The model considers the root zone as a single compartment and uses daily time steps, and so can be run on a small programmable calculator. It consists of separate submodels for water, fertilizer N and native soil N. Data from a field experiment described in a companion paper were used for parameterization, and the model was then tested on another data set from that experiment. The model successfully predicted the effect, on the leaching and plant uptake of fertilizer N, of a large increase in rainfall plus irrigation from 103 mm to 186 mm in the 35 days following sowing and urea application. As an example of the model's utility, it is used to predict that if 30 mm of drainage occurred within 24 h of fertilizer application, about 33% of the fertilizer N would be leached from the root zone in the silt loam soil studied. However, the same amount of drainage occurring a week after fertilizer application would result only in about 8% of the fertilizer N being leached. The complementary roles that process-oriented field experiments and simple mechanistic models can play in soil fertility research are discussed.

Enhancing Soil Fertility through Intercropping, Inoculation and Fertilizer

2016 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Muhammad Arshad Ullah ◽  
Nazir Hussain ◽  
Helge Schmeisky ◽  
Muhammad Rasheed
Keyword(s):  
Plant Uptake ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Vicia Sativa ◽  
Soil N ◽  
N Content ◽  
Seed Inoculation ◽  
Crop Harvest ◽  
Total Soil N

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of intercropping grass (Panicummaximum) and legumes (Vicia sativa and cowpeas) alone or coupled with inoculation or fertilizer on soilfertility. The study comprised of two field experiments conducted under rain fed conditions for two years(June, 2005 to September, 2007) at National Agriculture Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan. In oneexperiment intercropping (33, 50 and 67%) of grass and legumes alone as well as coupled with seedinoculation were studied while, same set of treatments was combined with fertilizer application at the ratesof 25, 75 and 50 kg/ha (N, P2O5 and K2O) in the second experiment. Total soil N increased by 0.008% dueto symbiotic fixation in addition to plant uptake under best treatment when compared with grass alonewhile, soil organic matter increased by 0.19%. After crop harvest soil N content was determined to behigher in all the treatments of the experiment compared with growing grass alone. Legumes caused rhizobialN fixation that caused an increase in soil N. Similarly, intercropping and inoculation increased this soilcharacteristic that was found to be non-significant in the first crop but later on became significant, especiallywhen intercropping of grass with legumes after seed inoculation was investigated or fertilizer wassupplemented to the crops. Thus, not only grass used the symbiotically fixed N by companion legumesbut also enhanced the soil N content. The effect of fertilizer was not measurable statistically in case of soilorganic matter. This parameter, in general, was not affected significantly when assessed after first cropharvest. Nevertheless, legumes alone or intercropped within grass increased this important soil constituent.Inoculation proved further beneficial in this regard but combination of intercropping (especially 67%)either with seed inoculation or application of fertilizer was found as the best technique for increasing soilorganic matter.

Effect of different irrigation strategies on vine physiology, yield, grape composition and sensory profiles of Vitis vinifera L. Cabernet-Sauvignon in a cool climate area

OENO One ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 269
Author(s):  
Gabriel Balint ◽  
Andrew G. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Yield Components ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Sensory Attributes ◽  
Cabernet Sauvignon ◽  
Humid Climate ◽  
Fruit Composition ◽  
Sensory Profiles ◽  
Cool Climate

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aim</strong>: The efficacy of partial root zone drying (PRD) and regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) on vine physiology, yield components, fruit composition and wine sensory profiles of ‘Cabernet-Sauvignon’ was investigated in a cool climate region in Ontario, Canada.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods and results</strong>: Field experiments were conducted in a Cabernet-Sauvignon block in Niagara-on-the-Lake, ON Canada between 2006 and 2008. There were five treatments : non-irrigated control, PRD, full irrigation [100 % of crop evapotranspiration (ET<sub>c</sub>)] and two levels of RDI (50 and 25 % ET<sub>c</sub>). Treatments started immediately after fruit set and continued until post-veraison. Soil and vine water status were apparently controlled not only by the amount of water but also by the irrigation strategy used. In the PRD treatments, soil moisture, leaf water potential, and transpiration rate were generally lower than in 100 % ET<sub>c</sub> but higher than non-irrigated and RDI treatments. Almost all treatments were different than in non-irrigated vines in fruit composition and wine sensory attributes. Wine sensory attributes differed considerably due to the amount of irrigation water applied in 2007. RDI strategies were more consistent than the PRD treatments in their effect on vine water status, grape composition and wine sensory profiles. Inconsistent patterns across seasons for some variables indicated that besides soil and vine water status, there were other factors that impacted vine physiology, yield components and berry composition.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: RDI treatments improved wine quality when compared with full or either non-irrigated treatments. Overall, use of RDI irrigation or PRD during dry and warm years can improve grape composition in cool climates.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Significance and impact of the study</strong>: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first evaluation of PRD and RDI on Cabernet-Sauvignon in a cool humid climate. It suggests that although RDI strategies are more effective, PRD also has value, particularly in dry seasons.</p>

