Composition of Preferred and Rejected Eucalyptus Browse Offered to Captive Koalas, Phascolarctos Cinereus (Marsupialia).

1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 839 ◽  
Author(s):  
DE Ullrey ◽  
PT Robinson ◽  
PA Whetter
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Phascolarctos Cinereus ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Calcium Iron

Browse representing 1.5 m of terminal growth from 11 species of Eucalyptus shoots or mature tree limbs was divided into portions which were either consumed or rejected by captive koalas. The following nutrient concentrations (dry basis) were found in preferred browse: crude protein, 5.9-17.8%; ether extract, 5.5-19.2%; neutral detergent fibre, 16.8-37.5%; ash, 3.2-5.6%; remaining proximate fraction [(dry matter) - (crude protein + ether extract + neutral detergent fibre + ash)], 31.7-64.8%; calcium, 0.28-1.95%; phosphorus, 0.08-0.42%; sodium, 0.03-1.29%; potassium, 0.30-2.06%; magnesium, 0.12-0.44%; iron, 67-274 ppm; copper, 2.1-15.8 ppm; zinc, 17-54 ppm; and selenium, 0.03-0.42 ppm. Preferred browse, as compared to rejected browse, had significantly higher concentrations of crude protein, remaining proximate fraction, phosphorus and potassium, and significantly lower concentrations of ether extract, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, permanganate lignin, gross energy, calcium, iron and selenium.

Eucalyptus Digestibility and Digestible Energy Requirements of Adult Male Koalas, Phascolarctos Cinereus (Marsupialia).

1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 847 ◽  
Author(s):  
DE Ullrey ◽  
PT Robinson ◽  
PA Whetter
Keyword(s):  
Adult Male ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Phascolarctos Cinereus ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Dietary Acid

Three adult male koalas were individually fed on a diet of Eucalyptus melliodora, E. robusta and E. sideroxylon plus trace mineral salt and water to appetite. Fresh browse was offered daily for 14 days before and 7 days during quantitative collection of faeces. Samples of browse representing plant parts consumed were collected, and acid lignin ratio techniques were used to estimate nutrient digestibility. Apparent digestibility of DM was 54-70%, gross energy 47-64%, crude protein 32-50%, ether extract 37-50%, neutral detergent fibre 23-57% and acid detergent fibre 9-55%. Total faecal acid lignin excretion was used to estimate digestible energy (DE) intake. Since bodyweights (W) were maintained during the study, daily DE requirements for adult maintenance were estimated to range from 257 to 411 kJ/W0.75. If an 87% recovery in the faeces of dietary acid lignin was assumed, estimated DE requirements for adult maintenance ranged from 312 to 439 kJ/W0.75. These values are lower than commonly accepted interspecific values for eutherians but are consistent with evidence that the koala has a relatively low basal metabolic rate.

scholarly journals Intake and digestibility in sheep fed on marandu grass silages added with dehydrated barley

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele J. Ferreira ◽  
Anderson M. Zanine ◽  
Rogério P. Lana ◽  
Alexandre L. Souza ◽  
Marinaldo D. Ribeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre

ABSTRACT: The objective was to evaluate the intake and the apparent digestibility in sheep fed on marandu grass silages added with dehydrated barley. Twenty crossbred Santa Inês lambs were used, with a mean initial weight of 30±4.5 kg and mean age of 14±2 months. The experimental sheep were distributed into a completely randomized design and lining, with five treatments and four repetitions, with treatments levels of inclusion of 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% natural matter of naturally dehydrated brewery residue for 36 hours to the marandu grass silage to feed the sheep. The evaluation period lasted 21 days, 15 for adaptation to the diets and 7 days for data collection. The data was submitted to analysis of variance, and when significant (P<0.05) the treatment means were analysed by regression. The inclusion of dehydrated barley to silage showed a linear increase in water intake (P<0.05), increased by 0.02% per unit of dehydrated barley. A quadratic effect was observed for the levels of dehydrated barley on the dry matter intake (DM), estimating a maximum consumption of 2.86% DM for silages containing 17.8% dehydrated barley. The crude protein intake (CP) behaved quadratically, with the maximum value estimated of 0.29% CP at a level of 22.5% dehydrated barley. Ether extract (EE) intake also exhibited quadratic behaviour (P<0.05), with the maximum value estimated of 0.2% EE at a level of 28.25% dehydrated barley. The regression study showed quadratic behaviour; with the maximum estimated value of neutral detergent fibre was 2.33% at a level of 34.58% dehydrated barley. No statistical significance was found for the intake of acid detergent fibre or organic matter (P>0.05). It was concluded that the addition of levels of 20 to 30% of dehydrated barley to silage resulted in a positive response for the dry matter intake, crude protein, Ether extract and neutral detergent fibre.

