scholarly journals Environmental constraints drive the partitioning of the soundscape in fishes

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (19) ◽  
pp. 6092-6097 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laëtitia Ruppé ◽  
Gaël Clément ◽  
Anthony Herrel ◽  
Laurent Ballesta ◽  
Thierry Décamps ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Fish Community ◽  
Visual Display ◽  
Clear Distinction ◽  
Interference Avoidance ◽  
Acoustic Environment ◽  
Underwater Environment ◽  
Fish Sounds ◽  
Passive Acoustic ◽  
Diurnal Species

The underwater environment is more and more being depicted as particularly noisy, and the inventory of calling fishes is continuously increasing. However, it currently remains unknown how species share the soundscape and are able to communicate without misinterpreting the messages. Different mechanisms of interference avoidance have been documented in birds, mammals, and frogs, but little is known about interference avoidance in fishes. How fish thus partition the soundscape underwater remains unknown, as acoustic communication and its organization have never been studied at the level of fish communities. In this study, passive acoustic recordings were used to inventory sounds produced in a fish community (120 m depth) in an attempt to understand how different species partition the acoustic environment. We uncovered an important diversity of fish sounds, and 16 of the 37 different sounds recorded were sufficiently abundant to use in a quantitative analysis. We show that sonic activity allows a clear distinction between a diurnal and a nocturnal group of fishes. Moreover, frequencies of signals made during the day overlap, whereas there is a clear distinction between the different representatives of the nocturnal callers because of a lack of overlap in sound frequency. This first demonstration, to our knowledge, of interference avoidance in a fish community can be understood by the way sounds are used. In diurnal species, sounds are mostly used to support visual display, whereas nocturnal species are generally deprived of visual cues, resulting in acoustic constraints being more important.

Transfer of Landing Skill after Training with Supplementary Visual Cues

1979 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 301-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gavan Lintern
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Of Training ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Transfer Task ◽  
Visual Display ◽  
Training Condition ◽  
Training Design ◽  
Augmented Feedback ◽  
Trained Subjects ◽  
Better Than

An aircraft simulator with a closed-loop computer-generated visual display, was used to teach flight-naive subjects to land. A control training condition in which subjects learned to land with reference to a skeletal airport scene consisting of a horizon, runway, centerline, and aiming bar, was tested against training with constantly augmented feedback, adaptively augmented feedback, and a flightpath tracking display. A simulator-to-simulator transfer-of-training design showed that adaptively trained subjects performed best in a transfer task that was identical to the control group's training condition. Several subjects attempted six landings in a light airplane after they had completed their experimental work in the simulator. They performed better than another group of subjects that had not had any landing practice in the simulator.

scholarly journals The effect of contextual cues on the encoding of motor memories

2013 ◽  
Vol 109 (10) ◽  
pp. 2632-2644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian S. Howard ◽  
Daniel M. Wolpert ◽  
David W. Franklin
Keyword(s):  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Visual Display ◽  
Visual Object ◽  
Contextual Cues ◽  
Motion Cues ◽  
Visual Motion Cues ◽  
Display Location

Several studies have shown that sensory contextual cues can reduce the interference observed during learning of opposing force fields. However, because each study examined a small set of cues, often in a unique paradigm, the relative efficacy of different sensory contextual cues is unclear. In the present study we quantify how seven contextual cues, some investigated previously and some novel, affect the formation and recall of motor memories. Subjects made movements in a velocity-dependent curl field, with direction varying randomly from trial to trial but always associated with a unique contextual cue. Linking field direction to the cursor or background color, or to peripheral visual motion cues, did not reduce interference. In contrast, the orientation of a visual object attached to the hand cursor significantly reduced interference, albeit by a small amount. When the fields were associated with movement in different locations in the workspace, a substantial reduction in interference was observed. We tested whether this reduction in interference was due to the different locations of the visual feedback (targets and cursor) or the movements (proprioceptive). When the fields were associated only with changes in visual display location (movements always made centrally) or only with changes in the movement location (visual feedback always displayed centrally), a substantial reduction in interference was observed. These results show that although some visual cues can lead to the formation and recall of distinct representations in motor memory, changes in spatial visual and proprioceptive states of the movement are far more effective than changes in simple visual contextual cues.

