scholarly journals Protease domain and transmembrane domain of the type VII secretion mycosin protease determine system-specific functioning in mycobacteria

2019 ◽  
Vol 294 (13) ◽  
pp. 4806-4814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent J. C. van Winden ◽  
Merel P. M. Damen ◽  
Roy Ummels ◽  
Wilbert Bitter ◽  
Edith N. G. Houben
Keyword(s):  
Transmembrane Domain ◽  
Protease Domain ◽  
Type Vii Secretion ◽  
Determine System

scholarly journals Matriptase-3 is a novel phylogenetically preserved membrane-anchored serine protease with broad serpin reactivity

2005 ◽  
Vol 390 (1) ◽  
pp. 231-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Szabo ◽  
Sarah Netzel-Arnett ◽  
John P. Hobson ◽  
Toni M. Antalis ◽  
Thomas H. Bugge
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Serine Protease ◽  
Transmembrane Domain ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Chromosome 1 ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Protease Domain ◽  
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 ◽  
Serine Protease Domain

We report in the present study the bioinformatic identification, molecular cloning and biological characterization of matriptase-3, a novel membrane-anchored serine protease that is phylogenetically preserved in fish, birds, rodents, canines and primates. The gene encoding matriptase-3 is located on syntenic regions of human chromosome 3q13.2, mouse chromosome 16B5, rat chromosome 11q21 and chicken chromosome 1. Bioinformatic analysis combined with cDNA cloning predicts a functional TTSP (type II transmembrane serine protease) with 31% amino acid identity with both matriptase/MT-SP1 and matriptase-2. This novel protease is composed of a short N-terminal cytoplasmic region followed by a transmembrane domain, a stem region with one SEA, two CUB and three LDLRa (low-density lipoprotein receptor domain class A) domains and a C-terminal catalytic serine protease domain. Transcript analysis revealed restricted, species-conserved expression of matriptase-3, with the highest mRNA levels in brain, skin, reproductive and oropharyngeal tissues. The full-length matriptase-3 cDNA directed the expression of a 90 kDa N-glycosylated protein that localized to the cell surface, as assessed by cell-surface biotin labelling. The purified activated matriptase-3 serine protease domain expressed in insect cells hydrolysed synthetic peptide substrates, with a strong preference for Arg at position P1, and showed proteolytic activity towards several macromolecular substrates, including gelatin, casein and albumin. Interestingly, activated matriptase-3 formed stable inhibitor complexes with an array of serpins, including plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, protein C inhibitor, α1-proteinase inhibitor, α2-antiplasmin and antithrombin III. Our study identifies matriptase-3 as a novel biologically active TTSP of the matriptase subfamily having a unique expression pattern and post-translational regulation.

scholarly journals Identification of Nonessential Regions of the nsp2 Replicase Protein of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Strain VR-2332 for Replication in Cell Culture

2007 ◽  
Vol 81 (18) ◽  
pp. 9878-9890 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Han ◽  
Gongping Liu ◽  
Yue Wang ◽  
Kay S. Faaberg
Keyword(s):  
Viral Replication ◽  
Growth Kinetics ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Transmembrane Domain ◽  
Nonstructural Protein ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Flanking Sequence ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
Protease Domain

ABSTRACT The nonstructural protein 2 (nsp2) of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a multidomain protein and has been shown to undergo remarkable genetic variation, primarily in its middle region, while exhibiting high conservation in the N-terminal putative protease domain and the C-terminal predicted transmembrane region. A reverse genetics system of PRRSV North American prototype VR-2332 was developed to explore the importance of different regions of nsp2 for viral replication. A series of mutants with in-frame deletions in the nsp2 coding region were engineered, and infectious viruses were subsequently recovered from transfected cells and further characterized. The results demonstrated that the cysteine protease domain (PL2), the PL2 downstream flanking sequence (amino acids [aa] 181 to 323), and the putative transmembrane domain were critical for replication. In contrast, the segment of nsp2 preceding the PL2 domain (aa 13 to 35) was dispensable for viral replication, and the nsp2 middle hypervariable region (aa 324 to 813) tolerated 100-aa or 200-aa deletions but could not be removed as a whole; the largest deletion was about 400 aa (nsp2Δ324-726). Characterization of the mutants demonstrated that those with small deletions possessed growth kinetics and RNA expression profiles similar to those of the parental virus, while the nsp2Δ324-726 mutant displayed decreased cytolytic activity on MARC-145 cells and did not develop visible plaques. Finally, the utilization of the genetic flexibility of nsp2 to express foreign genes was examined by inserting the gene encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) in frame into one nsp2 deletion mutant construct. The recombinant virus was viable but impaired and unstable and gradually gained parental growth kinetics by the loss of most of the GFP gene.