scholarly journals Effects of copper hydroxychloride and distillers dried grains with solubles on intestinal microbial concentration and apparent ileal and total tract digestibility of energy and nutrients by growing pigs1

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (12) ◽  
pp. 4904-4911 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charmaine D Espinosa ◽  
R Scott Fry ◽  
Matthew E Kocher ◽  
Hans H Stein
Keyword(s):  
Large Intestine ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Distillers Dried Grains ◽  
Gross Energy

Abstract An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that Cu hydroxychloride improves nutrient digestibility and alters the concentration of microbial protein in the small intestine or large intestine by pigs fed a corn-soybean meal diet or a diet based on corn, soybean meal, and distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). Twenty-four barrows (33.3 ± 3.4 kg) that had a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum were allotted to a 2 × 2 factorial design with 2 levels of DDGS (0% or 45%) and 2 levels of supplemental Cu from Cu hydroxychloride (0 or 150 mg/kg). A 2-period switch back design with the 4 diets and 6 replicate pigs per diet in each period was used resulting in 12 replicate pigs per diet for the 2 periods. The initial 9 d of each period was considered an adaptation period to the experimental diets. For each period, feces were collected on days 10, 11, and 12, and ileal digesta were collected for 8 h on days 13 and 14. Results indicated that inclusion of 45% DDGS to diets reduced (P &lt; 0.05) the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of AA and the AID and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter, gross energy, and crude protein. In contrast, inclusion of DDGS to diets increased (P &lt; 0.05) the AID and the ATTD of acid hydrolyzed ether extract and the concentration of microbial protein in the hindgut (P &lt; 0.05). However, the total concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in ileal digesta and in feces from pigs fed the DDGS diets were not different from concentrations in pigs fed diets without DDGS. The AID and ATTD of dry matter, gross energy, and crude protein were not affected by dietary Cu concentrations, but the AID and ATTD of acid hydrolyzed ether extract were greater (P &lt; 0.05) in diets supplemented with Cu hydroxychloride compared with diets without Cu hydroxychloride. There was also a reduction (P &lt; 0.05) in the concentration of microbial protein and a tendency for a reduction (P &lt; 0.10) in the total concentration of VFA in feces when diets were supplemented with Cu hydroxychloride. In conclusion, supplementation of Cu hydroxychloride to diets improved AID and ATTD of acid hydrolyzed ether extract and reduced the concentration of microbial protein in the large intestine and this effect was observed in diets containing DDGS as well as in diets without DDGS.

The fermentable metabolisable energy in grass silage

1993 ◽  
Vol 1993 ◽  
pp. 141-141
Author(s):  
A T Chamberlaina ◽  
K Seyoum ◽  
D Chapman ◽  
C Piotrowski
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
The Uk