NITROGEN TRANSFORMATIONS IN SOIL-PLANT SYSTEMS IN THREE YEARS OF FIELD EXPERIMENTS USING TRACER AND NON-TRACER METHODS ON AN AMMONIUM-FIXING SOIL

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. KOWALENKO ◽  
D. R. CAMERON
Keyword(s):  
Plant Uptake ◽  
N Mineralization ◽  
Maximum Rate ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Mineralization Rate ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Inorganic N

Three years of field experiments showed the interplay of plant uptake of N, N movement, denitrification, fixation of fertilizer NH4+ and its release, and N mineralization in soil–plant systems. The N uptake by barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), averaged over the growing season, ranged between 0.97 and 2.02 kg N/ha/day and the rate depended on initial extractable inorganic N in the soil, and form and timing of N fertilization. The net mineralization rate of this soil, averaged over the growing season, ranged between 0.16 and 1.80 kg N/ha/day and varied with year and N fertilization practices. However, detailed monitoring of plant uptake showed that a maximum rate of uptake occurred early in its growth, decreasing to a negligible rate later in the season. The N mineralization rate was more uniform over the growing season. A pool of inorganic N in the soil at seeding or within the first half of the growing season overcame the seasonal deficit in N supply and resulted in increased crop growth and/or N uptake. Fertilizer N movement was small and never beyond the maximum (75-cm) sampling depth. This supported the assumption that unrecovered fertilizer N in this study was largely due to denitrification. Denitrification was shown to be greatly influenced by the season, with a maximum rate occurring in the spring or early summer, and concurred with the period of maximum rate of plant uptake of N. Denitrifiers were capable of competing with high rates of plant uptake since the rate of denitrification was similar in fallow and cropped systems. The form of N application (NO3−, NH4+, NH4+ plus N-serve) did not significantly affect the denitrification rate. The soil used in this study fixed 34–60% of the 150 kg NH4+/ha fertilizer immediately upon application. The fixed fertilizer N was available to barley, with 71–96% of the recently fixed NH4+ being released over the growth period. The presence of N-serve resulted in less fixed fertilizer NH4+ being released during crop growth.

Fate of urea nitrogen applied in solution in furrows to sunflowers growing on a red-brown earth: transformations, losses and plant uptake

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 793 ◽  
Author(s):  
CJ Smith ◽  
JR Freney ◽  
PM Chalk ◽  
IE Galbally ◽  
DJ McKenney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Uptake ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Urea Solution ◽  
15N Balance ◽  
Nitrogen Transformations ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
N Loss ◽  
Soil N Uptake

Nitrogen transformations and transfers were investigated after applying a urea solution to a crop of sunflowers by ponding in furrows. The fertilizer was applied 24 days after sowing. Distribution of the applied nitrogen (N) in the soil, N uptake by plants, and losses by ammonia (NH3) volatilization and denitrification were measured. This method of fertilizer application resulted in concentration of the applied N in the furrow and shoulder zone of the soil beds; little of the applied N moved across to the centre of the beds. Inorganic N was not leached into the clay B horizon, but was retained by the surface 0-200 mm layer. A 15N mass balance showed that 28 kg of the 80 kg N ha-1 applied (35%) was lost during the experiment. Less than 5 kg N ha-1 (6% of the applied N) was lost as NH3 and the remainder (22 kg N ha-1 or 29% of the applied N) appeared to be lost by denitrification. The 15N balance data suggest that c. 4.6 kg ha-1 fertilizer N were lost after each irrigation up to 44 days after fertilizer application. The study indicates that N loss could be markedly reduced by delaying the bulk of the application to coincide with the period of rapid uptake.

