scholarly journals Releasing incompatible males drives strong suppression across populations of wild and Wolbachia-carrying Aedes aegypti in Australia

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (41) ◽  
pp. e2106828118
Author(s):  
Nigel W. Beebe ◽  
Dan Pagendam ◽  
Brendan J. Trewin ◽  
Andrew Boomer ◽  
Matt Bradford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Local Strain ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Population Declines ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Strong Suppression ◽  
Incompatible Insect Technique ◽  
Community Consent ◽  
Proven Method

Releasing sterile or incompatible male insects is a proven method of population management in agricultural systems with the potential to revolutionize mosquito control. Through a collaborative venture with the “Debug” Verily Life Sciences team, we assessed the incompatible insect technique (IIT) with the mosquito vector Aedes aegypti in northern Australia in a replicated treatment control field trial. Backcrossing a US strain of Ae. aegypti carrying Wolbachia wAlbB from Aedes albopictus with a local strain, we generated a wAlbB2-F4 strain incompatible with both the wild-type (no Wolbachia) and wMel-Wolbachia Ae. aegypti now extant in North Queensland. The wAlbB2-F4 strain was manually mass reared with males separated from females using Verily sex-sorting technologies to obtain no detectable female contamination in the field. With community consent, we delivered a total of three million IIT males into three isolated landscapes of over 200 houses each, releasing ∼50 males per house three times a week over 20 wk. Detecting initial overflooding ratios of between 5:1 and 10:1, strong population declines well beyond 80% were detected across all treatment landscapes when compared to controls. Monitoring through the following season to observe the ongoing effect saw one treatment landscape devoid of adult Ae. aegypti early in the season. A second landscape showed reduced adults, and the third recovered fully. These encouraging results in suppressing both wild-type and wMel-Ae. aegypti confirms the utility of bidirectional incompatibility in the field setting, show the IIT to be robust, and indicate that the removal of this arbovirus vector from human-occupied landscapes may be achievable.

scholarly journals Tumbuhan Obat: Pendekatan Alternatif dalam Pengendalian Nyamuk Aedes aegypti dan Virus Dengue Penyebab Demam Dengue

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-90
Author(s):  
Ign Joko Suyono ◽  
Aditya K. Karim
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Dengue Shock Syndrome ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Control And Prevention

Dengue is the most important emerging tropical viral disease of humans in the world today. Aedes aegypti is a major mosquito vector responsible for transmitting many viral diseases and this mosquito that spreads major health problems like dengue fever. The resistance of Ae. aegypti to insecticides is already widespread and represents a serious problem for programmes aimed at the control and prevention of dengue in tropical countries. The search for compounds extracted from medicinal plant preparations as alternatives insecticide for mosquito control is in immediate need. Alternative approach for control Ae. aegypti dan virus dengue using the medicinal plant will be discussed in this paper.Key words: Medicinal plant, Aedes aegypti, dengue fever, dengue haemorragi fever, dengue shock syndrome

scholarly journals Socio-Ecological Factors Associated with Dengue Risk and Aedes aegypti Presence in the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadie Ryan ◽  
Catherine Lippi ◽  
Ryan Nightingale ◽  
Gabriela Hamerlinck ◽  
Mercy Borbor-Cordova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Dengue Infection ◽  
Galapagos Islands ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
Galápagos Islands ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Attitudes And Practices

Dengue fever is an emerging infectious disease in the Galápagos Islands of Ecuador, with the first cases reported in 2002 and subsequent periodic outbreaks. We report results of a 2014 pilot study conducted in Puerto Ayora (PA) on Santa Cruz Island, and Puerto Baquerizo Moreno (PB) on San Cristobal Island. To assess the socio-ecological risk factors associated with dengue and mosquito vector presence at the household level, we conducted 100 household surveys (50 on each island) in neighborhoods with prior reported dengue cases. Adult mosquitoes were collected inside and outside the home, larval indices were determined through container surveys, and heads of households were interviewed to determine demographics, self-reported prior dengue infections, housing conditions, and knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding dengue. Multi-model selection methods were used to derive best-fit generalized linear regression models of prior dengue infection, and Aedes aegypti presence. We found that 24% of PB and 14% of PA respondents self-reported a prior dengue infection, and more PB homes than PA homes had Ae. aegypti. The top-ranked model for prior dengue infection included several factors related to human movement, household demographics, access to water quality issues, and dengue awareness. The top-ranked model for Ae. aegypti presence included housing conditions, mosquito control practices, and dengue risk perception. This is the first study of dengue risk and Ae. aegypti presence in the Galápagos Islands.