scholarly journals Serase-1B, a new splice variant of polyserase-1/TMPRSS9, activates urokinase-type plasminogen activator and the proteolytic activation is negatively regulated by glycosaminoglycans

2006 ◽  
Vol 400 (3) ◽  
pp. 551-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuushi Okumura ◽  
Masaki Hayama ◽  
Etsuhisa Takahashi ◽  
Mieko Fujiuchi ◽  
Aki Shimabukuro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serine Protease ◽  
Plasminogen Activator ◽  
Splice Variant ◽  
Transmembrane Domain ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Protease Domain ◽  
Proteolytic Activation ◽  
Type Plasminogen Activator ◽  
Urokinase Type Plasminogen Activator ◽  
Transmembrane Serine Protease

Polyserase-1 (polyserine protease-1)/TMPRSS9 (transmembrane serine protease 9) is a type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP) that possesses unique three tandem serine protease domains. However, the physiological function of each protease domain remains poorly understood. We discovered a new splice variant of polyserase-1, termed Serase-1B, which contains 34 extra amino acids consisting a SEA module (a domain found in sea urchin sperm protein, enterokinase and agrin) adjacent to the transmembrane domain and the first protease domain with a mucin-like box at the C-terminus. The tissue distribution of this enzyme by RT (reverse transcription)–PCR analysis revealed high expression in the liver, small intestine, pancreas, testis and peripheral blood CD14+ and CD8+ cells. To investigate the role of Serase-1B, a full-length form recombinant protein was produced. Interestingly, recombinant Serase-1B was partly secreted as a soluble inactive precursor and it was also activated by trypsin. This activated enzyme selectively cleaved synthetic peptides for trypsin and activated protein C, and it was inhibited by several natural serine protease inhibitors, such as aprotinin, α2-antiplasmin and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1. In addition, Serase-1B efficiently converted pro-uPA (urokinase-type plasminogen activator) into active uPA and this activation was strongly inhibited by these natural inhibitors. Furthermore, this activation was also negatively regulated by glycosaminoglycans. Our results indicate that Serase-1B is a novel member of TTSPs that might be involved in uPA/plasmin-mediated proteolysis and possibly implicated in biological events such as fibrinolysis and tumour progression.

An Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator (u-PA) and Mutants and Chimeras Containing the Serine Protease Domain of u-PA

1992 ◽  
Vol 67 (01) ◽  
pp. 095-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J Declerck ◽  
Leen Van Keer ◽  
Maria Verstreken ◽  
Désiré Collen
Keyword(s):  
Serine Protease ◽  
Plasminogen Activator ◽  
Active Site ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Single Chain ◽  
Protease Domain ◽  
Serine Protease Domain ◽  
Type Plasminogen Activator ◽  
Urokinase Type Plasminogen Activator ◽  
Normal Human