scholarly journals Overt attention towards appetitive cues enhances their subjective value, independent of orbitofrontal cortex activity

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent B. McGinty
Keyword(s):  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Visual Display ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Neuron Activity ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Mediation Effects ◽  
Overt Attention ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
Appetitive Cues

ABSTRACTNeural representations of value underlie many behaviors that are crucial for survival. Previously, we found that value representations in primate orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) are modulated by attention, specifically, by overt shifts of gaze towards or away from reward-associated visual cues (McGinty et al., 2016). Here, we investigate the influence of overt attention on behavior, by asking how gaze shifts correlate with reward anticipatory responses, and whether activity in OFC mediates this correlation. Macaque monkeys viewed Pavlovian-conditioned appetitive cues on a visual display, while the fraction of time they spent looking towards or away from the cues was measured using an eye tracker. Also measured during cue presentation were the monkeys’ reward anticipation, indicated by conditioned licking responses (CRs), and single neuron activity in OFC. In general, gaze allocation predicted subsequent licking responses: the longer the monkeys spent looking at a cue at a given time point in a trial, the more likely they were to produce an anticipatory CR later in that trial, as if the subjective value of the cue were increased. To address neural mechanisms, mediation analysis measured the extent to which the gaze-CR correlation could be statistically explained by the concurrently recorded firing of single OFC neurons. The resulting mediation effects were indistinguishable from chance. Therefore, while overt attention may increase the subjective value of reward-associated cues (as revealed by anticipatory behaviors), the underlying mechanism remains unknown, as does the functional significance of gaze-driven modulation of OFC value signals.

scholarly journals First observations of anthropogenic underwater noise in a large multi-use lake

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Bolgan ◽  
Emilia Chorazyczewska ◽  
Ian J. Winfield ◽  
Antonio Codarin ◽  
Joanne O'Brien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fish Community ◽  
Noise Pollution ◽  
Anthropogenic Noise ◽  
Underwater Noise ◽  
Noise Levels ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Spectral Content ◽  
Freshwater Organisms ◽  
Passive Acoustic ◽  
Inland Water Bodies

<p>Over the last fifty years, anthropogenic noise has increased dramatically in aquatic environments and is now recognised as a chronic form of pollution in coastal waters. However, this form of pollution has been largely neglected in inland water bodies. To date, very few studies have investigated the noise spectra in freshwater environments and at present no legislation exists to protect freshwater organisms from anthropogenic noise. The present study represents the first assessment of anthropogenic noise pollution in<strong> </strong>a large multi-use lake<strong> </strong>by characterising noise levels of the main ferry landings of the lake of Windermere, UK using Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM). During November 2014, acoustic samples (10 min long) were collected from such areas using a calibrated omni-directional hydrophone and their spectral content was analysed in 1/3 octave bands (dB re 1 µPa). Results indicate that the current noise levels in Windermere warrant further investigation as a potential threat to the fish community which occurs in this already delicate and pressured habitat. Based on results obtained, it is recommended that further studies focus on a wider geographical and temporal range in order to start to fill the knowledge and legislative gaps regarding anthropogenic noise monitoring in fresh waters. </p>

Effect of spaceflight on ability to sense and control roll tilt: human neurovestibular studies on SLS-2

1996 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Merfeld
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Visual Display ◽  
Performance Decrement ◽  
Motion Cues ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Significant Performance ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
And Control ◽  
Roll Tilt

