Cytosolic Proteins Regulate α-Synuclein Dissociation from Presynaptic Membranes
Intracellular accumulation of insoluble α-synuclein in Lewy bodies is a key neuropathological trait of Parkinson disease (PD). Neither the normal function of α-synuclein nor the biochemical mechanisms that cause its deposition are understood, although both are likely influenced by the interaction of α-synuclein with vesicular membranes, either for a physiological role in vesicular trafficking or as a pathological seeding mechanism that exacerbates the propensity of α-synuclein to self-assemble into fibrils. In addition to the α-helical form that is peripherally-attached to vesicles, a substantial portion of α-synuclein is freely diffusible in the cytoplasm. The mechanisms controlling α-synuclein exchange between these compartments are unknown and the possibility that chronic dysregulation of membrane-bound and soluble α-synuclein pools may contribute to Lewy body pathology led us to search for cellular factors that can regulate α-synuclein membrane interactions. Here we reveal that dissociation of membrane-bound α-synuclein is dependent on brain-specific cytosolic proteins and insensitive to calcium or metabolic energy. Two PD-linked mutations (A30P and A53T) significantly increase the cytosol-dependent α-synuclein off-rate but have no effect on cytosol-independent dissociation. These results reveal a novel mechanism by which cytosolic brain proteins modulate α-synuclein interactions with intracellular membranes. Importantly, our finding that α-synuclein dissociation is up-regulated by both familial PD mutations implicates cytosolic cofactors in disease pathogenesis and as molecular targets to influence α-synuclein aggregation.