Small area variation in crime effects of COVID-19 policies in England and Wales

It is well established that COVID-19 policies to restrict movement induced widespread falls in many crime types internationally. Much less is known about variation between areas in how these changes occurred. This study uses k-means clustering to examine local area variation in police notifiable offences across England and Wales. It finds that crime in most areas remained stable, a small proportion of areas accounting for disproportionate change. These were typically city centers with plentiful pre-pandemic crime opportunities, dominated by theft and shoplifting offences. We explore potential implications for policy, theory and further research.

636 Subcutaneous Contracture Band Release in Burn Scars

Introduction Contracture scars post-burn injury often develop in areas near joints and can restrict movement as well as cause cosmetic deformities.1,2 The goal of subcutaneous scar release is to maximize mobility and minimize the need for invasive procedures which can require more recovery time and cause less aesthetically pleasing outcomes, although this new minimally invasive technique may also be used in conjunction with invasive procedures or after more invasive reconstructions to yield the best functional and cosmetic outcome. Methods Retrospective data from May 2016 to July 2019 were collected and analyzed for 28 patients ranging from ages 6 to 68 years old that were diagnosed with a subcutaneous contracture in one or more areas of their body. The data recorded included demographics, procedure specifics and outcomes, patients’ assessments, and areas of which the procedure was most frequently done on. Results Of the data available, range of motion per site improved by 19.1 degrees. Average pain scores reported directly after the procedure were relatively low at 1.5 on a 10-point scale. Vancouver Scar Scale scores decreased by 0.6 from pre-operatively (10.7) to post-operatively (10.1). The most frequently occurring areas that subcutaneous scar release was done on was the neck (15), axilla (7), and shoulder (7). Overall, 83% of patients reported being very satisfied or satisfied with the outcome of their procedure. Conclusions Subcutaneous scar release improves burn patients’ range of mobility with less residual scarring and less recovery time than standard of care treatments for scar contractures.

The Vital Role of Pink Marketing in the Creation of Women Loyalty

Purpose of the study: This study stresses the vital role of pink marketing in the creation of women loyalty. The study revolves around the fundamental question: Does the pink marketing mix of Maybelline New York beauty products have any critical effect on women's loyalty in the Kurdistan Region? Methodology: The article applies an analytical-descriptive approach. The data were composed by a questionnaire circulated to 125 women consumers at local shopping malls in Erbil province, Iraq. Statistical tools were used to test and analyze the data using SPSS software. including: descriptive statistics to provide a comprehensive description of the sample in terms of demographics. Arithmetic mean and standard deviations to judge the response of sample items to study variables, Cronbach Alpha to ensure the validity of the study, and Pearson correlation coefficient test to recognize the nature of the relationship between the variables studied. Main Findings: The result showed that pink marketing mix does have a positive relationship with loyalty. Pink product, Pink price, Pink promotion, and place all have modest to weak correlation with loyalty. Research limitations/implications: This article focused on small group of women shoppers and one brand of cosmetics in its survey thus, the findings can't be comprehensive to cover the whole region due to the restrict movement because of COVID 19 outbreak in the region. Novelty/Originality of this study: The findings of the study donates to a full comprehension of viable pink marketing mix for achieving women shoppers' loyalty precisely in the cosmetics and beauty supplies industry, and propose a direction to marketers on how to move women shoppers to be loyal.

Subscapularis Trigger Points as a Predictor for Frozen Shoulder Syndrome: Correlation Study

Trigger points in the shoulder region muscles restrict movement of shoulder and create pain on movement and at rest. The key muscle that must be examined is the subscapularis muscle. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between subscapularis trigger with shoulder pain, shoulder abduction and shoulder external rotation. 50 patients diagnosed with frozen shoulder. Data obtained regarding pressure pain threshold (PPT) using pressure algometry, shoulder pain and disability index (SPADI)using questionnaire, shoulder abduction and external rotation ROM using digital inclinometer were statistically analysed and compared. Strong negative significant correlation between PPT with SPADI, strong positive significant correlation between PPT with shoulder abduction and external rotation. Subscapularis trigger points in patients with frozen shoulder affect shoulder pain, shoulder abduction, and external rotation.

