scholarly journals The making of natural iron sulfide nanoparticles in a hot vent snail

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (41) ◽  
pp. 20376-20381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Okada ◽  
Chong Chen ◽  
Tomo-o Watsuji ◽  
Manabu Nishizawa ◽  
Yohey Suzuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Iron Sulfide ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
White Population ◽  
Iron Sulfides ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Metal Chalcogenide ◽  
Natural Iron ◽  
Single Exception

Biomineralization in animals exclusively features oxygen-based minerals with a single exception of the scaly-foot gastropod Chrysomallon squamiferum, the only metazoan with an iron sulfide skeleton. This unique snail inhabits deep-sea hot vents and possesses scales infused with iron sulfide nanoparticles, including pyrite, giving it a characteristic metallic black sheen. Since the scaly-foot is capable of making iron sulfide nanoparticles in its natural habitat at a relatively low temperature (∼15 °C) and in a chemically dynamic vent environment, elucidating its biomineralization pathways is expected to have significant industrial applications for the production of metal chalcogenide nanoparticles. Nevertheless, this biomineralization has remained a mystery for decades since the snail’s discovery, except that it requires the environment to be rich in iron, with a white population lacking in iron sulfide known from a naturally iron-poor locality. Here, we reveal a biologically controlled mineralization mechanism employed by the scaly-foot snail to achieve this nanoparticle biomineralization, through δ34 S measurements and detailed electron-microscopic investigations of both natural scales and scales from the white population artificially incubated in an iron-rich environment. We show that the scaly-foot snail mediates biomineralization in its scales by supplying sulfur through channel-like columns in which reaction with iron ions diffusing inward from the surrounding vent fluid mineralizes iron sulfides.

Corrosion products associated with attached bacteria at an oil field water injection plant

1992 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 1320-1324 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. G. Ferris ◽  
T. R. Jack ◽  
B. J. Bramhill
Keyword(s):  
Iron Sulfide ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Iron Sulfides ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Corrosion Deposits ◽  
Corrosion Deposit ◽  
Oil Field Water

Attached populations of corrosion enhancing sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and organic acid-producing bacteria (APB) were measured on steel plugs at an oil field water injection plant near Wainwright, Alberta. The sample plugs were colonized to ca. 106 SRB/cm2. Counts for APB ranged from 102 to 10/cm2. Scanning electron microscopic examination of the sample plugs revealed an uneven distribution of surface corrosion deposits. A thin iron sulfide layer covered most of the exposed areas. Thicker sulfur-enriched deposits occurred randomly. The bulk of the thicker deposits were smooth, whereas peripheral regions exhibited a porous texture. The elemental composition of the different regions was the same; however, bacterial cells were concentrated in the porous areas and were not found in the thinner deposits. In transmission electron microscopic thin sections cut perpendicularly through corrosion deposits, bacterial cells were found mineralized in successive stages by iron sulfides. The corrosion deposit matrix also generated strong Cl peaks in energy dispersive X-ray spectra. This entrainment of bacterial cells within a corrosion deposit matrix is consistent with the concept of bacterial enhancement of corrosion by removal of reducing power from iron sulfides galvanically coupled to the steel surface. Key words: microbial corrosion, iron sulfide, cathodic hydrogen, electron microscopy.

Polymetallic Nodules: Resource Potential and Mining Prospects

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 22-30
Author(s):  
Rahul Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Critical Metals ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Resource Potential ◽  
Polymetallic Nodules ◽  
International Seabed Authority

Abstract Deep-sea minerals such as polymetallic nodules have attracted significant interest among stakeholders not only for evaluating their potential as an alternative source of critical metals that are required for various industrial applications including green energy but also in developing technology for their exploitation. There has been a steady increase in the number of contractors having exploration rights over large tracts on the seafloor in the “Area,” and the International Seabed Authority that is mandated with the responsibility of regulating such activities is in the process of preparing a code for exploitation of these deep-sea minerals. This commentary takes a look at the resource potential and mining prospects of polymetallic nodules while addressing the economic and environmental issues associated with them.