scholarly journals Nix confers heritable sex-conversion in Aedes aegypti and myo-sex is needed for male flight

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azadeh Aryan ◽  
Michelle Anderson ◽  
James K. Biedler ◽  
Yumin Qi ◽  
Justin M. Overcash ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Chain Gene ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Myosin Heavy Chain Gene ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Hemizygous Male ◽  
Male Sex ◽  
Determining Factor ◽  
Transmit Disease

A dominant and hemizygous male-determining locus (M locus) establishes the male sex (M/m) in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Nix is a male-determining factor (M factor) in the M locus and its transient expression in females (m/m) results in partial masculinization. Here, we show that the Nix transgene alone was sufficient to convert females into fertile males, which continued to produce sex-converted progeny in subsequent generations. However, assisted mating with wild-type females was necessary, as the converted m/m males could not fly. Knockout of myo-sex, a myosin heavy chain gene and the only other protein-coding gene reported in the M locus, rendered wild-type males flightless. Thus, Nix alone converts female Ae. aegypti to fertile males and myo-sex is required for male flight. Only female Ae. aegypti mosquitoes bite and transmit disease-causing viruses. Nix-mediated female-to-male conversion is 100% penetrant and stable over many generations, indicating great potential for mosquito control.

scholarly journals Re-emergence of dengue virus in regional Queensland: 2019 dengue virus outbreak in Rockhampton, Central Queensland, Australia

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacina Walker ◽  
Alyssa Pyke ◽  
Paul Florian ◽  
Fred Moore ◽  
Nicolas Smoll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Nucleotide Sequencing ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Vector Surveillance

Objective(s): To describe an autochthonous dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2) outbreak in Central Queensland from May 2019 and subsequent public health actions. Design and setting: Public health outbreak investigation of locally acquired DENV-2 cases in Rockhampton, Central Queensland. This included laboratory investigations, associated mosquito vector surveillance, and control measures implemented in response to the outbreak. Results: Twenty-one locally-acquired DENV-2 cases were identified during the Rockhampton outbreak (from 23 May to 7 October 2019): 13 laboratory-confirmed and eight probable cases. Clinical symptoms included lethargy (100%); fever (95%); headache (95%); and aches and pains (90%). Inspections of premises demonstrated that <i>Aedes aegypti</i> was present in 9.5% of those investigated which was more than half of the premises identified as containing mosquitoes. Nucleotide sequencing of a DENV-2 isolate recovered from the first confirmed case and DENV-2 RNA from an additional 5 patients indicated a single DENV-2 strain was responsible for the outbreak which was most closely related to DENV-2 strains from Southeast Asia. Conclusions: The 2019 DENV-2 outbreak in Rockhampton, Central Queensland, Australia, likely resulted from the importation of a strain, most closely related to DENV-2 strains from Southeast Asia and is the first reported outbreak in the region specifically implicating DENV-2. Given the presence of <i>Aedes aegypti</i> in Rockhampton, appropriate medical and mosquito avoidance advice; ongoing surveillance; and deployment of mosquito control strategies for the prevention of dengue and other mosquito-borne diseases should be priorities for this region.

scholarly journals PENGENDALIAN VEKTOR NYAMUK AEDES AEGYPTI DI RUMAH SAKIT KOTA SURABAYA

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Ekalina Atikasari ◽  
Lilis Sulistyorini
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
Environmental Health ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Human Contact ◽  
The Republic ◽  
And Control

Vector control is an approach using the basic principles of management and consideration of disease transmission and control. The purpose of vector control is to reduce vector breeding habitats, reduce vector density, inhibit disease transmission, reduce human contact with vectors so that vector-borne disease transmission can be controlled more rationally, effectively and efficiently. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of Aedes aegypti mosquito control vector in a hospital in Surabaya. The Control carried out by the Hospital is to eradicate Aedes aegypti mosquitoes by installing Ovitrap, Thermal Fogging, Cold Fogging and Spraying. The type of analysis used is descriptive observational. Data collection was carried out in February of 2017 at K3 unit and Environmental Health of Surabaya Hospital. The data used are hospital pest and rodent control report, secondary data aboutnumber of mosquito, number of larvae and number of Aedes aegypti mosquito eggs obtained from unit of K3 and Environmental Health. The conclusions for the hospital are: (1) always report the Aedes aegypti mosquito vector routine every months; (2) eradicating mosquitoes in difficult places such as patient and dense populated areas; (3) based on Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number 374 / MENKES / PER / III / 2010 concerning Vector Control four of the six tools used in the Hospital have been used

scholarly journals Urbanization creates diverse aquatic habitats for immature mosquitoes in urban areas