To measure adaptive changes in the ability to sense tilt after spaceflight, we measured the ability of four astronauts to control roll tilt in the presence of a pseudorandom motion disturbance before and after a 14-day Spacelab mission. The subjects were tested 1) in the dark, 2) with an independent sum-of-sines visual display, and 3) by using a control condition in which the visual cues confirmed the motion cues (counterrotating). The two subjects tested on the landing day exhibited significant decrements (P < 0.05) in their ability to control roll tilt in the dark, whereas no significant performance decrements were observed in the control condition. The absence of changes in the control condition suggests that changes in the neuromuscular component of the task and postflight fatigue were not major factors contributing to the observed performance decrement in the dark. These findings indicate an adaptive change in the way the nervous system interprets tilt cues. Readaptation of all responses appeared to be rapid, with a return to preflight values within 1-2 days after landing.

The Role of Vision in Producing Motion Sickness

1986 ◽  
Vol 30 (13) ◽  
pp. 1259-1263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristiina M. Valter
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Motion Sickness ◽  
Reference Point ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Visual Display ◽  
Visual Component ◽  
Visual Variables ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Visual Reference

To investigate the ways in which visual cues affect the sensation of motion, the visual component was isolated by presenting stationary subjects with a moving visual field. This induced a sensation of vection or illusory self-rotation in the subjects. The effect of various visual variables such as the eccentricity of the visual display and the distance of the display from the plane of focus were investigated by varying the position of a stationary visual reference point. More vection was observed when this reference was held by the subject than when it was secured to ground, and when held in the peripheral visual field. Less vection was observed when the reference was held closer to the subject than the moving visual display. In addition to establishing the role of visual cues in the perception of motion, these results can be helpful in inducing or inhibiting the sensation of motion through visual displays.

Multisensory interactions in the automatic control of postural sway

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (0) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georg Meyer ◽  
Emma Clarke ◽  
Tony Robotham
Keyword(s):  
Postural Control ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Motion Tracking ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Postural Sway ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Visual Display ◽  
Body Sway ◽  
Lateral Motion ◽  
Multisensory Interactions

Visual motion signals are an important source of self-motion information that are used in postural control. Bronstein and Buckwell (Exp. Brain Res. 113, 243–248, 1997) showed that postural reactions to visual motion are not rigid responses to optokinetic stimulation but specific responses appropriate for stabilising posture in natural circumstances: body sway, for instance, was abolished when participants fixated a static object in front of a laterally moving background, which in itself induced sway. We test whether haptic and auditory as well as visual fixation points reduce body sway induced by a background that either moved left/right or forward/back on a large (3 × 7 m) 3D visual display. 10 participants were asked to respond when a fixation target, whichs was presented either on a background or foreground, changed colour. Body sway was measured using a VICON motion tracking system. We tested three conditions that replicated Bronstein and Buckwell’s original study and show that body sway, induced by lateral motion of the background is abolished when participant fixate on a (virtual) foreground object. We extended their study by showing that 3D motion (looming/receding background) has a similar effect to lateral motion and to show that body sway can be effectively reduced by providing either auditory (a loudspeaker emitting a white noise) and haptic (participants lightly touch a tripod with their index finger) cues. Our findings show that postural control draws auditory and haptic as well as visual cues. The findings are relevant to the design of virtual reality systems and provide a method for objective measures of presence in virtual environments.

scholarly journals Communicating and using biomechanical measures through visual cues to optimise safe and effective rowing

2016 ◽  
Vol 230 (4) ◽  
pp. 246-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison H McGregor ◽  
Erica Buckeridge ◽  
Andrew J Murphy ◽  
Anthony MJ Bull
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Visual Display ◽  
Feedback System ◽  
Body Motion ◽  
Body Segment ◽  
Injury Prediction ◽  
Ergometer Rowing ◽  
System Data ◽  
And Performance