The UK metabolisable protein system (AFRC, 1992) requires the measurement of fermentable metabolisable energy (FME) to determine the potential yield of microbial crude protein in the rumen. FME is defined as:The objective of this work was to measure the ME , ether extract and volatile fatty acid components of first cut grass silages to assess the range of FME and non-fermentable fractions and hence the range of fermentabilities (FME:ME).Eighty-four clamp grass silages, predominantly first-cut rye grass, were analysed for modified acid detergent fibre (MADF), individual volatile fatty acids, oil (ether extract) and oven dry matter. ME was predicted from the MADF after correction for oven dry matter. The gross energy of the lactic, acetic, propanoic, butyric and valeric acid were taken to be 15.2, 14.6, 20.8, 24.9, and 28.0 MJ/kg DM, and for the Ether Extract fraction of grass 38.5 MJ/kg DM. The energy content of the volatile fatty acids in the silage were summed and FME was calculated as described above. The fermentability of the silage was the expressed as the proportion of FME to ME.

scholarly journals Comparison of methods for determination of nutrient digestibility of a dry kibble diet for ocelots

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 71-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anderson L. de Carvalho ◽  
Vladimir de Oliveira ◽  
Wanderlei de Moraes ◽  
Zalmir S. Cubas ◽  
Alcides R. Rinaldi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Leopardus Pardalis ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Usual Diet

In this experiment, methods of total fecal collection (TFC) and internal markers (acid-insoluble ash - AIA, crude fiber - CF, and acid-detergent fiber - ADF) were compared for determination of the coefficients of apparent digestibility (CAD) for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), nitrogen-free extracts (NFE), and gross energy (GE) of commercial feline dry kibble for ocelots (Leopardus pardalis). Six adult animals, weighing 12.45±1.37 kg, gradually received experimental kibble in their usual diet until the beginning of the experiment and were submitted to an adaptation period ten days prior to the collection period. CAD obtained by TFC, AIA, CF, and ADF were, respectively, 73.7, 76.83, 62.01, and 46.03% for dry matter; 81.9, 84.8, 75.8, and 63.8% for crude protein; 85, 86.7, 78.5, and 69.1% for ether extract; 78.52, 79.55, 69.11, and 53.04% for nitrogen-free extracts; and 80.5, 82.2, 71.4, and 58.4% for gross energy. The AIA method showed to be efficient in determining coefficients of apparent digestibility and may contribute to investigations on the digestibility of diets for wild felines. In comparison to the items of ocelot's usual diet, the kibble used in this paper provided an adequate nutritional supply with reduced daily costs per animal.

scholarly journals Comparative study on the biomass yield, chemical composition and in-sacco dry matter degradability of different cultivars of triticale fodder

2012 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-28
Author(s):  
MK Zannat ◽  
MR Alam ◽  
NR Sarker ◽  
KS Huque ◽  
MRI Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Biomass Yield ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Fodder Production ◽  
P Content ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
In Sacco

An experiment was conducted to determine the biomass yield, chemical composition and in-sacco dry matter (DM) degradability of 10 cultivars (WRF-7, TSN-111, TYT-03, TYT-05, TYT-06, TYT-08, TYT-12, ITYN-10, ITYN-14 and ITYN-15) of triticale fodder. The fresh yield of different cultivars of triticale was ranged from 5.03 to 6.85 (t/ha). The organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), acid detergent fibre (ADF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) contents of different cultivars of triticale were found 89.62 to 91.78 %, 21.34 to 25.99 %, 23.09 to 29.99 %, 46.77 to 50.80 %, 0.42 to 0.61 % and 0.33 to 0.41 %, respectively. The yield of DM and CP of different cultivars of triticale were varied from 0.77 to 1.44 (t/ha) and 0.193 to 0.351 (t/ha), respectively. Among different triticale cultivars the highest OM and CP contents were found in TYT-12 (91.78 %) and ITYN-10 (25.99 %), respectively. The highest NDF and ADF contents were found in ITYN-14 (50.80 %) and TYT-05 (29.99 %), respectively among different cultivars. The contents of Ca and P in ITYN-10 (0.61 %) and ITYN-14 (0.41 %), respectively were found to be the highest among the cultivars. Potential DM degradability observed in different cultivars of triticale was higher in ITYN-14 and TYT-05 (84.81 and 81.88 %, respectively) compared to others and relatively poor degradability was found in TSN-111 and TYT-03 (60.74 and 61.35 %, respectively). Therefore, it may be concluded that, the cultivar ITYN-10 will be the promising one due to comparatively higher fresh yield, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) content and less acid detergent fibre (ADF) fraction cultivated for fodder production in Bangladesh.http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v41i1.11972 

