Water quality of gully drainage from texture-contrast soils in the Adelaide Hills in low rainfall years

Soil Research ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 959 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Cox ◽  
R. Ashley
Keyword(s):  
Overland Flow ◽  
Environmental Concern ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Agricultural Catchments ◽  
Environmental Guidelines ◽  
Texture Contrast ◽  
Carbon Concentrations ◽  
Dissolved Form

The volume and quality of drainage water in a gully cutting through a series of waterlogged, saline, sodic, and sulfidic Xeralfs in the Adelaide Hills, South Australia, was studied over 3 years. This was done to gain a better perspective of the relative quantities of contaminants being exported from agricultural catchments in low rainfall agricultural environments. It was found that in low rainfall years, when little overland flow occurs and gully flow is predominantly groundwater discharge and throughflow, loads in the drainage gully were up to 41 kg/ha.year of sodium and 2 kg/ha.year of sulfur. Losses of sulfur, magnesium, and calcium followed a similar trend to sodium losses and could be predicted with significant accuracy. The losses of phosphorus (5–7 g/ha.year) and nitrate (<2 g/ha.year) were less predictable. Phosphorus concentrations were of environmental concern each year whereas nitrate concentrations were only above environmental guidelines in the driest year. All phosphorus in the gully drainage was transported in the dissolved form. Dissolved organic carbon concentrations were usually >26 mg/L and will be costly to treat if used for public water supply.

Chemical losses off dairy catchments located on a texture-contrast soil: carbon, phosphorus, sulfur, and other chemicals

Soil Research ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 979 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. K. Fleming ◽  
J. W. Cox
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Farming Practices ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Dissolved Organic C ◽  
Texture Contrast ◽  
Minimal Environmental Impact ◽  
Dissolved Form

Runoff (overland flow and A/B horizon interflow) from 2 grazed dairy pastures at Flaxley, South Australia, accounted for <15% of April{October rainfall in 1996; 88{96% of runoff was overland flow. A range of chemicals, including carbon (C), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S), was measured in runoff As much as 2·3 kg P/ha, 10·7 kg/ha of total dissolved C, and 1·8 kg S/ha was lost from the catchments in that year. Loads of other chemicals ranged from 0·6 g/ha (boron) to 39·8 kg/ha (aluminium). Over 92% of P, 76% of total dissolved C, and 93% of S was lost in overland flow. Between 50% and 60% of P, and 60% and 85% of S, was in the dissolved form; 64-96% of total dissolved C was dissolved organic C. Other chemicals varied from 0% (aluminium) to 97% (sodium) as the dissolved form. Relatively high losses of P and dissolved organic C are important to a dairy industry which is under increasing pressure to demonstrate minimal environmental impact from farming practices.

Chemical concentrations of overland flow and throughflow from pastures on sloping texture-contrast soils

2001 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 211 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Cox ◽  
A. Pitman
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Dissolved Organic Carbon ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Nitrate Losses ◽  
Nitrate Concentrations ◽  
Texture Contrast ◽  
Carbon Losses ◽  
Carbon Concentrations

Shallow drains are increasingly being installed to allow cropping and improve pastures in soils prone to waterlogging. Concentrations and loads of a range of chemicals including nitrate, dissolved organic carbon, and phosphorus were measured in overland flow and throughflow (drainage) from grazed standard and improved pastures in a region of the Adelaide Hills, South Australia, with 544 mm annual rainfall. In low to average rainfall years, nitrate losses from standard pastures were up to 21 times higher in throughflow (up to 0.3 kg/ha.year) than in overland flow. Dissolved organic carbon losses from standard pastures were also highest in throughflow (up to 3.5 kg/ha.year) as were loads of Na, Cl, Al, Fe, K, and Mg. Total P loads were higher in throughflow (0.15 kg/ha.year) than in overland flow. However, P concentrations in throughflow were similar to overland flow (up to 0.5 mg/L). Chemical loads from improved pastures were higher in throughflow than in overland flow. Nitrate, dissolved organic carbon, and P losses from improved pastures were up to 0.8, 8.5, and 0.1 kg/ha.year, respectively. Improved pastures had higher dissolved organic carbon concentrations (14 mg/L) and nitrate concentrations than either the standard pastures or those reported off some dairy pastures in the region. Nitrate concentrations were highest in throughflow in subsurface tube drains below the improved pastures (up to 67 mg/L).