SummaryAn enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for quantitation of natural and recombinant plasminogen activators containing the serine protease domain (B-chain) of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) was developed, based on two murine monoclonal antibodies, MA-4D1E8 and MA-2L3, raised against u-PA and reacting with non-overlapping epitopes in the B-chain. MA-4D1E8 was coated on microtiter plates and bound antigen was quantitated with MA-2L3 conjugated with horseradish peroxidase. The intra-assay, inter-assay and inter-dilution coefficients of variation of the assay were 6%, 15% and 9%, respectively. Using recombinant single-chain u-PA (rscu-PA) as a standard, the u-PA-related antigen level in normal human plasma was 1.4 ± 0.6 ng/ml (mean ± SD, n = 27).The ELISA recognized the following compounds with comparable sensitivity: intact scu-PA (amino acids, AA, 1 to 411), scu-PA-32k (AA 144 to 411), a truncated (thrombin-derived) scu-PA comprising A A 157 to 411, and chimeric t-PA/u-PA molecules including t-PA(AA1-263)/scu-PA(AA144-411), t-PA(AA1-274)/scu-PA(AA138-411) and t-PA(AA87-274)/scu-PA(AA138-411). Conversion of single-chain to two-chain forms of u-PA or inhibition of active two-chain forms with plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 or with the active site serine inhibitor phenyl-methyl-sulfonyl fluoride, did not alter the reactivity in the assay. In contrast, inactivation with α2-antiplasmin or with the active site histidine inhibitor Glu-Gly-Arg-CH2Cl resulted in a 3- to 5-fold reduction of the reactivity. When purified scu-PA-32k was added to pooled normal human plasma at final concentrations ranging from 20 to 1,000 ng/ml, recoveries in the ELISA were between 84 and 110%.The assay was successfully applied for the quantitation of pharmacological levels of scu-PA and t-PA(AA87_274)/scu-PA(AA138-411) in plasma during experimental thrombolysis in baboons.Thus the present ELISA, which is specifically dependent on the presence of the serine protease part of u-PA, is useful for measurement of a wide variety of variants and chimeras of u-PA which are presently being developed for improved thrombolytic therapy.

Recombinant Human Soluble Thrombomodulin Delivers Bounded Thrombin to Antithrombin III: Thrombomodulin Associates with Free Thrombin and Is Recycled to Activate Protein C

1993 ◽  
Vol 70 (03) ◽  
pp. 418-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaharu Aritomi ◽  
Naoko Watanabe ◽  
Rika Ohishi ◽  
Komakazu Gomi ◽  
Takao Kiyota ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein C ◽  
Antithrombin Iii ◽  
Transmembrane Domain ◽  
Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Chinese Hamster ◽  
Ovary Cells ◽  
Soluble Thrombomodulin ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
Recombinant Human Soluble Thrombomodulin

SummaryRecombinant human soluble thrombomodulin (rhs-TM), having no transmembrane domain or chondroitin sulfate, was expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Interactions between rhs-TM, thrombin (Th), protein C (PC) and antithrombin III (ATIII) were studied. Equilibrium between rhs-TM and Th had no detectable time lag in clotting inhibition (K d = 26 nM) or PC activation (K d = 22 nM), while ATIII inhibited Th at a bimolecular rate constant = 5,200 M-1s-1 (K d <0.2 nM). A mixture of ATIII, Th and rhs-TM showed that ATIII reacted with Th slower than rhs-TM, whose presence did not affect the reaction between ATIII and Th. In a mixture of rhs-TM, ATIII and PC, the repeated addition of Th caused the repeated activation of PC; which was consistent with the Simulation based on the assumption that rhs-TM is recycled as a Th cofactor. From these results, we concluded that upon inhibition of the rhs-TM-Th complex by ATIII, rhs-TM is released to recombine with free Th and begins to activate PC, while the Th-ATIII complex does not affect rhs-TM-Th equilibrium.

A Novel Chimaeric Derivative of Saruplase, rscu-PA-40kDA/Hir, Binds to Thrombin and Exerts Thrombus-specific Fibrinolysis in Arterial and Venous Thrombosis in Dogs

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (03) ◽  
pp. 535-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Schneider ◽  
R Hauser ◽  
H-H Hennies ◽  
J Korioth ◽  
G Steffens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Venous Thrombosis ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Bolus Injection ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Intravenous Bolus ◽  
Protease Domain ◽  
Parent Molecule ◽  
Significant Prolongation ◽  
Inhibitory Domain