Psychological and Anxiety/Depression Level Assessment among Quarantine People during Covid19 Outbreak

Background- Covid-19 outbreak results in lockdown of provinces by isolating the infected ones and quarantine the population to prevent community spread of corona virus. During quarantine people has to restrict their movement and keep themselves under self-isolation at their home to prevent infections. In long quarantine period it may create psychological or anxiety/depression problem for some people. The objective of our study is to assess and understand the level of psychological, anxiety/depression in quarantine people during covid19 outbreak. Methods- Self-designed digital questionnaire has been used to assess the psychological and anxiety/depression level. The questionnaire contains questions about demographic, socio-assessment, anxiety/depression and psychological assessment. The questionnaire was circulated via digital medium. Result- Total 181 quarantined people were participated in our study, most of our population ages between of 21-30. General health of our participants is moderately good, Socio-status of our participants is fairly effected may be due to restrict movement and conservative way of living during quarantine period. 60.8% of participants become nervous some of the time, about 50% of participants shows the anxiety/depression symptoms, about 30% of our participants are somewhat affected by their sleeping patterns and about 35% participants are sometimes unsatisfied or slightly satisfied during quarantine period. Apart from this out of 181 participants 15 people are having travel history of International or national destinations. The overall mean is 2.2 and SD is 0.6. Conclusion-We found somewhat negative emotions (anxiety/depression, Socio status) in people during quarantine. Which may show low quality of life or low satisfactory life. Keywords: Covid-19, lockdown, quarantine, anxiety, depression

Mapping the changing Internet attention to the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 in China

The incessant spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been a great threat to human health. By 17 March 2020, the number of laboratory-confirmed cases had exceeded 179,000, with more than 7000 deaths across at least 150 countries. Due to the extremely contagious nature of COVID-19, the Chinese government has made broad and aggressive responses to restrict movement, transportation, and business for six to eleven weeks. Wuhan, a city in Hubei province from which COVID-19 emanated, has been quarantined since 12 January 2020, and many other cities have been placed under travel restrictions. Citizens have been strongly encouraged to stay home and limit face-to-face contact; as a result, people’s daily lives are dominated by the Internet as never before. Here, we visualize the spread of COVID-19 and people’s Internet attention in China in the form of cartograms using the diffusion-based method.

The Pheromone and Pheromone Receptor Mating-Type Locus Is Involved in Controlling Uniparental Mitochondrial Inheritance in Cryptococcus

Mitochondria are inherited uniparentally during sexual reproduction in the majority of eukaryotic species studied, including humans, mice, and nematodes, as well as many fungal species. Mitochondrial uniparental inheritance (mito-UPI) could be beneficial in that it avoids possible genetic conflicts between organelles with different genetic backgrounds, as recently shown in mice, and it could prevent the spread of selfish genetic elements in the mitochondrial genome. Despite the prevalence of observed mito-UPI, the underlying mechanisms and the genes involved in controlling this non-Mendelian inheritance are poorly understood in many species. In Cryptococcus neoformans, a human pathogenic basidiomyceteous fungus, mating types (MATα and MATa) are defined by alternate alleles at the single MAT locus that evolved from fusion of the two MAT loci (P/R encoding pheromones and pheromone receptors, and HD encoding homeodomain transcription factors) that are the ancestral state in the basidiomycota. Mitochondria are inherited uniparentally from the MATa parent in C. neoformans, and this requires the SXI1α and SXI2a HD factors encoded by MAT. However, there is evidence that additional genes contribute to the control of mito-UPI in Cryptococcus. Here, we show that in C. amylolentus, a sibling species of C. neoformans with unlinked P/R and HD MAT loci, mito-UPI is controlled by the P/R locus and is independent of the HD locus. Consistently, by replacing the MATα alleles of the pheromones (MF) and pheromone receptor (STE3) with the MATa alleles, we show that these P/R locus-defining genes indeed affect mito-UPI in C. neoformans during sexual reproduction. Additionally, we show that during early stages of C. neoformans sexual reproduction, conjugation tubes are always produced by the MATα cells, resulting in unidirectional migration of the MATα nucleus into the MATa cell during zygote formation. This process is controlled by the P/R locus and could serve to physically restrict movement of MATα mitochondria in the zygotes, and thereby contribute to mito-UPI. We propose a model in which both physical and genetic mechanisms function in concert to prevent the coexistence of mitochondria from the two parents in the zygote, and subsequently in the meiotic progeny, thus ensuring mito-UPI in pathogenic Cryptococcus, as well as in closely related nonpathogenic species. The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of the evolution of mito-UPI in fungi and other more diverse eukaryotes.

