scholarly journals Phenotypic plasticity in plant defense across life stages: Inducibility, transgenerational induction, and transgenerational priming in wild radish

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (33) ◽  
pp. e2005865118
Author(s):  
Mar Sobral ◽  
Luis Sampedro ◽  
Isabelle Neylan ◽  
David Siemens ◽  
Rodolfo Dirzo
Keyword(s):  
Plant Defenses ◽  
Chemical Defenses ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Wild Radish ◽  
Transgenerational Plasticity ◽  
Genome Methylation ◽  
Physical Defenses ◽  
Defense Induction ◽  
Mother Plants ◽  
Physical And Chemical

As they develop, many plants deploy shifts in antiherbivore defense allocation due to changing costs and benefits of their defensive traits. Plant defenses are known to be primed or directly induced by herbivore damage within generations and across generations by long-lasting epigenetic mechanisms. However, little is known about the differences between life stages of epigenetically inducible defensive traits across generations. To help fill this knowledge gap, we conducted a multigenerational experiment to determine whether defense induction in wild radish plants was reflected in chromatin modifications (DNA methylation); we then examined differences between seedlings and reproductive plants in current and transgenerational plasticity in chemical (glucosinolates) and physical (trichomes) defenses in this species. Herbivory triggered genome methylation both in targeted plants and their offspring. Within one generation, both defenses were highly inducible at the seedling stage, but only chemical defenses were inducible in reproductive plants. Across generations, herbivory experienced by mother plants caused strong direct induction of physical defenses in their progeny, with effects lasting from seedling to reproductive stages. For chemical defenses, however, this transgenerational induction was evident only in adults. Transgenerational priming was observed in physical and chemical defenses, particularly in adult plants. Our results show that transgenerational plasticity in plant defenses in response to herbivore offense differs for physical and chemical defense and changes across plant life stages.

scholarly journals Plant antiherbivore defenses in Fabaceae species of the Chaco

2016 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. Lima ◽  
A. L. B. Sartori ◽  
M. L. M. Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Protease Inhibitors ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Chemical Defenses ◽  
South American ◽  
Defense Proteins ◽  
Climatic Variations ◽  
Physical Defenses ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
First Time

Abstract The establishment and maintenance of plant species in the Chaco, one of the widest continuous areas of forests in the South American with sharp climatic variations, are possibly related to biological features favoring plants with particular defenses. This study assesses the physical and chemical defenses mechanisms against herbivores of vegetative and reproductive organs. Its analyses of 12 species of Fabaceae (Leguminosae) collected in remnants of Brazilian Chaco shows that 75% present structural defense characters and 50% have chemical defense – defense proteins in their seeds, like protease inhibitors and lectins. Physical defenses occur mainly on branches (78% of the species), leaves (67%), and reproductive organs (56%). The most common physical characters are trichomes and thorns, whose color represents a cryptic character since it does not contrast with the other plant structures. Defense proteins occur in different concentrations and molecular weight classes in the seeds of most species. Protease inhibitors are reported for the first time in seeds of: Albizia niopoides, Anadenanthera colubrina, Mimosa glutinosa, Prosopis rubriflora, and Poincianella pluviosa. The occurrence of physical and chemical defenses in members of Fabaceae indicate no associations between defense characters in these plant species of the Chaco.

scholarly journals Plant defenses interact with insect enteric bacteria by initiating a leaky gut syndrome

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (32) ◽  
pp. 15991-15996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles J. Mason ◽  
Swayamjit Ray ◽  
Ikkei Shikano ◽  
Michelle Peiffer ◽  
Asher G. Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Defenses ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Chemical Defenses ◽  
Community Influence ◽  
Plant Insect Interactions ◽  
Insect Interactions ◽  
Insect Gut ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Plants produce suites of defenses that can collectively deter and reduce herbivory. Many defenses target the insect digestive system, with some altering the protective peritrophic matrix (PM) and causing increased permeability. The PM is responsible for multiple digestive functions, including reducing infections from potential pathogenic microbes. In our study, we developed axenic and gnotobiotic methods for fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) and tested how particular members present in the gut community influence interactions with plant defenses that can alter PM permeability. We observed interactions between gut bacteria with plant resistance. Axenic insects grew more but displayed lower immune-based responses compared with those possessing Enterococcus, Klebsiella, and Enterobacter isolates from field-collected larvae. While gut bacteria reduced performance of larvae fed on plants, none of the isolates produced mortality when injected directly into the hemocoel. Our results strongly suggest that plant physical and chemical defenses not only act directly upon the insect, but also have some interplay with the herbivore’s microbiome. Combined direct and indirect, microbe-mediated assaults by maize defenses on the fall armyworm on the insect digestive and immune system reduced growth and elevated mortality in these insects. These results imply that plant–insect interactions should be considered in the context of potential mediation by the insect gut microbiome.