The short-term fate of urea applied to barley in a humid climate. I. Experiments

Soil Research ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 173 ◽  
Author(s):  
IH Mohammed ◽  
DR Scotter ◽  
PEH Gregg
Keyword(s):  
Plant Uptake ◽  
Potassium Bromide ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Mechanistic Models ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Humid Climate ◽  
Native Soil ◽  
Loam Soil

The fate of 15N labelled urea and potassium bromide applied to a mole-tile drained silt loam soil, sown to barley, was investigated using microplots and small weighable lysimeters. Two irrigation treatments, corresponding to normal and high rainfall conditions, were imposed on the lysimeters. After 35 days approximately 90% of the applied nitrogen (N) was recovered from the lysimeters, in the soil, plants and leachate, indicating gaseous losses were not large. Approximately 50% of the urea N was hydrolysed within 3 days of application, and a similar percentage was present as organic N in the soil after 20 days. Six per cent of the fertilizer N was leached from the normal lysimeters and 14% from the wetter lysimeters. In contrast, 76% of the applied bromide was leached from the wetter lysimeters. Plant uptake into shoots and roots of fertilizer N was 32% and 22% of that applied in the normal and wetter lysimeters respectively, leaching losses being largely at the expense of plant uptake. Native soil N was also measured. It is suggested that process-oriented studies of the kind described can assist in the interpretation and extrapolation of results from conventional fertilizer, trials, particularly when used to develop simple mechanistic models.

Ferrihydrite dissolution at the root zone of crops under semi-arid condition controls the plant uptake of uranium and arsenic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arindam Malakar ◽  
Michael Kaiser ◽  
Daniel D. Snow ◽  
Harkamal Walia ◽  
Chittaranjan Ray
Keyword(s):  
Plant Uptake ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Arid Condition ◽  
Semi Arid

Sewage Treatment in Helophyte Beds–First Experiences with a New Treatment Procedure

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Bucksteeg
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Uptake Capacity ◽  
Humid Climate ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Trickling Filters ◽  
Operation Conditions

Waste water treatment in helophyte beds under humid climate conditions has been favoured by some German ecologists for some years. The idea is to cause waste water to flow horizontally through the root zone of helophytes to achieve satisfactory effluent properties. There exist many highly different proposals regarding the choice of soil and helophytes to be applied, bed area, design of inlets and outlets and operation conditions. A few plants have been operated in practice for some years. It appears that clogging is one of the main problems occurring in these plants. The hydraulic uptake capacity of soil is discussed in Darcy's law. Comparisons with observations of plants in operation are drawn. The interactions between soil properties, its uptake capacity, BOD5-, COD-, N- and P-reduction are evaluated. The effluent results of helophyte beds are compared with those of low-loaded trickling filters and of ponds used for sewage treatment in small villages in rural areas of Germany. It has been proved that the total construction costs of sewage treatment plants with helophyte beds used as the biological stage are higher when compared with those of conventional plants in general.

scholarly journals Dampak Dosis Kompos Kotoran Sapi Terhadap Profil Suhu Tanah di Zona Perakaran dan Produktivitas Tanaman Pakcoy (Brassica rafa L)

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 253
Author(s):  
I Made Andi Purnama Wijaya ◽  
Yohanes Setiyo ◽  
I Wayan Tika
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Optimum Dose ◽  
Root Zone Temperature ◽  
Rooting Zone ◽  
Treatment Dose