Pathways of phosphorus, nitrogen, and carbon movement over and through texturally differentiated soils, South Australia

Soil Research ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 679 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Chittleborough ◽  
J. W. Cox ◽  
D. P. Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Catchment Management ◽  
Catchment Scale ◽  
Through Flow ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Significant Loading ◽  
Restrict Movement ◽  
Texture Contrast

One method for preventing the degradation of water supplies through contamination with phosphorus (P), nitrate (NO3), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is to restrict movement of these contaminants from the catchment into water bodies. The purpose of the study was to quantify and characterise the proportion of NO3, P, and DOC moving from duplex soils by overland flow and through-flow on a sub-catchment scale, and to characterise soil properties that influence their movement. Two sites in the Adelaide Hills (South Australia) with contrasting duplex soils were instrumented to collect overland flow and through-flow from the soils A and B horizon. Each site contained 2 sub-catchments in close proximity. Sub-catchments were well defined by the natural topography sloping from hillcrest to a stream headwater. Soil type, especially the degree of texture contrast, the macroporosity, and the proportion of clay in the B horizon, had a large influence on the pathways of water, and therefore P, DOC, and NO3 movement. Environmentally significant concentrations of P (>0�1 mg/L) and NO3-N (>0�5 mg/L) moved overland and through these soils in 1997. High DOC loads (25 mg/L), which would also impact on water treatment costs, moved through some soils. Significant loading of P moved through and over soils in both dissolved (0�5 mg/L) and particulate (0�3 mg/L) forms. Consequently, through-flow cannot be ignored as a contributor to P in streams and both dissolved and particulate P must be measured under these conditions to define the full impact of P. The findings from this research have implications for research on catchment management to restrict DOC and nutrient movement into waterways.

Особенности стандартизации химических реагентов для подготовки питьевой воды (на примере коагулянта полиоксихлорида алюминия)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Samburskii ◽  
O. Ustinova ◽  
Svetlana, Leont’eva
Keyword(s):  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Disperse Medium ◽  
Metal Salts ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Process Technology ◽  
Technical Regulation ◽  
Uniform Assessment ◽  
Dissolved Form ◽  
Polyaluminium Chloride

Распространенным технологическим приемом удаления из воды грубодисперсных примесей, находящихся во взвешенном состоянии, а также коллоидных органических загрязнений, присутствующих в растворенном виде, является процесс коагуляции. Эффективными коагулянтами для систем с водной дисперсионной средой являются соли поливалентных металлов. Цель работы заключалась в создании нового государственного стандарта, предназначенного для обеспечения единообразной оценки качества коагулянтов. Рассмотрена область применения коагулянтов в процессе водоподготовки и проведен их сравнительный анализ. Показана необходимость унификации в области процессов контроля качества коагулянтов. Сформулированы общие требования к контролю качества полиоксихлорида алюминия. Представлен разработанный и утвержденный новый национальный стандарт ГОСТ Р 58580-2019 Полиоксихлорид алюминия. Технические условия , который учитывает требования санитарного законодательства, технического регулирования, безопасности процессов производства и транспортировки полиоксихлорида алюминия.Coagulation process has been a widespread process technology for removing coarse suspended impurities from water, as well as colloidal organic contaminants present in dissolved form. Polyvalent metal salts are effective coagulants for the systems with aqueous disperse medium. The purpose of the work was developing a new state standard to provide for a uniform assessment of the quality of coagulants. The scope of coagulants in the process of water treatment is considered and their comparative analysis is carried out. The general requirements to the control of polyaluminium chloride quality are formulated. The developed and approved new national standard GOST R 58580-2019 Polyaluminium chloride. Technical conditions is presented that takes into account the requirements of sanitary legislation, technical regulation, safety of the processes of production and transportation of polyaluminium chloride.

