scholarly journals Americans misperceive racial economic equality

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (39) ◽  
pp. 10324-10331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael W. Kraus ◽  
Julian M. Rucker ◽  
Jennifer A. Richeson
Keyword(s):  
National Income ◽  
Black Americans ◽  
Racial Diversity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Just World ◽  
Economic Equality ◽  
National Statistics ◽  
The Past

The present research documents the widespread misperception of race-based economic equality in the United States. Across four studies (n = 1,377) sampling White and Black Americans from the top and bottom of the national income distribution, participants overestimated progress toward Black–White economic equality, largely driven by estimates of greater current equality than actually exists according to national statistics. Overestimates of current levels of racial economic equality, on average, outstripped reality by roughly 25% and were predicted by greater belief in a just world and social network racial diversity (among Black participants). Whereas high-income White respondents tended to overestimate racial economic equality in the past, Black respondents, on average, underestimated the degree of past racial economic equality. Two follow-up experiments further revealed that making societal racial discrimination salient increased the accuracy of Whites’ estimates of Black–White economic equality, whereas encouraging Whites to anchor their estimates on their own circumstances increased their tendency to overestimate current racial economic equality. Overall, these findings suggest a profound misperception of and unfounded optimism regarding societal race-based economic equality—a misperception that is likely to have any number of important policy implications.

scholarly journals Are Price-Cost Markups Rising in the United States? A Discussion of the Evidence

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanto Basu
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Market Power ◽  
Marginal Cost ◽  
Cost Minimization ◽  
National Income ◽  
The United States ◽  
Aggregate Data ◽  
The Past ◽  
Labor's Share

A number of recent papers have argued that US firms exert increasing market power, as measured by their markups of price over marginal cost. I review three of the main approaches to estimating economy-wide markups and show that all are based on the hypothesis of firm cost minimization. Yet different assumptions and methods of implementation lead to quite different conclusions regarding the levels and trends of markups. I survey the literature critically and argue that some of the startling findings of steeply rising markups are difficult to reconcile with other evidence and with aggregate data. Existing methods cannot determine whether markups have been stable or whether they have risen modestly over the past several decades. Even relatively small increases in markups are consistent with significant changes in aggregate outcomes, such as the observed decline in labor’s share of national income.

scholarly journals MEDELLÍN: FERTILE SEEDS OF PASTORAL CONVERSION IN THE UNITED STATES

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Allan Figueroa Deck
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
The United States ◽  
Second Vatican Council ◽  
Faith Based ◽  
The Past ◽  
Vatican Council ◽  
Grass Root ◽  
Hispanic Latinos

SUMMARY: This article explores the way in which the event of Medellín as well as the document have played a significant part in the unfolding of pastoral and social ministries with and for Hispanic/Latinos in the United States over the past fifty years. The reception in the United States of Medellín in the wider context of the follow-up to the Second Vatican Council has been wide and deep in terms of several developments outlined here. Faith-based social ministries in Hispanic/Latino communities in the form of grass root community organizations in the tradition of Saul Alinsky found inspiration in Medellin’s option for the poor and pastoral de conjunto. Many other examples of Medellín’s impact are placed in the wider historical context of the past fifty years, the half century in which Hispanics/Latinos emerged as the majority of U.S. Catholics under the age of 35.RESUMO: Este artigo investiga a forma pela qual tanto o evento como o documento de Medellín tiveram papel significativo na evolução dos ministérios pastorais e sociais da população de origem latino-americana dos Estados Unidos nos últimos cinquenta anos. A recepção de Medellín nos Estados Unidos, dentro do contexto mais amplo que se seguiu ao Concílio Vaticano II, foi ampla e profunda, e é aqui delineada em seus muitos desdobramentos. Naquelas comunidades de origem latino-americana, na forma de organizações comunitárias de base conforme a tra­dição de Saul Alinsky, os ministérios sociais de cunho confessional foram influen­ciados pela opção pelos pobres e pela pastoral de conjunto lançadas por Medellín. Vários outros exemplos do impacto causado por Medellín são aqui situados no seu contexto histórico mais amplo da última metade de século, período no qual a população de origem latino-americana despontou como majoritária entre todos os católicos norte-americanos na faixa etária até 35 anos.