SummaryThe chimaeric molecule rscu-PA-40kDA/Hir (M23) comprises the kringle and protease domain of saruplase (rscu-PA) and a thrombin inhibitory domain fused to the C-terminus of the protease domain. The 27 amino acid long thrombin inhibitory domain contains a sequence directed to the active site of thrombin and a fragment from the C-terminal region of hirudin. 125I-radiolabelled M23 (0.03 µM) bound to thrombin that was immobilised onto CNBr-activated sepharose beads. Unlabelled M23 (0.01-10 |xM) and hirudin (0.001-10 µµM) concentra-tion-dependently displaced 125I-M23 from its binding to thrombin. Saruplase (up to 10 (iM) did not influence the thrombin binding of M23. The fibrinolytic properties of M23 and saruplase were compared in anaesthetized dogs with femoral artery and saphenous vein thrombosis. Under concomitant heparinization, the intravenous bolus injections of 1 mg/kg M23 or saruplase induced reperfusion of thrombotically occluded femoral arteries in 4 out of 5 treated animals in each case. There was one reocclusion in the M23-treated group. Time to reperfusion (23 ± 4 vs 25 ± 11 min) and maximal height of reperfusion blood flow (98 ± 21 vs 108 ± 15 % of baseline flow) did not differ significantly between the treatment groups. The time course of the lysis of incorporated 125I-fibrin radioactivity in thrombosed saphenous veins was similar after bolus injections of M23 and saruplase. The maximal dissolution of 125I-fibrin in the venous thrombosis model was 91 ± 1 % in M23-and 88 ± 5 % in saruplase-treated animals. Plasma levels of fibrinogen were not influenced and a2-antiplasmin levels were slightly reduced (-27 ± 3 %) after bolus injection of M23. In contrast, bolus injection of saruplase was accompanied by a significant decrease of fibrinogen (-55 ± 19 %) and a2-antiplasmin (-75 ±11%) plasma levels. Template bleeding times virtually did not differ before (2.8 ± 0.3 min) and 60 min after bolus injection of M23 (3.1 ± 0.3 min), whereas treatment with saruplase resulted in a significant prolongation of template bleeding time from 2.6 ± 0.2 min to 28 ± 13 min. It is concluded that the saruplase derivative M23, while inducing equieffective thrombolysis after intravenous bolus injection in dogs, causes much fewer haemostatic side effects than its parent molecule. The high thrombus-specific activity of M23 is tentatively attributed to its affinity to clot-bound thrombin.

Structural and Dynamic Study of the Transmembrane Domain of the Amyloid Precursor Protein

Acta Naturae ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
K D Nadezhdin ◽  
O V Bocharova ◽  
E V Bocharov ◽  
A S Arseniev
Keyword(s):  
Amyloid Precursor Protein ◽  
Transmembrane Domain ◽  
Dynamic Study ◽  
Precursor Protein

Constant pH Molecular Dynamics Reveals How Proton Release Drives the Conformational Transition of a Transmembrane Efflux Pump

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Shen ◽  
Zhi Yue ◽  
Helen Zgurskaya ◽  
Wei Chen
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Dynamics ◽  
Conformational Changes ◽  
Transmembrane Domain ◽  
Conformational Transition ◽  
Conformational Dynamics ◽  
Proton Release ◽  
Intrinsic Resistance ◽  
Constant Ph ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Constant Ph Molecular Dynamics

AcrB is the inner-membrane transporter of E. coli AcrAB-TolC tripartite efflux complex, which plays a major role in the intrinsic resistance to clinically important antibiotics. AcrB pumps a wide range of toxic substrates by utilizing the proton gradient between periplasm and cytoplasm. Crystal structures of AcrB revealed three distinct conformational states of the transport cycle, substrate access, binding and extrusion, or loose (L), tight (T) and open (O) states. However, the specific residue(s) responsible for proton binding/release and the mechanism of proton-coupled conformational cycling remain controversial. Here we use the newly developed membrane hybrid-solvent continuous constant pH molecular dynamics technique to explore the protonation states and conformational dynamics of the transmembrane domain of AcrB. Simulations show that both Asp407 and Asp408 are deprotonated in the L/T states, while only Asp408 is protonated in the O state. Remarkably, release of a proton from Asp408 in the O state results in large conformational changes, such as the lateral and vertical movement of transmembrane helices as well as the salt-bridge formation between Asp408 and Lys940 and other sidechain rearrangements among essential residues.Consistent with the crystallographic differences between the O and L protomers, simulations offer dynamic details of how proton release drives the O-to-L transition in AcrB and address the controversy regarding the proton/drug stoichiometry. This work offers a significant step towards characterizing the complete cycle of proton-coupled drug transport in AcrB and further validates the membrane hybrid-solvent CpHMD technique for studies of proton-coupled transmembrane proteins which are currently poorly understood. <p><br></p>

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