scholarly journals SSF SOLID STATE FERMENTATION OF SOYBEAN MEAL WITH ASPERGILLUS NIGER FOR UPGRADING NUTRITIONAL VALUES

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 374-381
Author(s):  
Hsu thet Hmue naing ◽  
Khin Hnin Swe Swe ◽  
Khin San Muu Muu
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Phytase Activity ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Fermented Soybean Meal ◽  
Fermented Soybean ◽  
Gross Energy

The experiment was conducted to observe the effect of different fermentation times on nutrient compositions and phytase activity of fermented soybean meal (FSBM) used solid state fermentation (SSF) by Aspergillus niger. A completely randomized design (CRD) was used in this experiment which was included three treatments and replicated three times per treatment. Soybean meal was used as substrate and inoculated with A. niger spore suspension. Two hundred and fifty ml capacity of Erlenmeyer flask was used to cultivate the culture. The fermentation times were 0, 3 and 5 days. The contents of dry matter, ash, ether extract, crude protein, gross energy and phytase activity of fermented soybean meal were determined. The percentages of crude protein, gross energy and phytase activity of day 5 FSBM were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of day 3 FSBM. Fermented SBM at day 5 had numerically increased in the ether extract contents. However, the ash and dry matter percentages of day 5 FSBM were significantly (p<0.05) reduced compared with those of day 3 FSBM. According to the obtained results, the effect of different fermentation times on nutrient contents and phytase activity of fermented soybean meal were significantly different. Therefore, fermented SBM incubated at day 5 is an appropriate alternative feed from SBM to be used as nourishable feed and phytase enzyme production in fermented soybean meal which will being economic benefits to farmers.

Using highly nutritious pastures to mitigate enteric methane emissions from cattle grazing systems in South America

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (12) ◽  
pp. 2329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Dini ◽  
J. I. Gere ◽  
C. Cajarville ◽  
Verónica S. Ciganda
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Enteric Methane

Enteric methane (CH4) emissions are directly related to the quantity and type of feed intake. Existing mitigation strategies, for example, the addition of legumes to grass-based diets and increased use of grains, have been thoroughly researched and applied in different production systems. In this paper, we propose a need to expand the capacity to mitigate enteric CH4 emissions in cattle under grazing conditions. The objective of this paper was to contribute to evaluate a mitigation strategy under grazing conditions of using contrasting levels of pasture quality. The study was performed with 20 heifers twice during the year: winter and spring. Each season, the study employed a crossover design with two treatments and two 5-day measurement periods. The treatments were two pastures with different nutritional values, including a pasture with a low quality (70% of neutral detergent fibre, 1% of ether extract, 8% of non-fibre carbohydrates), 9% of crude protein, 35% of dry matter digestibility and a pasture with a high quality (42% neutral detergent fibre, 1.3% ether extract, 24% non-fibre carbohydrates, 21% crude protein and 63% dry matter digestibility). Enteric CH4 emissions were measured with sulfur hexafluoride tracer technique. The dry matter intake (kg/day) was measured indirectly using titanium dioxide as an external marker. CH4 emissions from animals grazing the high-quality pasture were 14% lower expressed as % of gross energy intake, and 11% lower expressed by unit of dry matter intake (g CH4/kg). These results quantitative showed the alternative to mitigate CH4 emissions from grazing bovines exclusively through the improvement of the forage quality offered.

scholarly journals Nutritional parameters of lambs fed extruded ration with different roughage to concentrate ratios

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 1979
Author(s):  
Karla Alves Oliveira ◽  
Gilberto de Lima Macedo Júnior ◽  
Laura Ferrari Monteiro Varanis ◽  
Carolina Moreira Araújo ◽  
Tamires Soares de Assis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Faecal Excretion ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Nutritional Parameters ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre

The objective of our study was to compare the intake and digestibility of dry matter and nutrients, and the nitrogen balance, of lambs fed extruded ration with different roughage (R) to concentrate (C) ratios. The experiment was carried out at the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Experimental Farm Capim Branco, from 7 December 2016 to 6 January 2017. Ten lambs (Santa Inês × Dorper) aged between four and five months, and with a mean weight of 25.9 ± 2.8 kg, were used. The animals were placed in metabolic cages equipped with a feeder, drinking fountain, and salt shaker, and which had a wooden slatted floor. The treatments consisted of extruded ration with 30R:70C or 70R:30C. Treatments were distributed in a randomised, complete block design, with each treatment being performed twice and with ten replications. The experiment was carried out in two blocked stages. Differences in the means of treatments were evaluated by Tukey’s test at a significance level of 5%. Intake and digestibility of dry matter and nutrients, water intake by animals, and nitrogen balance were also analysed. The 30R:70C treatment resulted in a lower intake of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and hemicellulose, and caused higher dry matter and neutral detergent fibre digestibility. The 30R:70C treatment also resulted in a lower intake and faecal excretion of nitrogen, consequently establishing a higher ratio between retained and ingested nitrogen. In conclusion, the ration with 30R:70C results in lower intake, and better utilisation of nutrients by the animal.

scholarly journals Dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance in growing Red sokoto bucks fed Sorghum bicolor hay supplemented with concentrate

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 332-341
Author(s):  
B. M. Munza ◽  
M. R. Hassan ◽  
R. J. Tanko ◽  
S. M. Otaru ◽  
D. J. U. Kalla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre

During the dry season, forages are low in quantity and quality; hence lacks the essential nutrients that are prerequisite for growth in ruminants, suggesting a supplemental feeding. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance in growing Red Sokoto bucks fed Sorghum bicolor hay supplemented with concentrate. Eight growing Red Sokoto bucks with average body weight of 15±1.0 kg were randomly allotted to two dietary treatments containing S. bicolor hay/concentrate mixture (100:0 and 60:40). The bucks were individually fed at 3.5% body weight daily for a period of 21 days in a completely randomised design with four replicates per treatment. The parameters measured were dry matter intake, water intake, amount of faeces voided, volume of urine and costs of feeding. Total dry matter intake (424.64g/day) was significantly (p<0.05) higher in 60:40 dietary treatment than 100:0 treatment (353.57g/day). The digestibility coefficients of crude fibre (92.34 %), acid detergent fibre (71.46 %) and neutral detergent fibre (69.77 %) were significantly (p<0.05) higher in Red Sokoto bucks fed Sorghum bicolor hay:concentrate ratio of 100:0 compared to bucks fed 60:40 diet with crude fibre (87.25 %), acid detergent fibre (59.67 %) and neutral detergent fibre (60.08 %) digestibility coefficient values. However, crude protein (78.49 %) and ash (70.04 %) digestibility coefficients in bucks fed 60:40 diet were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those fed 100:0 diet with 38.14 % crude protein and 21.45 % ash digestibility coefficients. There was an increasing trend (p<0.05) in all parameters measured when concentrate was supplemented. The nitrogen retained (7.55 g/day), nitrogen retained as % intake (68.76 %) and nitrogen absorbed as % intake (78.46 %) were significantly (p<0.05) higher in Red Sokoto bucks fed 60:40 diets when compared with that of 100:0 diet which recorded 0.69 g/day nitrogen retained, 23.87 % nitrogen retained as % intake and 38.15 % as nitrogen absorbed as % intake, respectively. Total costs per kg of feed (N78.13K) and costs of feeding per buck (N696.72K) were significantly (p<0.05) higher for 60:40 diet than 100:0 diet with N45.83K total costs per kg feed and N340.29K costs of feeding per buck. It is therefore, concluded that concentrate supplementation on Sorghum bicolor hay enhances its utilisation by growing Red Sokoto bucks in terms of increased dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention in Northern Guinea Savannah of Nigeria.

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