Impact of Various Clothing Variations on Firefighter Mobility: A Pilot Study

Firefighter clothing is known to restrict movement and increase the risk of musculoskeletal injury. The aim of this study was to investigate differences between clothing variations and firefighter mobility. Data were collected from eight firefighters using a randomized counterbalanced, repeated measures, design. Three different clothing variants (V1–V3) in addition to current station wear (S) were trialed. Combinations of S and V1 (SV1) and V2 (SV2) were also trialed. Outcome measures included: standing reach height; the Functional Movement Screen [FMS]; vertical jump; a visual analogue scale [VAS] for the FMS, vertical jump, step ups and crawl; and a mannequin sketch to mark areas of discomfort. V3 was preferred over S in all tasks and performed better both objectively (FMS and vertical jump) and subjectively (VAS scores). While V1 was typically associated with poorer performance, the impacts of V1 and V2 when compared to each other and S varied depending on the tasks performed. This variation was greater when V1 or V2 were worn with S (SV1 and SV2). Areas of discomfort across all variations was the knees, followed by the thighs. Clothing that has the least impact on, or improves, mobility (especially around the lower limbs) may help reduce firefighter injury and limit subjective discomfort.

The pheromone and pheromone receptor mating-type locus is involved in controlling uniparental mitochondrial inheritance in Cryptococcus

ABSTRACTMitochondria are inherited uniparentally during sexual reproduction in the majority of eukaryotic species studied, including humans, mice, nematodes, as well as many fungal species. Mitochondrial uniparental inheritance (mito-UPI) could be beneficial in that it avoids possible genetic conflicts between organelles with different genetic backgrounds, as recently shown in mice; and it could prevent the spread of selfish genetic elements in the mitochondrial genome. Despite the prevalence of observed mito-UPI, the underlying mechanisms and the genes involved in controlling this non-mendelian inheritance are poorly understood in many species. In Cryptococcus neoformans, a human pathogenic basidiomyceteous fungus, mating types (MATα and MATa) are defined by alternate alleles at the single MAT locus that evolved from fusion of the two MAT loci (P/R encoding pheromones and pheromone receptors, HD encoding homeodomain transcription factors) that are the ancestral state in the basidiomycota. Mitochondria are inherited uniparentally from the MATa parent in C. neoformans and this requires the SXI1α and SXI2a HD factors encoded by MAT. However, there is evidence additional genes contribute to control of mito-UPI in Cryptococcus. Here we show that in Cryptococcus amylolentus, a sibling species of C. neoformans with unlinked P/R and HD MAT loci, mitochondrial uniparental inheritance is controlled by the P/R locus, and is independent of the HD locus. Consistently, by replacing the MATα alleles of the pheromones (MF) and pheromone receptor (STE3) with the MATa alleles, we show that these P/R locus defining genes indeed affect mito-UPI in C. neoformans during sexual reproduction. Additionally, we show that during early stages of C. neoformans sexual reproduction, conjugation tubes are always produced by the MATα cells, resulting in unidirectional migration of the MATα nucleus into the MATa cell during zygote formation. This process is controlled by the P/R locus and could serve to physically restrict movement of MATα mitochondria in the zygotes, and thereby contribute to mito-UPI. We propose a model in which both physical and genetic mechanisms function in concert to prevent the coexistence of mitochondria from the two parents in the zygote and subsequently in the meiotic progeny, thus ensuring mito-UPI in pathogenic Cryptococcus, as well as in closely related non-pathogenic species. The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of the evolution of mito-UPI in fungi and other more diverse eukaryotes.