Experience in Implementation of Systems Applied for Drainage Water Ion-Selective Purification from Radionuclides at Units 1,2 of Novovoronezh-2 NPP

ANRI ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (4) ◽  
pp. 64-70
Author(s):  
Vladimir Povarov ◽  
Igor' Gusev ◽  
Sergey Rosnovsky ◽  
Dmitriy Statsura ◽  
Vladimir Kazansky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Purification ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Purification Method ◽  
Selective Sorbent ◽  
Iron Based ◽  
Purification Plant ◽  
Nickel Ferrocyanide ◽  
Satisfactory Quality

The article is dedicated to the assessment of the experience in drainage water purification from radionuclides using ion-selective purification method on Units 1,2 Novovoronezh-2 NPP. Application of an ion-selective sorbent based on nickel ferrocyanide, as well as the preliminary oxidation of corrosive origin radiongjuclides, allow to achieve a satisfactory quality of purification from Cs-134, Cs-137, Co-60, Co 58, Mn-54, Cr-51. However, this method turned out to be ineffective for drainage water purification from Be-7, Sb-124, Sb-125. The article presents a possible method for drainage water purification from Be-7, Sb-124, Sb-125 using an iron-based coagulant, prospects for the modernization of the ion-selective drainage water purification plant, as well as plans to improve methods for drainage water purification at Novovoronezh-2 NPP

Approaches to Urban Noise Management in India

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neelima S. Naik
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Environmental Concern ◽  
Noise Pollution ◽  
Noise Levels ◽  
Urban Noise ◽  
Master Plans ◽  
The Past ◽  
Metropolitan Cities

Noise pollution in urban areas is recognized as a major environmental concern in India. The lack of infrastructure and fast paced life in major metropolitan cities of India has made the urban environment extremely crowded, busy as well as noisy and as a result the millions of people living in the major metropolitan areas are suffering from the impacts of noise pollution. Noise levels are escalating at such a rate that it has become a major threat to the quality of human lives. Direct links between noise and health have been established by research conducted over the past few decades. There are several causes for urban degradation such as population migration, environmental considerations not adequately being incorporated into master plans, uncoordinated and haphazard development, weak implementation of plans and laws and inadequate institutional competences and resource crunch. This paper discusses the causal factors, impacts and the different approaches adopted by the Central Government as well as some major State Pollution Control Boards to curb the urban noise problem and the need for looking into non-conventional solutions such as Ecocity programme to bring in visible environmental improvement.

scholarly journals Influence of EU policy on agricultural nutrient losses and the state of receiving surface waters in Finland

2008 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 282 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. EKHOLM ◽  
K. GRANLUND ◽  
P. KAUPPILA
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Nutrient Loading ◽  
Nutrient Losses ◽  
Agricultural Catchments ◽  
Receiving Waters ◽  
Environmental Measures ◽  
Current Loading ◽  
Regional Specialisation

In Finland, the first large-scale efforts to control nutrient loading from agriculture got under way with the introduction of the EU Agri-Environmental Program in 1995. We examined whether these efforts have decreased agricultural nutrient losses and improved the quality of receiving waters. To do so we used monitoring data on fluxes of nutrients and total suspended solids in agricultural catchments in 1990–2004 and on the water quality of agriculturally loaded rivers, lakes and estuaries in 1990–2005. No clear reduction in loading or improvement in water quality was detected. Hydrological fluctuations do not seem to have eclipsed the effects of the measures taken, since there was no systematic pattern in runoff in the period studied. The apparent inefficiency of the measures taken may be due to the large nutrient reserves of the soil, which slowed down nutrient reductions within the period studied. Simultaneous changes in agricultural production (e.g. regional specialisation) and in climate may also have counteracted the effects of agri-environmental measures. The actions to reduce agricultural loading might have been more successful had they focused specifically on the areas and actions that contribute most to the current loading.;

Post-fire mobilization of metals in a recently burnt area in North-Central Portugal: a contamination risk for waterbodies?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalila Serpa ◽  
Ana Machado ◽  
Martha Santos ◽  
Isabel Campos ◽  
Fátima Jesus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Overland Flow ◽  
Fire Severity ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Burnt Area ◽  
North Central ◽  
Contamination Risk ◽  
Freshwater Bodies ◽  
Central Portugal ◽  
Study Sites

