Process Responsible for Temporal Changes in the Percentages of Pelage Color Types Among the Young Recruited Into a House Mouse-Population in an Outdoor Pen

1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
PR Pennycuik ◽  
AH Reisner ◽  
NH Westwood
Keyword(s):  
House Mouse ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Temporal Changes ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Population Bottlenecks ◽  
Mouse Population ◽  
Colour Type ◽  
Pelage Color ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Migration

In populations of the house mouse, Mus musculus, temporal changes in allelic frequencies have been attributed to both selective and non-selective processes. During a 12-year study on a mouse population carrying recessive alleles at loci affecting the colour of the pelage, the percentages of homozygous recessive mice among the young recruited were found to change with time. These changes occurred in both the total population living in the experimental pen and in the subpopulations living in the five shelters housing the mice. In the total population, bottlenecks preceded changes in the percentages of recessive homozygotes among the mice recruited each year. In the subpopulations, changes in the percentages of recessive homozygotes were preceded by bottlenecks and by movements of mice between shelters. When the data for the males and females of each pelage colour were pooled, the males of all colour types appeared to be equally fit, and females of only one colour type appeared to be slightly less fit than the other three. We concluded that the temporal changes in the percentages of mice homozygous for the recessive alleles were due largely, if not wholly, to drift and migration rather than to natural selection, and that the relative importance of these non-selective processes was determined by the degree to which the populations were isolated from one another.

scholarly journals A system for automatic recording of social behavior in a free-living wild house mouse population

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara König ◽  
Anna K. Lindholm ◽  
Patricia C. Lopes ◽  
Akos Dobay ◽  
Sally Steinert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
House Mouse ◽  
Automatic Recording ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Mouse Population ◽  
Wild House Mouse

Persistence of an Introduced Lethal in a Feral House Mouse Population

1967 ◽  
Vol 101 (922) ◽  
pp. 538-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorothea Bennett ◽  
Roberta Bruck ◽  
L. C. Dunn ◽  
Barry Klyde ◽  
Fay Shutsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
House Mouse ◽  
Mouse Population

scholarly journals Analysis of Japanese encephalitis epidemic in western Nepal in 1997

2001 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. AKIBA ◽  
K. OSAKA ◽  
S. TANG ◽  
M. NAKAYAMA ◽  
A. YAMAMOTO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Japanese Encephalitis ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Southwestern Part ◽  
Epidemic Period ◽  
Clinical Diagnoses ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Children Under 5

We conducted an epidemiological study of a Japanese encephalitis (JE) outbreak in the southwestern part of Nepal in 1997. A high density of JE infections was found and it was estimated that 27·9% the total population were infected with JE virus in the study area. The fatality rate was 13·2% and there was no difference in the fatality rate between males and females over 5 years old. However, the case fatality rate was 2·1 times higher in females than in males (14·6% vs. 6·9%) among children under 5 years of age. Fifty-three blood samples were collected from suspected JE cases during the epidemic period in 1998. Findings for JE specific IgM revealed that clinical diagnoses of JE were serologically confirmed in an average 78% (70–93%) of patients in three collaborating hospitals. These studies demonstrated that JE was highly prevalent in the area and clinical diagnoses were reliable. Effective preventive measures should be taken against this vaccine-preventable disease.

Nestling foods of the savannah sparrow

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Meunier ◽  
Jean Bédard
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Temporal Changes ◽  
Prey Abundance ◽  
Large Prey ◽  
Passerculus Sandwichensis ◽  
Main Prey ◽  
Savannah Sparrow ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Prey Items

The diet of savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis) nestlings was monitored at Îsle Verte, Québec, during the 1980 breeding season. Adults carried exclusively arthropods to the nest. The main prey types found were Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera larvae, larval and adult Diptera and Homoptera. The proportion of different prey types in the diet varied during the season but there was no close relationship between temporal changes in the indices of prey abundance in the habitat and the type of prey chosen by the adult birds. Both the type and size of prey brought to the nest changed with the age and number of nestlings (aged 4–10 days). The proportion of Homoptera in the diet decreased sharply with age while that of Lepidoptera and Diptera increased. Adults feeding broods of four brought a larger proportion of large prey items (Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera larvae) than those feeding broods of a lesser size; to these they brought a larger proportion of smaller items such as Diptera and adult Lepidoptera. Males and females brought the same major prey types to the nest but not in the same proportions.