NIKOLAY SEMENOVICH LEZNOV: BIOGRAPHY AND CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE

2021 ◽  
pp. 112-124
Author(s):  
N.S. Kitaeva ◽  
◽  
Yu.M. Shiryakina ◽  
R.R. Mukhametov ◽  
R.O. Shitov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Science And Technology ◽  
Polymer Materials ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Metallic Materials ◽  
Chemical Studies ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The main life stages of a doctor of technical sciences, professor, honored worker of science and technology of the RSFSR, a major specialist in the field of creation and implementation of polymers for new aviation materials, whose name was Nikolai Semenovich Leznov (12/17/1904–06/25/1984), were considered. The scientific works and achievements of the founder of the laboratory for the synthesis of polymers, binders for non-metallic materials, special liquids and physical and chemical studies of polymer materials of VIAM were analyzed and described.

scholarly journals PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DEFENSES OF Cenostigma pyramidale (FABACEAE): A PIONEER SPECIES IN SUCCESSIONAL CAATINGA AREAS

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 398-409
Author(s):  
IZABELLA MARIA CINTRA RIBEIRO ◽  
EMILIA CRISTINA PEREIRA DE ARRUDA ◽  
ANTONIO FERNANDO MORAIS DE OLIVEIRA ◽  
JARCILENE SILVA DE ALMEIDA
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Defenses ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Pioneer Species ◽  
Secretory Structures ◽  
Successional Stage ◽  
Successional Stages ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Wax Load ◽  
Phenolics Compounds

ABSTRACT Cenostigma pyramidale, a pioneer species presents in all different successional stage (early, intermediate and late) of fifteen natural regeneration areas of Caatinga after land used changed and abandonment was used to investigates the morphological and physiological attributes that are very important to xeromorphic conditions as against herbivories. Leaf samples were collected to evaluate the percentage of the herbivory and index of sclerophylly. Anatomy, histochemistry, total phenolic content, epicuticular wax load, and n-alkanes profile were also performed. The results showed an inverse relationship between the percentage of herbivory and the index of sclerophylly. The leaves showed typical morphological and anatomical characteristics of xeric environments plants such as uniseriate epidermis and trichomes. Furthermore, it was also noticed a decrease in the overall thickness and the tissues according to the advancement of the successional stages. The histochemical revealed the presence of lipidic substances coating the epidermal layers, phenolics compounds stored in secretory structures, and starch in the mesophyll. The concentration of phenolics compounds indicating the difference from health leaves of plants between different stages of regeneration, but no difference when they were herbivored. The amount of cuticle wax did not change significantly with the successional stage. The profile of n-alkanes was characterized by the predominance of nonacosane (C29) and hentriacontane (C31). The C29 content decreases with the advancement of the successional stage, while the C31 content increases. All those attributes have a role to protect the plants to acclimate to the various environmental conditions of Caatinga.

Effects of plant defenses and water availability on seasonal foraging preferences of the Nubian Ibex (Capra nubiana)

2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 128-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elsita M. Kiekebusch ◽  
Burt P. Kotler
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Plant Defenses ◽  
Chemical Defenses ◽  
Marginal Value ◽  
Patchy Environments ◽  
Foraging Preferences ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Resource Patches ◽  
Habitat Quality Assessment

The study of herbivore patch use has implications for herbivore habitat quality assessment, foraging behaviors, species interactions, and coexistence in patchy environments. This research focuses on the comparison of the effects of two qualitatively different plant defenses, mechanical (thorns) and chemical (tannins), on ibex foraging preferences during different seasons of the year. The occurrence of both chemical and mechanical plant defenses were experimentally manipulated in artificial resource patches, in addition to water availability. Ibex foraging preferences were quantified using giving-up densities during four separate fieldwork sessions in each of the seasons of the year at cliff sites overlooking the Zin Valley of the Negev Highlands. Both mechanical and chemical plant defenses significantly hindered ibex food intake overall. Mechanical and chemical defenses acted as substitutable defenses, meaning that their combined effects were not greater than additive. There were strong seasonal patterns of the amount of food consumed by ibex, further corroborated by comparison to rainfall levels. Seasonality also interacted with the effectiveness of plant defenses. Thorns were especially ineffective in summer, whereas tannins were most effective in spring. Decreases in seasonal food availability and increased marginal value of energy for ibex may have resulted in thorn ineffectiveness, while seasonal changes in the emergence of young foliage may have resulted in the greater springtime tannin effectiveness. Water was not found to mitigate the detrimental effects of tannins through dilution. The implications for decreased constraints on selective pressures on ibex due to the substitutability of plant defenses are discussed.