Suhu tanah adalah salah satu sifat fisik tanah yang secara langsung mempengaruhi pertumbuhan tanaman pakcoy. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah (1) untuk menganalisis suhu di zona perakaran, (2) menganalisis hubungan antara dosis pemupukan mempergunakan kompos dengan suhu di zona perakaran dan (3) untuk menganalis suhu yang optimum untuk produktivitas dan kualitas pakcoy yang dihasilkan saat panen. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan rancangan acak lengkap, dengan lima perlakuan dan tiga ulangan. Perlakuan tersebut adalah P0 : dosis kompos 0 kg/m2, P1 : dosis kompos 1 kg/m2, P2 : dosis kompos 2 kg/m2, P3 : dosis kompos 3 kg/m2, dan P4 : dosis kompos 4 kg/m2. Parameter yang diamati pada penelitian ini adalah suhu udara, suhulingkungan, kadar air tanah dan produktivitas. Padamalam hari suhu tanah di zona perakaran lebih tinggi 0,59 oC dari pada suhu lingkungan. Suhu tanah di zona perakaran terendah dan tertinggi adalah 18,02 oC dan 21,94 oC. Suhu tanah malam hari dan siang hari untuk dosis 0-5kg/m2 masih toleran pada tanaman pacoy. Berat kering tanaman pakcoy tertinggi pada perlakuan dosis kompos 4kg/m2 denganberat 92,21 gram/tanaman dan terendah pada perlakuan kontrol dengan berat 71,82 gram/tanaman.   The temperature of the soil is one of the physical properties of the soil, this soil physical properties direc2tly affect plant growth pakcoy.  The purpose of this research are (1) to analyze the temperature at root zone, temperature inside and out of the mini greenhouse, (2) analyze the relationship between temperature at root zone  with doses of compost fertilizer application and 3) to analyze the optimum dose of compost based on productivity and quality of the pakcoy is generated when the harvest. The design of the research used randomized complete design, with five treatments and three replicates. The treatment is P0: a dose of compost 0 kg/m, P1: a dose of compost 1 kg/m2, P2: a dose of compost 2 kg/m2, P3: the dose of compost 3 kg/m2, and P4: a dose of compost 4 kg/m2. The parameters observed in this research is the air temperature, the temperature of the environment, ground water levels and productivity.  At night the temperature of the soil rooting zone higher at 0.59 ºC than at the temperature of the environment. Soil temperature at root zone the lowest  and the highest  are 18.02 oC and 21.94 oC.  The temperature of the soil the night and during the day for dose 0-5 kg/m2 was still tolerant plants pakcoy. Dry weight of the plant the highest pakcoy on the treatment dose of compost 4 kg/m2  with a weight of 92.21 grams/lowest at the treatment plant and the control by the weight of 71.82 grams/plant.

Factors affecting the yield of winter cereals in crop margins

2000 ◽  
Vol 135 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. WILCOX ◽  
N. H. PERRY ◽  
N. D. BOATMAN ◽  
K. CHANEY
Keyword(s):  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Edge Field ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Non Linear

Yields of arable crops are commonly lower on the crop margins or headlands, but the nature of the relationship between yield and distance from the crop edge has not been clearly defined, nor have the reasons for lower marginal yields. Surveys of 40 winter wheat headlands were carried out in 2 years to determine how yield changed with distance, and what factors might influence this relationship. Two field experiments were also conducted over 3 years in winter cereal headlands, in which the effect of distance was measured under conservation headland and conventional (fully sprayed) management.Yields in the headland surveys varied from 0·8 to 10·2 t/ha. An inverse polynomial regression model was fitted to yield and weed data. Best fits were obtained by using separate parameters for each site. Adjusting yields to take account of weed dry matter improved the non-linear fit between yield and distance from crop edge. Field experiments provided similar results but the non-linear relationship was not as apparent.There was a negative relationship between soil compaction, as measured by a cone penetrometer, and yield in one field experiment, where soil density values were relatively constant. No relationship was found between pattern of nitrogen fertilizer application and yield. Conservation headland management resulted in lower yield at one experimental site, especially in the third year, but not at the other site. Where yields were affected, weed dry matter was higher in conservation headland plots than in fully sprayed plots.Although greater weed competition appears to account for at least part of the observed yield reductions on headlands, the role of other factors, particularly soil compaction, needs further study. Increased weed infestation may be an indirect result of reduced crop competition caused by other adverse conditions.

scholarly journals From near-surface to root-zone soil moisture using an exponential filter: an assessment of the method based on in-situ observations and model simulations

2008 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1323-1337 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Albergel ◽  
C. Rüdiger ◽  
T. Pellarin ◽  
J.-C. Calvet ◽  
N. Fritz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Synthetic Data ◽  
Surface Soil Moisture ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Water Index ◽  
In Situ Observations

Abstract. A long term data acquisition effort of profile soil moisture is under way in southwestern France at 13 automated weather stations. This ground network was developed in order to validate remote sensing and model soil moisture estimates. In this paper, both those in situ observations and a synthetic data set covering continental France are used to test a simple method to retrieve root zone soil moisture from a time series of surface soil moisture information. A recursive exponential filter equation using a time constant, T, is used to compute a soil water index. The Nash and Sutcliff coefficient is used as a criterion to optimise the T parameter for each ground station and for each model pixel of the synthetic data set. In general, the soil water indices derived from the surface soil moisture observations and simulations agree well with the reference root-zone soil moisture. Overall, the results show the potential of the exponential filter equation and of its recursive formulation to derive a soil water index from surface soil moisture estimates. This paper further investigates the correlation of the time scale parameter T with soil properties and climate conditions. While no significant relationship could be determined between T and the main soil properties (clay and sand fractions, bulk density and organic matter content), the modelled spatial variability and the observed inter-annual variability of T suggest that a weak climate effect may exist.

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