Evidence for a Gender-Specific Decline in the Rate of Schizophrenia in Rural Ireland over a 50-Year Period

1994 ◽  
Vol 164 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
John L. Waddington ◽  
Hanafy A. Youssef
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Temporal Changes ◽  
Homogeneous Region ◽  
Cerebral Development ◽  
Considerable Controversy ◽  
Exogenous Factors ◽  
Gender Specific

The issue of whether the incidence rate of schizophrenia may have declined over recent decades has generated considerable controversy. This study sought to ascertain and interview all patients who satisfied contemporary diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia within a defined and unusually homogeneous region of rural Ireland having a total population of 25 178 people; morbid risk for schizophrenia was then examined by quinquennia of birth from 1920–24 to 1965–69. Morbid risk appeared essentially constant for persons born between 1920 and 1939 but fell by 37% for those born between 1940 and 1969, the fall being considerably more prominent in females (–56%) than in males (–19%). Attention is focused on sexual dimorphism in cerebral development and on temporal changes in endogenous or exogenous factors that influence the rate of occurrence of schizophrenia in females.

scholarly journals Combined Effect of Famine Exposure and Obesity Parameters on Hypertension in the Midaged and Older Adult: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Lin Zhang ◽  
Liu Yang ◽  
Congzhi Wang ◽  
Ting Yuan ◽  
Dongmei Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Population ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Exposed Group ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Famine Exposure ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Baseline Characteristics ◽  
Older Chinese

Objectives. Undernutrition early in life may increase the incidence of adverse effects on adult health. The relations between undernutrition and obesity parameters (body mass index (BMI) and WC (waist circle)) and hypertension were often contradictory. Our study is aimed at identifying the combined effects of famine exposure and obesity parameters on hypertension in middle-aged and older Chinese. Design. A population-based cross-sectional study. Setting. Data were selected from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study Wave2011 (CHARLS Wave2011). Participants. The sample included 12945 individuals aged 45 to 96. Main Outcome Measurements. The study analyzed data from 12945 middle-aged and older Chinese selected from CHARLS Wave2011. Differences between baseline characteristics and famine exposure/BMI levels/WC levels were evaluated using the t -, Chi-square- ( χ 2 -), and F -test. Then, the difference in the prevalence of hypertension between baseline characteristics was estimated by the t - and χ 2 -test. Finally, multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models were used to explore the associations of famine exposure and obesity parameters with odds of prevalence of hypertension. Results. Among the 12945 participants, 1548 (11.96%) participants had been exposed to the Chinese famine during the fetal group, whereas 5101 (39.41%) participants and 4362 (33.70%) participants had been exposed to the famine during childhood and adolescence/adult group, respectively. Regarding the participants with BMI levels, 3746 (28.94%) were overweight, and 1465 (11.32%) were obese, whereas 5345 (41.29%) of the participants with WC levels were obese, respectively. Furthermore, 1920 (31.17%) had hypertension in males and 2233 (32.91%) in females. In multivariable-adjusted models, famine exposure and obesity parameters were related with prevalence of hypertension independently in total populations ((1) model threec, famine exposure with prevalence of hypertension: the fatal-exposed vs. no-exposed group (OR1.27; 95% CI 1.08, 1.49); childhood-exposed vs. no-exposed group (OR1.64; 95% CI 1.44, 1.87); the adolescence/adult-exposed vs. no-exposed group (OR3.06; 95% CI 2.68, 3.50); P for trend < 0.001 ; (2) model threee, famine exposure with prevalence of hypertension: the fatal-exposed vs. no-exposed group (OR1.25; 95% CI 1.06, 1.47); childhood-exposed vs. no-exposed group (OR1.52; 95% CI 1.34, 1.73); the adolescence/adult-exposed vs. no-exposed group (OR2.66; 95% CI 2.33, 3.03); P for trend < 0.001 ; (3) model threeg, BMI levels with prevalence of hypertension: overweight vs. normal (OR1.75; 95% CI 1.60, 1.91); obesity vs. normal (OR2.79; 95% CI 2.48, 3.15); P for trend < 0.001 ; (4) WC levels with prevalence of hypertension: overweight vs. normal (OR1.42; 95% CI 1.36, 1.48)). When stratified by sex, results in both males and females were mostly similar to those in the total population. In general, interaction analysis in the multivariable-adjusted model, compared with the combination of normal BMI/WC levels and no-exposed famine group, all groups trended towards higher odds of prevalence of hypertension (the greatest increase in odds, adolescence/adult-exposed group with obesity in BMI levels: (OR8.13; 95% CI 6.18, 10.71); adolescence/adult-exposed group with obesity in WC levels: (OR6.36; 95% CI 5.22, 7.75); P for interaction < 0.001 ). When stratified by sex, the results in both males and females were also similar to those in the total population. Conclusion. Our data support a strongly positive combined effect of famine exposure and obesity parameters on hypertension in middle-aged and elderly Chinese.

scholarly journals Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of SenSi-1 Agrinak chicken

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Hasnelly . ◽  
Sofjan Iskandar ◽  
Tike Sartika
Keyword(s):  
Total Population ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Color Distribution ◽  
Chicken Breed ◽  
Male Line ◽  
Chicken Breeds ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Male Chicken ◽  
Local Chicken ◽  
Meat Type