&lt;p&gt;Wildfires constitute a diffuse source of contamination to aquatic ecosystems. In burnt hillslopes, ash and sediments transported by overland flow are a source of potentially hazardous substances, like metals, posing a risk for downstream water bodies. In the present study, post-fire metal mobilization by overland flow was evaluated in 16 m&lt;sup&gt;2 &lt;/sup&gt;bounded plots at a eucalypt stand in Albergaria-a-Velha (Aveiro district, North-Central Portugal) that burnt with moderate severity in September 2019. Overland flow samples were collected on a weekly to bi-weekly basis, depending on the occurrence of rain, during the first 6 months after fire. Aside from overland flow samples collected at slope scale, water and sediment samples were also collected in a fire-affected stream within the Albergaria burned catchment, to assess the contamination risk posed by the fire. Samples were collected at three sites along the stream: one upstream, one within and another downstream from the burnt area, after major rainfall events. The metals analysed in this study included, vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb). Results showed that most metals exhibited a peak in exports immediately after the first significant post-fire rainfall event likely due to the wash-off of the ash layer and high sediment losses, but for some elements like Zn and Cu, exports were more or less constant over time. The fire seems to have had a low impact on the water quality of the affected stream, since metal concentrations were similar between the three study sites. The quality of stream sediments, on the other hand, was clearly affected by the fire, especially after the rainy season. As fire severity and frequency is forecasted to increase in the near future due to climate changes, the results of this work reinforce the importance of water managers to define adaptative strategies to effectively protect freshwater bodies.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Assessment of soil and water quality of Barapukuria coal mining site, Dinajpur, Bangladesh

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-73
Author(s):  
Rowshon Shad Fardushe ◽  
Md Mahbubul Hoque ◽  
Shimul Roy
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Color Temperature ◽  
Mining Site ◽  
The Status ◽  
Land Water ◽  
Soil And Water

From the field observation it is apparent that the color of coal leached drainage water and the agricultural land water are blackish and slightly blackish respectively, which pollutes surface water and the agricultural land. The study showed the present status of the water quality through analyzing different parameters including color, temperature, pH, EC, DO, TDS, BOD, COD, Cl-, Cu, Zn and Fe as well as the status of soil quality where pH, OC, PO4 -, Cu, Cr and Zn were analyzed. All the water quality parameters (e.g. temperature, pH, EC, TDS, DO, and BOD) were within normal levels but the value of COD was higher, which affects the aquatic environment. The concentration of heavy metals in water varied with Zn > Cu > Cr and in soil the concentration varied with Cu > Cr > Zn.Bangladesh J. Sci. Res. 27(1): 63-73, June-2014

Response of mown pasture to potassium fertilizer in south-eastern South Australia

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (88) ◽  
pp. 765 ◽  
Author(s):  
AP Meissner ◽  
AL Clarke
Keyword(s):  
South Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽  
Magnesium Concentration ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Potassium Fertilizer ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Yield And Quality

Trials lasting three years were conducted at 27 sites in the south-east of South Australia to examine the responses of mown subterranean clover-ryegrass pastures to repeated annual applications of potassium chloride. At 20 sites, yield of dry matter (DM) was increased by potassium in one or more harvests. Responses were measured in 9 out of 55 winter harvests and 42 out of 86 spring harvests; mean responses to 100 kg ha-1 KCl (-Y100) at responsive sites were 380 and 560 kg DM ha-1 in winter and spring respectively. When potassium dressing increased yield, the proportion of clover in the sward was either maintained or increased. The herbage concentration of potassium was usually increased, and its magnesium concentration sometimes depressed, by potassium application. Although the K:Mg ratio was thereby increased, especially during winter, it rarely reached 15, the value considered necessary to induce grass tetany in cattle. Multivariate regression analysis showed that the exchangeable potassium concentration (Kex) of the top 10 cm of soil, the depth of soil overlying clay or limestone, and the sand content of the topsoil were factors affecting yield response. The best regression equations, however, explained less than half of the response variations. In practice, Kex alone would have usefully diagnosed potassium responsive sites. Responses occurred often when Kexwas less than 0.2 me 100 g-1 and rarely when it was greater. The use of potassium fertilizer is likely to be worthwhile to establish new pasture, to maintain the clover content of old pasture, and to increase the yield and quality of hay, where soils have less than 0.20 me 100 g-1 Kex. Such soils are most commonly sands more than 30 cm deep.

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