The use of representations of physiological parameters to an athlete and coach during training is becoming increasingly common. Their utility is enhanced when the appropriate data are captured and communicated in real time for the athlete to make training adjustments immediately. The aim of this work was to develop a biofeedback tool for ergometer rowing by creating a data acquisition system, data analysis and interpretation that could be conducted in real time and a feedback system with appropriate cues to the athlete. This 14-year study resulted in a set of measured parameters with inferred correlations between the directly measured parameters acquired during the activity and performance and injury outcome measures. These parameters were represented through a customisable visual display in real time during ergometer training. An athlete and coach open survey was conducted to assess the utility of the biofeedback tool. This survey found that all parties valued the feedback system since it provided a common language to identify body motion and performance parameters in a way that was accessible and meaningful to all parties as well as available during training and coaching. Athletes noted that it helped them to understand body segment motion and its relation to performance, and both coaches and medical staff valued this in enhancing performance and monitoring injury and injury prediction. There was also speculation that the system helps to underpin coaching practice and its translation to the team. The biofeedback tool has been adopted by the British elite rowing squad.

scholarly journals Characterizing diversity and variation in fish choruses in Darwin Harbour

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (8) ◽  
pp. 2058-2074 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miles J. G. Parsons ◽  
Chandra P. Salgado-Kent ◽  
Sarah A. Marley ◽  
Alexander N. Gavrilov ◽  
Robert D. McCauley
Keyword(s):  
High Tide ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Predictive Modelling ◽  
Sampling Strategies ◽  
Diel Cycles ◽  
Fish Sounds ◽  
Abundance Estimates ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Passive Acoustic

Abstract The diversity, intensity, and periodicity of fish sounds can provide a wealth of information on spatial and temporal distribution of soniferous fish and, on occasion, which environmental factors these choruses are driven by. Such information can help predict species presence and understand their movement patterns in the long term. At three sites in Darwin Harbour, Australia, sea-noise loggers on the harbour floor recorded ambient noise over a 2-year period. Many fish calls and nine different chorus types were detected over 50 Hz to 3 kHz. Source species were speculated for four of the choruses and source levels, a precursor to passive acoustic abundance estimates, were identified for two of these. Other calls displayed similarities to choruses detected elsewhere in Australia. All choruses displayed diel cycles with semi-lunar patterns present for three of the chorus types. Time of sunset and temperature were also significantly related to the presence of the most predominant chorus and while not statistically significant, height of high tide and salinity also appeared related. A lack of frequency and temporal partitioning in calling across the choruses in hours of darkness (after sunset) illustrates the complexity of monitoring communities of different vocal species. The study has outlined some of the patterns biological sounds exhibit, which has significant implications for sampling strategies when using soundscapes for temporal and spatial predictive modelling.

scholarly journals Drifting hydrophones as an ecologically meaningful approach to underwater soundscape measurement in coastal benthic habitats

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashlee Lillis ◽  
Francesco Caruso ◽  
T. Aran Mooney ◽  
Joel Llopiz ◽  
DelWayne Bohnenstiehl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Virgin Islands ◽  
Benthic Habitat ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Acoustic Environment ◽  
Us Virgin Islands ◽  
Complementary Approach ◽  
And Function ◽  
Passive Acoustic

The ambient acoustic environment, or soundscape, is of broad interest in the study of marine ecosystems as both a source of rich sensory information to marine organisms and, more broadly, as a driver of the structure and function of marine communities. Increasing our understanding of how soundscapes affect and reflect ecological processes first requires appropriate characterization of the acoustic stimuli, and their patterns in space and time. Here, we present a novel method developed for measuring soundscape variation, using drifting acoustic recorders to quantify acoustic dynamics related to benthic habitat composition. Selected examples of drifter results from sub-tidal oyster-reef habitats in Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, USA, and from coral reef habitats in St. John, US Virgin Islands, highlight the efficacy and utility of this approach in quantifying soundscape variation in diverse habitats. The platform introduces minimal noise into the acoustic recordings, and allows sampling at spatial scales that might typically be overlooked using stationary hydrophone methods. We demonstrate that mobile hydrophone recording methods offer new insight into soundscape variation and provide a complementary approach to conventional passive acoustic monitoring techniques.

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