The role and status of Nautilus in its natural habitat: evidence from deep-water remote camera photosequences

Paleobiology ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 469-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Bruce Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Normal Component ◽  
Depth Range ◽  
Reproductive Tactics ◽  
Opportunistic Predator ◽  
Remote Camera

Bottom site remote camera photosequences at depths of 73–538 m on forereef slopes in Palau show that Nautilus belauensis is a highly mobile, chemosensitive, epibenthic scavenger and opportunistic predator. The overall depth range of this species is ca. 70–500 m, but photosequences indicate a preferred range of 150–300 m. Nautilus is active both nocturnally and diurnally, locating bait sites within 1–2 h. Associated macrofauna includes caridean shrimps, crabs, and eels; teleosts are rare below 100 m, but sharks are recorded in most photosequences below 250 m. Summarily, Nautilus exhibits a combination of characters that typify deep-sea strategy, including reproductive tactics, growth rate, and population dynamics. This and other evidence suggest that fossil Nautilidae may have been deep-water forms, in contrast to the typically shallower water ammonoids, and that Nautilus is a normal component of the deep forereef rather than a late Cretaceous refugee from shallow water.

Adsorption of Tetrathiomolybdate to Iron Sulfides and Its Impact on Iron Sulfide Transformations

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (12) ◽  
pp. 2246-2260
Author(s):  
Nathan Miller ◽  
Maura Dougherty ◽  
Ruochen Du ◽  
Tyler Sauers ◽  
Candice Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Sulfide ◽  
Iron Sulfides

A theoretical study of adsorption on iron sulfides towards nanoparticle modeling

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (40) ◽  
pp. 23258-23267
Author(s):  
Miroslav Kolos ◽  
Daniel Tunega ◽  
František Karlický
Keyword(s):  
Iron Sulfide ◽  
Theoretical Study ◽  
Sulfide Minerals ◽  
Adsorption Properties ◽  
Zero Valent Iron ◽  
Polar Molecules ◽  
Iron Sulfides ◽  
Iron Sulfide Minerals

The adsorption properties of two iron sulfide minerals (mackinawite and pyrite) and zero-valent iron with respect to two small polar molecules (H2O and H2S) and trichloroethylene (TCE) were modeled.

Organic complexation of copper in deep-sea hydrothermal vent systems

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia G. Sander ◽  
Andrea Koschinsky ◽  
Gary Massoth ◽  
Matthew Stott ◽  
Keith A. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Hydrothermal Vent ◽  
Hydrothermal Vents ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Hydrothermal Systems ◽  
Conditional Stability ◽  
Copper Binding ◽  
Medium Temperature ◽  
Ambient Seawater ◽  
Organic Complexation

Environmental context. Deep-sea hydrothermal vents represent a natural habitat for many extremophile organisms able to cope with extreme physical and chemical conditions, including high loads of heavy metals and reduced gases. To date, no information is available on the level and role of organic complexation of metals in these systems, which will have consequences on the bioavailability and precipitation or mineralisation of metals. In this work, we give evidence for the presence of organic molecules, including thiols, capable of forming complexes with copper strong enough to compete against sulfide present at high levels in hydrothermal systems. Abstract. Here we report, for the first time, that strong organic complexation plays an important role in the chemical speciation of copper in hydrothermal vent systems including medium temperature outlets, diffuse vents with an adjacent hydrothermal biocommunity, and local mixing zone with seawater. Samples from three deep-sea hydrothermal vent areas show a wide concentration range of organic copper-binding ligands, up to 4000 nM, with very high conditional stability constants (log K′Cu′L = 12.48 to 13.46). Measurements were usually made using voltammetric methods after removal of sulfide species under ambient seawater conditions (pH 7.8), but binding still occurs at pH 4.5 and 2.1. The voltammetric behaviour of our hydrothermal samples is compared with that of glutathione (GSH) a known strong Cu-binding ligand, as a representative of an organic thiol. Our results provide compelling evidence for the presence of organic ligands, including thiols, which form complexes strong enough to play an important role in controlling the bioavailability and geochemical behaviour of metal ions around hydrothermal vents.