Feasibility of Injury Reporting Via Text Messaging in Club Sport Settings: A Prospective Cohort Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 328-333
Author(s):  
Nicole J. Chimera ◽  
Monica R. Lininger ◽  
Bethany Hudson ◽  
Christopher Kendall ◽  
Lindsay Plucknette ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Text Messaging ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Text Message ◽  
The United States ◽  
Incidence Density ◽  
Sports Teams ◽  
The Past ◽  
Message Service ◽  
Injury Reporting

A novel technique of short message service (SMS), or text message, has examined injuries in elite handball and female football and community Australian football with a response rate of over 75%. The purpose of this study was to determine if text message is a feasible method of prospectively collecting injury density data in club sports teams in the United States. Participants received a weekly text message with four questions asking about pain and participation in the past week. If the participant indicated pain in the past week, a follow-up phone interview was conducted to determine the nature of the pain/injury. The overall text message response rate was 89.8%; there were 281 responses out of 313 participant contacts over the 12-week study period. Semi-structured follow-up phone interviews were completed for 37 of the 55 reports of pain that were indicated through text message response, resulting in further injury information for 65.5% of injuries. Incidence density of reporting pain over the 12-week study was 0.88 (95% CI: 0.68–1.15) per 1,000 min of activity. In this sample, text message response rates were similar to previous studies; however, we did lose nine (25.7%) participants to follow-up.

The Postracial Delusion

2016 ◽  
Vol 67 (9) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Yasmin Nair
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Race Relations ◽  
Index Volume ◽  
Black Americans ◽  
The United States ◽  
Institutional Racism ◽  
Racial Equality ◽  
People Of Color ◽  
Refugee Crisis ◽  
The Past

<div class="bookreview">David Theo Goldberg, <em>Are We All Postracial Yet? </em>(Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2015), 200 pages, $12.95, paperback.</div><div class="bookreview">Linda Mart&iacute;n Alcoff, <em>The Future of Whiteness </em>(Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2015), 224 pages, $19.95, paperback.</div><p>If we based our understanding of race relations in the United States on the events of the last year alone, it might seem like a racial Armageddon was upon us. Hardly a day seems to pass without a report of yet another black victim of a police shooting. Independent estimates confirm that the prevalence of such incidents has been rising over the past several years.&hellip; What we are witnessing&hellip;is a volatile combination of a rise in violence alongside the increasing visibility of that violence.&hellip; But despite so much evidence that black Americans and other people of color are under attack, nearly half of respondents to a recent Pew survey thought that race was "not a factor at all" in the deaths of Michael Brown and Eric Garner, and the same number agreed that the United States has already "made [the] necessary changes" to achieve racial equality.&hellip; And yet&hellip;everywhere there is more evidence than ever that race and its cousin, ethnicity, still define the simple matter of who gets to live or die. Whether in the global refugee crisis, the aftermath of the Paris bombings, or the quotidian ways in which people of color in the United States face the denigration of both casual and institutional racism, one thing is clear: race survives.<p class="mrlink"><p class="mrpurchaselink"><a href="http://monthlyreview.org/index/volume-67-number-9" title="Vol. 67, No. 9: February 2016" target="_self">Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the <em>Monthly Review</em> website.</a></p>

Association Between Adolescent Body Mass Index and Adulthood Smoking

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 1629-1635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Fang
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
The United States ◽  
Adolescent Females ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
The Past

Abstract Introduction Studies increasingly find a prospective association between adolescent weight status and adverse physical health outcomes. However, less is known about the long-term consequences of adolescent body weight on the adoption of health-risk behaviors. This study sought to determine whether adolescent body mass index (BMI) was associated with cigarette smoking in adulthood. Methods Six thousand six hundred eighty-three nonsmoking adolescents were interviewed at baseline (1996, age 11–20) and at follow-up (2008, age 24–32) as part of the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health. Logistic and fractional regression models tested the association between adolescent BMI and smoking status and frequency in adulthood. Respondent weight and height were measured at baseline and converted into age and sex-specific BMI z-scores. Being a smoker was defined as smoking at least once in the past 30 days, while smoking frequency was defined as the proportion of days smoked over the past 30 days. Both outcomes were measured at follow-up. Results Adolescent BMI was positively associated with the transition from nonsmoking to smoking 12 years later for women but not men. Adolescent BMI was also positively associated with smoking frequency among women smokers. Both associations persisted after adjusting for established risk factors and were robust to sensitivity analyses. Conclusions Adolescent BMI was strongly associated with increased cigarette smoking behavior in adulthood for women, even after adjusting for important risk factors. Implications Using a large, nationally representative sample, this study found that adolescent BMI was positively associated with smoking behavior during adulthood for women but not men. These results have potentially important public health implications for future smoking rates in the United States, as the prevalence of overweight and obesity among US adolescent females continues to grow. Thus, it may be important for smoking prevention interventions to prioritize overweight adolescent females moving forward.