<p>One of local chicken breeds develop in Indonesian Research Institute for Animal Production (IRIAP) is local SenSi-1 Agrinak chicken. This new improved local-meat-type breed was released with Ministry Agriculture Decree Number 39/Kpts/PK.020/1/2017 on 20<sup>th</sup> January 2017. SenSi-1 Agrinak was originally selected from native Sentul chicken breed obtained from Ciamis district in West Java Province. Selection criteria were two feather colors of grey or black spotted white (pucak), which were applied to both males and females. Pea-comb type was also one criterion for males, applied at the age of 10 weeks. Live weight at the age of 10 weeks with the selection intensity of 25% was applied to each generation of males chicken. Selection proceeded for six generations. Selection program was carried out under standard feed formulae containing around 17% crude protein with 2850 kcal ME/ kg, and containing other nutrients following the ones recommended for modern chicken of White Leghorn. Observation was conducted on each of about 2000 young chickens of grey and of Pucak SenSi-1 Agrinak both males and females age of 10 and 84 weeks. Results showed that grey SenSi-1 Agrinak chicken in total population, had: i) Grey feather color distribution of 55.51% in males, and 60.77% in females; ii) Yellow shank color of 52.51% in males, and 33.33% in females; iii) Pea type comb of 90.98% in males, and 89.23% in females; iv). Ten weeks live weight of 886.38+142.93 g/bird in males, and 739.17+ 118.87 in females. Pucak SenSi-1 Agrinak chicken in total population, had: i) Pucak feather color of 75.65% in males, and 8330% in females; ii) Yellow shank color of 51.91% in males, and 36.59% in females; iii) Pea type comb of 91.55% in males, and 92.28% in females; iv) Ten weeks live weight of 908.76+ 130.98 g/bird in males, and 750.53+ 110.56 g/bird in females. Whilst for grey SenSi-1 Agrinak male chicken after selection had live weight at 10 weeks old of 1015+107 g/bird, and for Pucak SenSi-1 Agrinak male chicken was 1051+76 g/bird. This initial performance information for those two breeds of considerably improved local chicken can be used as the base of information for SenSi-1 Agrinak breed for male line of meat type of local chicken breeding.</p>

scholarly journals Whole-genome sequencing analysis reveals the population history of Mus musculus in Madagascar

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazumichi Fujiwara ◽  
Marie C Ranorosoa ◽  
Satoshi D Ohdachi ◽  
Satoru Arai ◽  
Yuki Sakuma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
House Mouse ◽  
Mus Musculus ◽  
Population History ◽  
House Mice ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Mouse Population ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Hybridization

AbstractIn Madagascar, the house mouse (Mus musculus) is thought to have colonized along with humans and is now one of the most successfully colonized rodents on the island. In this study, we determined the whole-genome sequences of the Madagascar house mouse captured from the wild. We examined the evolutionary history of its population regarding the mitochondrial and autosomal genomes. We confirmed that in the mitochondrial genomes of Madagascar house mice, a monophyletic clade forms a basal origin within the species. An analysis of autosomal genomic sequences indicates that the Madagascar house mouse population is genetically a member of M. m. castaneus (CAS). It also contains genetic elements of M. m. domesticus (DOM) resulting from ancient hybridization. The signature of a strong population bottleneck 1000–3000 years ago was observed in the mitochondrial and autosomal genomic data. We also show that the divergence of the Madagascar population from the CAS population occurred approximately 50,000–99,000 years ago. Madagascar house mice show strong genetic affinity to many CAS samples across a wide range of Indian Ocean coastal regions. However, our results suggest that they would not have originated directly from the Indonesian islands, where Austronesian-speaking people in Madagascar originated. Because the ancient hybridization signature with DOM did not appear in the Indonesian and other CAS samples, we propose that Madagascar house mice were not directly brought by Austronesian-speaking people but came from somewhere around the Middle East or South Asia soon after the colonization of initial farmers.

Migration, Immigration, and Refugees

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrés Solimano
Keyword(s):  
International Migration ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
International Mobility ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
Net Worth ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
And Migration

The international mobility of people and migration flows are critically influenced by differences in per capita incomes, real wages, job opportunities, institutional capacities and living standards across nations and cities. Its dynamics are shaped by social networks and regulated by the migration policies of receiving countries. International migration represents around 3.3% of world’s population; up from 2.7% in 1995. It is composed mainly of working-age people, with men and women migrants being in roughly equal numbers. Historically, the globalization process of the late 19th and early 20th centuries was also accompanied by large migration flows, mostly, from the “Old World” (Europe) to the “New World” (United States, Canada, Argentina, Australia, and other countries in the Global South). Starting in the 1980s migration has increased relative to a rise in total population, although the share of international migration to total population was, on average, higher in the first wave of globalization of the 1870–1914 period. Main substantive topics and new themes in the field of international migration include: (a) the motivations and determinants of the international mobility of the wealthy (High-Net Worth Individuals, HNWIs), a largely unexplored topic in the literature of international migration; (b) the international migration of talent (high-skills, educated, and gifted people), (c) the linkages between the mobility of talent and the mobility of capital and their evolution over time affected by macro regimes and international conditions, (d) The relation between macroeconomic and financial crises (e.g., the 2008–2009 crisis), stagnation traps and immigration flows, (e) the influence of international migration on inequality within and between countries, and (f) forced migration, displaced population and humanitarian crises, following war, violence, persecution, and human rights violations.

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