Marcasite iron sulfide as a high-capacity electrode material for sodium storage

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (35) ◽  
pp. 17111-17119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Voronina ◽  
Hitoshi Yashiro ◽  
Seung-Taek Myung
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Iron Sulfide ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Sodium Ion ◽  
Sodium Ion Batteries ◽  
Iron Sulfides ◽  
High Theoretical Capacity ◽  
Sodium Storage ◽  
Significant Attention

Iron sulfides have attracted significant attention as promising electrode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) owing to their low electronegativity, high theoretical capacity, and cost-effectiveness.

scholarly journals Synthesis, Modular Composition, and Electrochemical Properties of Lamellar Iron Sulfides

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noah E. Horwitz ◽  
Elena V. Shevchenko ◽  
Jehee Park ◽  
Eungje Lee ◽  
Jiaze Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Sulfide ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Lamellar Spacing ◽  
Sodium Ion Battery ◽  
Metal Chalcogenides ◽  
Iron Sulfides ◽  
Electrically Conductive ◽  
Comparable Performance ◽  
Transition Metal Chalcogenides ◽  
Modular Composition

Transition metal chalcogenides with layered structures have emerged as promising materials for energy storage, catalysis, and electronics, among other areas. We have identified a new layered phase of iron sulfide containing interlayer solvated cations. We present an optimized synthesis for the Li+-containing material from an Fe(III) xanthate complex. Structure and composition data indicate the material consists of poorly-ordered iron sulfide layers separated by solvated cations. The lamellar spacing in these materials can be tuned by changing the identity of the cation. Furthermore, the lamellar spacing can also be reversibly tuned by the degree of solvation of the material. The material is electrically conductive and can serve as a pseudocapacitor with comparable performance to commercial materials such as MnO<sub>2</sub>. Furthermore, these materials also show promise as lithium or sodium ion battery cathodes with good capacity and reversibility.

scholarly journals Impact of growth media and pressure on the diversity and antimicrobial activity of isolates from two species of hexactinellid sponge

Microbiology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 167 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Koch ◽  
Poppy J. Hesketh-Best ◽  
Gary Smerdon ◽  
Philip J. Warburton ◽  
Kerry Howell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Micrococcus Luteus ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Sponge Species ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Increased Pressure

Access to deep-sea sponges brings with it the potential to discover novel antimicrobial candidates, as well as novel cold- and pressure-adapted bacteria with further potential clinical or industrial applications. In this study, we implemented a combination of different growth media, increased pressure and high-throughput techniques to optimize recovery of isolates from two deep-sea hexactinellid sponges, Pheronema carpenteri and Hertwigia sp., in the first culture-based microbial analysis of these two sponges. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing for isolate identification, we found a similar number of cultivable taxa from each sponge species, as well as improved recovery of morphotypes from P. carpenteri at 22–25 °C compared to other temperatures, which allows a greater potential for screening for novel antimicrobial compounds. Bacteria recovered under conditions of increased pressure were from the phyla Proteobacteria , Actinobacteria and Firmicutes , except at 4 %O2/5 bar, when the phylum Firmicutes was not observed. Cultured isolates from both sponge species displayed antimicrobial activity against Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli .

scholarly journals Characterization of Tribofilm from Sulfurized Mohwa Oil

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Arun Kumar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Iron Sulfide ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Main Reaction ◽  
Main Reaction Product ◽  
Iron Sulfides ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Load Carrying

The reaction products of sulfurized Mohwa oil with iron powder in hydrocarbon medium at 150°C for 8 h were studied to investigate the type of lubricant films formed during their application as antiwear and extreme pressure additives. The main reaction product was isolated on the basis of its solubility in mixed solvent. Surface characterization was carried out using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and high frequency reciprocal rig (HFRR). An examination of their elemental analysis and instrumental analysis data reveals that there is reduction in the length of the alkyl chains and carbonyl ester groups with formation of inorganic iron sulfides. Polymerized product with a number of ketonic and aldehydic groups containing iron and sulfur in the polymeric films in the form of unsaturated cyclic rings was also formed. The films are organo-inorganic in nature, unlike the purely inorganic iron sulfide type. The load-carrying characteristic of this product is strongly influenced by the type of the film formed on the iron surfaces.

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