Toward the Twenty-First Century: Law Enforcement Training Now and Then

1992 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara G. Cox ◽  
Richter H. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Racial Diversity ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Century ◽  
National Study ◽  
Law Enforcement Training ◽  
Training And Education ◽  
The Past ◽  
Educational Backgrounds ◽  
Twenty First Century

The twenty-first century will present challenges to law enforcement that will make the past years' look tame. Society will become increasingly multi-cultural and multilingual; we are far more heterogeneous than ever before. During the recent decades, we have experienced population growth, racial diversity, and increased ethnicity in our society. Twenty-first century law enforcement must be prepared to deal with the diversities and complexness of our ever changing society. Qualified law enforcement personnel with adequate educational backgrounds and sufficient training is a necessity to meet the challenges they will face each day. This National Study will provide some ideas on law enforcement training and education in the United States and some insight of whether present standards will meet the twenty-first century needs.

NCCN Invasive Breast Cancer Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 246 ◽  
Author(s):  
_ _
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
United States ◽  
Invasive Breast Cancer ◽  
Breast Cancer Mortality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cancer Society ◽  
The Past ◽  
Recent Version ◽  
Common Malignancy

The American Cancer Society estimates that 214,640 new cases of breast cancer will be diagnosed and 41,430 will die of the disease in the United States in 2006. Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women in the United States and is second only to lung cancer as a cause of cancer death. The incidence of breast cancer has steadily increased in the United States over the past few decades, but breast cancer mortality appears to be declining, suggesting a benefit from early detection and more effective treatment. These guidelines discuss diagnosis, treatment, and follow up for invasive breast cancer. For the most recent version of the guidelines, please visit NCCN.org

Intensive Supervision Programs and Recidivism: How Michigan Successfully Targets High-Risk Offenders

2017 ◽  
Vol 97 (5) ◽  
pp. 585-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen E. DeVall ◽  
Christina Lanier ◽  
David J. Hartmann ◽  
Sarah Hupp Williamson ◽  
LaQuana N. Askew
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Justice System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Recidivism Rates ◽  
Intensive Supervision ◽  
The Past ◽  
Quasi Experimental

The United States has witnessed enormous criminal justice system growth in the past 60 years. In response to calls for reform, several jurisdictions have implemented programs that provide intensive supervision for high-risk offenders, swiftly responding to violations with sanctions. This quasi-experimental study is the first comprehensive analysis of Michigan’s Swift and Sure Sanctions Probation Program (SSSPP), an alternative-to-incarceration program. The findings indicate that SSSPP participants had lower recidivism rates compared with individuals sentenced to probation-as-usual. Policy implications and suggestions for future research are offered.

The Effect of Treatment Completion on Recidivism Among TASC Program Clients

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (15) ◽  
pp. 4776-4795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael O. Maume ◽  
Christina Lanier ◽  
Kristen DeVall
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Crack Cocaine ◽  
The United States ◽  
Program Completion ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Effect Of Treatment ◽  
Program Entry ◽  
Research And Policy

Despite the enormous resources spent by states in the United States on bridging the gap between criminal justice and behavioral health services, there have been relatively few statewide evaluations of drug treatment client recidivism. We present the results of an evaluation of recidivism outcomes for a sample of individuals ( n = 1,274) referred to the Treatment Accountability for Safer Communities (TASC) program in North Carolina from 2007 to 2008. The methodology accounted for both client and offense characteristics drawn from TASC, court, and corrections records. Multivariate analyses indicated that program completion is the most important predictor of re-arrest in the 3-year follow-up period, followed by a number of protective and risk factors. More specifically, being female, older at the time of program entry, as well as higher levels of educational attainment decreased the odds of re-arrest, whereas using crack/cocaine increased the odds of re-arrest. Suggestions for future research and policy implications are provided.

High Risk Community—Men’s Perceptions of Black Infant Mortality: A Qualitative Inquiry

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 224-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwendolyn P. Quinn ◽  
Euna M. August ◽  
Deborah Austin ◽  
Candace Keefe ◽  
Christina Bernadotte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Personal Responsibility ◽  
The United States ◽  
Qualitative Inquiry ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
The Past ◽  
Black Infant

Infant mortality has been identified as a key public health concern in the United States. Although infant mortality rates (IMRs) in the United States have declined during the past 10 years, the rates among Blacks are more than two times higher as compared with other racial and ethnic groups. This study used focus groups to explore Black men’s awareness and perceptions of the rising IMR in their community. Twenty-five men participated in an initial and follow-up focus group, which revealed that men had limited awareness of infant mortality, reduced sense of personal responsibility for pregnancy outcomes, and perceptions that stress, the age of the mother, and the health care system were responsible for poor birth outcomes. The role of the community and possible interventions to involve and educate men were also explored.

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