scholarly journals Higher Elevations Tend to Have Higher Proportion of Plant Species With Glandular Trichomes

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Wu ◽  
Simcha Lev-Yadun ◽  
Lu Sun ◽  
Hang Sun ◽  
Bo Song
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Plant Defenses ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Glandular Trichome ◽  
Elevational Gradient ◽  
Herbivorous Insects ◽  
Herbivorous Insect ◽  
Species Relationship ◽  
Physical Defenses

Glandular trichomes are well known to participate in plant chemical and physical defenses against herbivores, especially herbivorous insects. However, little is known about large-scale geographical patterns in glandular trichome occurrence. Herbivory pressure is thought to be higher at low elevations because of warmer and more stable climates. We therefore predicted a higher proportion of species with glandular trichomes at low elevations than at higher elevations. We compiled glandular trichome data (presence/absence) for 6,262 angiosperm species from the Hengduan Mountains (a global biodiversity hotspot in southwest China). We tested the elevational gradient (800–5,000 m a.s.l.) in the occurrence of plant species with glandular trichomes, and its correlations with biotic (occurrence of herbivorous insects) and abiotic factors, potentially shaping the elevational gradient in the occurrence of glandular trichomes. We found a significantly positive relationship between elevation and the occurrence of glandular trichomes, with the proportion of species having glandular trichomes increasing from 11.89% at 800 m a.s.l. to 17.92% at above 4,700 m. This cross-species relationship remained significant after accounting for phylogenetic relationships between species. Herbivorous insect richness peaked at mid-elevations and its association with the incidence of glandular trichomes was weak. Mean annual temperature was the most important factor associated negatively with glandular trichomes. Our results do not support the hypothesis that plant defenses decrease with increasing elevation. In contrast, a higher proportion of plant species with glandular trichome toward higher elevations is observed. Our results also highlight the importance of considering the simultaneous influences of biotic and abiotic factors in testing geographical variation in multifunctional plant defenses.

scholarly journals Transgenerational Plasticity in Flower Color Induced by Caterpillars

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mar Sobral ◽  
Isabelle P. Neylan ◽  
Eduardo Narbona ◽  
Rodolfo Dirzo
Keyword(s):  
Raphanus Sativus ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
Ecological Interactions ◽  
Chromatin Modifications ◽  
Wild Radish ◽  
Controlled Experiments ◽  
Transgenerational Effects ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Transgenerational Plasticity ◽  
Color Evolution

Variation in flower color due to transgenerational plasticity could stem directly from abiotic or biotic environmental conditions. Finding a link between biotic ecological interactions across generations and plasticity in flower color would indicate that transgenerational effects of ecological interactions, such as herbivory, might be involved in flower color evolution. We conducted controlled experiments across four generations of wild radish (Raphanus sativus, Brassicaceae) plants to explore whether flower color is influenced by herbivory, and to determine whether flower color is associated with transgenerational chromatin modifications. We found transgenerational effects of herbivory on flower color, partly related to chromatin modifications. Given the presence of herbivory in plant populations worldwide, our results are of broad significance and contribute to our understanding of flower color evolution.

scholarly journals The Effects of Silica Fertilizer as an Anti-Herbivore Defense in Cucumber

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristine L. Callis-Duehl ◽  
Heather J. McAuslane ◽  
Adrian J. Duehl ◽  
Douglas J. Levey
Keyword(s):  
Plant Defense ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Chemical Defenses ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Trichome Density ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Physical Defenses ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Control

AbstractThis study aims to improve our understanding of silicon’s role in deterring herbivores from Cucumis sativa. We hypothesized that silicon’s role in plant defense is due to the presence of silica augmenting other physical and/or chemical defenses used by the plant. Using C. sativa plants treated with either a silica fertilizer treatment (Si+) or a control solution (Si-), we monitored feeding preferences of two types of herbivores, a chewing herbivore (Diabrotica balteata) and a piercing/sucking herbivore (Bemisia tabaci). Leaves from treatment plants were visited less and eaten less than leaves from control plants. We then assessed the differences in physical defenses by comparing the leaf structural components, nutrient and water content, and trichome density between treatment and control plants. For chemical plant defenses, we measured leaf carbon and nitrogen levels in, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from treatment and control plants. We found no significant difference between treatment and control plants in: lignin content, most elemental plant nutrients, water content, trichome density, and quantity of carbon and nitrogen. We did see an increase in the VOC Indole, known for plant defense priming, an increase in phosphorous levels and a decrease in cellulose levels in silica treated plants.

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