scholarly journals In situ organic Fenton-like catalysis triggered by anodic polymeric intermediates for electrochemical water purification

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (49) ◽  
pp. 30966-30972
Author(s):  
Dan-Ni Pei ◽  
Chang Liu ◽  
Ai-Yong Zhang ◽  
Xiao-Qiang Pan ◽  
Han-Qing Yu
Keyword(s):  
Water Purification ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Pollutant Degradation ◽  
Secondary Pollution ◽  
Redox Active ◽  
Pollution Problem ◽  
Catalytic Stability ◽  
Phenol Conversion

Organic Fenton-like catalysis has been recently developed for water purification, but redox-active compounds have to be ex situ added as oxidant activators, causing secondary pollution problem. Electrochemical oxidation is widely used for pollutant degradation, but suffers from severe electrode fouling caused by high-resistance polymeric intermediates. Herein, we develop an in situ organic Fenton-like catalysis by using the redox-active polymeric intermediates, e.g., benzoquinone, hydroquinone, and quinhydrone, generated in electrochemical pollutant oxidation as H2O2activators. By taking phenol as a target pollutant, we demonstrate that the in situ organic Fenton-like catalysis not only improves pollutant degradation, but also refreshes working electrode with a better catalytic stability. Both1O2nonradical and ·OH radical are generated in the anodic phenol conversion in the in situ organic Fenton-like catalysis. Our findings might provide a new opportunity to develop a simple, efficient, and cost-effective strategy for electrochemical water purification.

3D-Printed Samples For EXLO/INLO Practice and Training

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary A. Giannuzzi ◽  
Lucille A. Giannuzzi ◽  
Kathleen A. Gehoski ◽  
William J. Mahoney
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Focused Ion Beam ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Deliberate Practice ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Training Samples ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
And Training

Abstract Practice and training samples have been manufactured using 3D-printing methods. These 3D-printed samples mimic the exact geometry of focused ion beam (FIB) prepared specimens and can be used to help master ex situ and in situ lift out micromanipulation methods. An additively manufactured array of samples yields numerous samples needed for repetition and deliberate practice necessary to master the lift out and micromanipulation steps. The 3D-printed samples are cost effective and negates expensive FIB time needed to prepare FIB specimens.

Bioremediation of Oil Contaminated Soil and Water

2015 ◽  
pp. 222-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandrika Malkanthi Nanayakkara ◽  
Ayoma Witharana
Keyword(s):  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Polluted Sites ◽  
Degradation Activity ◽  
Promising Treatment

Pollution from petroleum, plant and animal origin oils, which are released via oil production and shipping operations, refineries, accidental spills, effluents of different industries such as hotels, restaurants, food processing, etc. is ubiquitous in the environment. This necessitates the need for cost effective and efficient remediation technologies. Dealing with the problem chemically and physically is known to generate secondary pollutants and incurs high cost. Expediting natural attenuation via stimulating pollutant degradation activity of residential microbial community and/or introducing competent microflora in to polluted sites has been identified as the most successful and cost effective technology and is termed bioremediation. Phytoremediation, an emerging branch of bioremediation, has also been recognized as a promising treatment technology. Chapter examines the extent of work carried out in in situ and ex situ bioremediation strategies to mitigate oil pollution, the validity of such practices in terms of efficiency of the process and the future research directives.

Bioremediation of Oil Contaminated Soil and Water

Biotechnology ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 2090-2122
Author(s):  
Chandrika Malkanthi Nanayakkara ◽  
Ayoma Witharana
Keyword(s):  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Polluted Sites ◽  
Degradation Activity ◽  
Promising Treatment

Pollution from petroleum, plant and animal origin oils, which are released via oil production and shipping operations, refineries, accidental spills, effluents of different industries such as hotels, restaurants, food processing, etc. is ubiquitous in the environment. This necessitates the need for cost effective and efficient remediation technologies. Dealing with the problem chemically and physically is known to generate secondary pollutants and incurs high cost. Expediting natural attenuation via stimulating pollutant degradation activity of residential microbial community and/or introducing competent microflora in to polluted sites has been identified as the most successful and cost effective technology and is termed bioremediation. Phytoremediation, an emerging branch of bioremediation, has also been recognized as a promising treatment technology. Chapter examines the extent of work carried out in in situ and ex situ bioremediation strategies to mitigate oil pollution, the validity of such practices in terms of efficiency of the process and the future research directives.

A cost-effective route to produce Al/AlN composites with low coefficient of thermal expansion

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (20) ◽  
pp. 2845-2851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kon-Bae Lee ◽  
Seong-Hyeon Yoo ◽  
Yong-Hwan Kim ◽  
Chul-Woong Han ◽  
Sung-Ok Won ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Expansion ◽  
Coefficient Of Thermal Expansion ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Nitrogen Gas ◽  
Dispersion Agent ◽  
Al Powder

In this study, a novel process was developed to produce Al/AlN composites by infiltrating molten Al ingot into a mixture of Al and lamp carbon powders. The findings revealed that, during the process, Al2O3 on the surface of Al powder reacted with nitrogen gas and was transformed to AlN. The degree of nitridation was greatly enhanced by adding only less than 3 wt.% lamp carbon, because lamp carbon could act as a dispersion agent as well as a reduction agent. The Al-based composites containing in situ AlN phases showed coefficient of thermal expansion values of ∼11 × 10−6/℃, which were comparable to those of composites containing 60% ex situ AlN particles.