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
André B. B. Wilke ◽  
Catherine Chase ◽  
Chalmers Vasquez ◽  
Augusto Carvajal ◽  
Johana Medina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Dade County ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Environmental Resources ◽  
Aquatic Habitats ◽  
Vector Species ◽  
Different Types

Abstract Global increases in temperatures and urbanization are impacting the epidemiology of mosquito-borne diseases. Urbanization processes create suitable habitats for vector mosquitoes in which there are a reduced number of predators, and human hosts are widely available. We hypothesize that mosquito vector species, especially Aedes aegypti, are locally concentrated primarily in those specific habitats at the neighborhood levels that provide suitable conditions and environmental resources needed for mosquito survival. Determining how mosquito vector species composition and abundance depend on environmental resources across habitats addresses where different types of vector control need to be applied. Therefore, our goal was to analyze and identify the most productive aquatic habitats for mosquitoes in Miami-Dade County, Florida. Immature mosquito surveys were conducted throughout Miami-Dade County from April 2018 to June 2019, totaling 2,488 inspections. Mosquitoes were collected in 76 different types of aquatic habitats scattered throughout 141 neighborhoods located in the urbanized areas of Miami-Dade County. A total of 44,599 immature mosquitoes were collected and Ae. aegypti was the most common and abundant species, comprising 43% of all specimens collected. Aedes aegypti was primarily found in buckets, bromeliads, and flower pots, concentrated in specific neighborhoods. Our results showed that aquatic habitats created by anthropogenic land-use modifications (e.g., ornamental bromeliads, buckets, etc.) were positively correlated with the abundance of Ae. aegypti. This study serves to identify how vector mosquitoes utilize the resources available in urban environments and to determine the exact role of these specific urban features in supporting populations of vector mosquito species. Ultimately, the identification of modifiable urban features will allow the development of targeted mosquito control strategies optimized to preventatively control vector mosquitoes in urban areas.

scholarly journals Antiviral Effectors and Gene Drive Strategies for Mosquito Population Suppression or Replacement to Mitigate Arbovirus Transmission by Aedes aegypti

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeline Williams ◽  
Alexander Franz ◽  
William Reid ◽  
Ken Olson
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Close Monitoring ◽  
Gene Drive ◽  
Population Replacement ◽  
Effector Genes ◽  
Population Suppression

The mosquito vector Aedes aegypti transmits arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) of medical importance, including Zika, dengue, and yellow fever viruses. Controlling mosquito populations remains the method of choice to prevent disease transmission. Novel mosquito control strategies based on genetically manipulating mosquitoes are being developed as additional tools to combat arbovirus transmission. Genetic control of mosquitoes includes two basic strategies: population suppression and population replacement. The former aims to eliminate mosquito populations while the latter aims to replace wild populations with engineered, pathogen-resistant mosquitoes. In this review, we outline suppression strategies being applied in the field, as well as current antiviral effector genes that have been characterized and expressed in transgenic Ae. aegypti for population replacement. We discuss cutting-edge gene drive technologies that can be used to enhance the inheritance of effector genes, while highlighting the challenges and opportunities associated with gene drives. Finally, we present currently available models that can estimate mosquito release numbers and time to transgene fixation for several gene drive systems. Based on the recent advances in genetic engineering, we anticipate that antiviral transgenic Ae. aegypti exhibiting gene drive will soon emerge; however, close monitoring in simulated field conditions will be required to demonstrate the efficacy and utility of such transgenic mosquitoes.

scholarly journals Metabolic Resistance in Permethrin-Resistant Florida Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 866
Author(s):  
Sierra M. Schluep ◽  
Eva A. Buckner
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Glutathione Transferase ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Enzyme Inhibitor ◽  
The United States ◽  
Adult Mosquito ◽  
Metabolic Enzyme ◽  
Transferase Activity ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Metabolic Resistance

Aedes aegypti is the principal mosquito vector for many arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) including dengue, chikungunya, and Zika. In the United States, excessive permethrin use has led to a high frequency of resistance in mosquitoes. Insecticide resistance is a significant obstacle in the struggle against vector-borne diseases. To help overcome metabolic resistance, synergists that inhibit specific metabolic enzymes can be added to formulated pyrethroid products. Using modified CDC bottle bioassays, we assessed the effect of three inhibitors (piperonyl butoxide (PBO), which inhibits oxidase activity; S.S.S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF), which inhibits esterase activity; and diethyl maleate (DM), which inhibits glutathione transferase activity) + permethrin. We performed these against 20 Florida Ae. aegypti populations, all of which were resistant to permethrin. Our data indicated that 11 out of 20 populations (55%) exhibited metabolic resistance. Results revealed 73% of these populations had significant increases in mortality attributed to DEF + permethrin, 64% to PBO + permethrin, and 55% to DM + permethrin compared to permethrin alone. Currently, PBO is the only metabolic enzyme inhibitor added to formulated pyrethroid products used for adult mosquito control. Our results suggest that the DEF and DM inhibitors could also be useful additives in permethrin products, especially against metabolically resistant Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. Moreover, metabolic assays should be conducted to better inform mosquito control programs for designing and implementing integrated vector management strategies.

A Simple PCR Assay for Discrimination of Dengue Vectors from Nsukka LGA, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-77
Author(s):  
Amos Watentena ◽  
Ikem Chris Okoye ◽  
Ikechukwu Eugene Onah ◽  
Onwude Cosmas Ogbonnaya ◽  
Emmanuel Ogudu
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Aedes Mosquitoes ◽  
Allele Specific ◽  
Arboviral Diseases ◽  
Dengue Vectors

Mosquitoes of Aedes species are vectors of several arboviral diseases which continue to be a major public health problem in Nigeria. This study among other things, morphologically identified Aedes mosquitoes collected from Nsukka LGA and used an allele specific PCR amplification for discrimination of dengue vectors. Larval sampling, BG-sentinel traps and modified human landing catches were used for mosquito sampling in two selected autonomous communities of Nsukka LGA (Nsukka and Obimo). A total of 124 Aedes mosquitoes consisting of five (5) different species were collected from April to June, 2019 in a cross-sectional study that covered 126 households, under 76 distinct geographical coordinates. Larvae was mainly collected from plastic containers 73% (n=224), metallic containers 14% (n=43), earthen pots 9% (n=29) and used car tyres 3% (n=9), reared to adult stage 69.35% (n=86), and all mosquitoes were identified using standard morphological keys. Five (5) Aedes mosquito species were captured; Aedes aegypti 83(66.94%), Aedes albopictus 33(26.61%), Aedes simpsoni (4.48%), Aedes luteocephalus (≤1%) and Aedes vittatus (≤1%). Nsukka autonomous community had higher species diversity than Obimo. Allele specific amplification confirmed dengue vectors, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus species on a 2% agarose gel. Since the most recent re-emergence of arboviral diseases is closely associated with Aedes species, findings of this study, therefore, give further evidence about the presence of potential arboviral vectors in Nigeria and describe the role of a simple PCR in discriminating some. Further entomological studies should integrate PCR assays in mosquito vector surveillance.

scholarly journals The regulatory genome of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae: integrating chromatin accessibility and gene expression

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
José L Ruiz ◽  
Lisa C Ranford-Cartwright ◽  
Elena Gómez-Díaz
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Transcriptional Regulation ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Chromatin Accessibility ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Human Malaria

Abstract Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes are primary human malaria vectors, but we know very little about their mechanisms of transcriptional regulation. We profiled chromatin accessibility by the assay for transposase-accessible chromatin by sequencing (ATAC-seq) in laboratory-reared A. gambiae mosquitoes experimentally infected with the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. By integrating ATAC-seq, RNA-seq and ChIP-seq data, we showed a positive correlation between accessibility at promoters and introns, gene expression and active histone marks. By comparing expression and chromatin structure patterns in different tissues, we were able to infer cis-regulatory elements controlling tissue-specific gene expression and to predict the in vivo binding sites of relevant transcription factors. The ATAC-seq assay also allowed the precise mapping of active regulatory regions, including novel transcription start sites and enhancers that were annotated to mosquito immune-related genes. Not only is this study important for advancing our understanding of mechanisms of transcriptional regulation in the mosquito vector of human malaria, but the information we produced also has great potential for developing new mosquito-control and anti-malaria strategies.

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