Advances in Water Purification for Pond Freshwater Aquaculture

2014 ◽  
Vol 955-959 ◽  
pp. 3928-3932 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Ye ◽  
Jian Qiang Zhu ◽  
Gu Li
Keyword(s):  
Water Purification ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Freshwater Aquaculture ◽  
Aquatic Product ◽  
Freshwater Pond ◽  
Production Practice ◽  
Water Quality Deterioration

Pond freshwater aquaculture, an important production mode, provides aquatic product for people, especially in south of China. Meanwhile, with the development of aquaculture technology of higher density and intensification, the environmental problem and pollution in freshwater pond have become even more acute. In this case, the water purification technology plays an important role in maintenance of the healthy aquaculture and there are a variety of water purification technologies in production practice. This paper is divided into four parts: a) the analysis of the causes of water quality deterioration in freshwater pond, b) the summary of water purification technologies in present, c) the brief analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the in-situ remediation and ex-situ remediation, d) the prospection of pond water purification technologies in the future.

scholarly journals Ex-Situ vs. In-Situ Defluoridation of the Contaminated Aquifers: A State-of-the-Art Review

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meenakshi Arora ◽  
Nibha Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Chemical Precipitation ◽  
Permeable Reactive Barrier ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Fluoride Removal ◽  
Reactive Barrier ◽  
Sludge Disposal ◽  
Removal Processes ◽  
Disposal Problem

A wide variety of pump and treat methods like chemical precipitation, adsorption, ion exchange and reverse osmosis have been trialled for many decades for fluoride removal from groundwater, but the problem of fluoride contaminated water remains in many parts of the world largely because these processes require constant monitoring, are expensive to implement and maintain at decentralised scale due to lack of reticulation infrastructure, and possess sludge disposal problem. This paper presents an overview of various fluoride removal processes and the limitations associated with each process and the application of in-situ permeable reactive barrier for remediating fluoride contaminated groundwater is explored, which displays the potential to be a cost effective, low maintenance and energy intensive technology.

A versatile, cost-effective, and flexible wearable biosensor for in situ and ex situ sweat analysis, and personalized nutrition assessment

Lab on a Chip ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (20) ◽  
pp. 3448-3460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhong Zhang ◽  
Morteza Azizi ◽  
Michelle Lee ◽  
Philip Davidowsky ◽  
Peter Lawrence ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Point Of Care ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Nutrition Assessment ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Disease Monitoring ◽  
Personalized Nutrition ◽  
Biological Analysis

Point-of-care (POC) diagnostics have shown excellent potential in rapid biological analysis and health/disease monitoring.

An in situ and ex situ TEM study of the formation of thin cobalt silicide films by molecular beam epitaxy on the silicon (100) surface

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 884-885
Author(s):  
D. Loretto ◽  
J. M. Gibson ◽  
S. M. Yalisove ◽  
R. T. Tung
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Beam Epitaxy ◽  
Molecular Beam ◽  
Defect Density ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Ultra High Vacuum ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Metal Base ◽  
In Situ Experiments ◽  
Potential Applications

The cobalt disilicide/silicon system has potential applications as a metal-base and as a permeable-base transistor. Although thin, low defect density, films of CoSi2 on Si(111) have been successfully grown, there are reasons to believe that Si(100)/CoSi2 may be better suited to the transmission of electrons at the silicon/silicide interface than Si(111)/CoSi2. A TEM study of the formation of CoSi2 on Si(100) is therefore being conducted. We have previously reported TEM observations on Si(111)/CoSi2 grown both in situ, in an ultra high vacuum (UHV) TEM and ex situ, in a conventional Molecular Beam Epitaxy system.The procedures used for the MBE growth have been described elsewhere. In situ experiments were performed in a JEOL 200CX electron microscope, extensively modified to give a vacuum of better than 10-9 T in the specimen region and the capacity to do in situ sample heating and deposition. Cobalt was deposited onto clean Si(100) samples by thermal evaporation from cobalt-coated Ta filaments.

The use of transmission and analytical electron microscopy in studying reactions and phase transformations in thin film

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 842-843
Author(s):  
K. Barmak
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Thin Films ◽  
Phase Transformations ◽  
Analytical Electron Microscopy ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Multilayer Thin Films ◽  
Absolute Concentration ◽  
Analytical Electron ◽  
Deposition Step

Generally, processing of thin films involves several annealing steps in addition to the deposition step. During the annealing steps, diffusion, transformations and reactions take place. In this paper, examples of the use of TEM and AEM for ex situ and in situ studies of reactions and phase transformations in thin films will be presented.The ex situ studies were carried out on Nb/Al multilayer thin films annealed to different stages of reaction. Figure 1 shows a multilayer with dNb = 383 and dAl = 117 nm annealed at 750°C for 4 hours. As can be seen in the micrograph, there are four phases, Nb/Nb3-xAl/Nb2-xAl/NbAl3, present in the film at this stage of the reaction. The composition of each of the four regions marked 1-4 was obtained by EDX analysis. The absolute concentration in each region could not be determined due to the lack of thickness and geometry parameters that were required to make the necessary absorption and fluorescence corrections.

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