From possession to obligation via shifting distributions and particular constructions

Studies of grammaticalization have identified a tendency for verbs of possession to develop modal meanings (Bybee et al. 1994, Heine & Kuteva 2002). I present evidence of the mechanisms contributing to both semantic and structural change in one such instance, the Modern Spanish deontic modal construction [tener que + Inf] “to have to”. Quantitative analysis of a corpus of written texts confirms that this process is gradual and layered, exhibiting semantic changes measurable in the ratio of lexical infinitive types to total tokens of the constructions, changing tendencies in the construction’s internal structure and the presence of highly frequent, lexically particular instances of tener que. This study presents quantifiable manifestations of grammaticalization processes that do not adhere to a linear, uniform cline and are consistently variable, even on a small scale.

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Maize intercropping in the milpa system. Diversity, extent and importance for nutritional security in the Western Highlands of Guatemala

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-82784-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Santiago Lopez-Ridaura ◽

Luis Barba-Escoto ◽

Cristian A. Reyna-Ramirez ◽

Carlos Sum ◽

Natalia Palacios-Rojas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quantitative Analysis ◽

Farm Households ◽

Small Scale ◽

Agricultural System ◽

Energy Yield ◽

Common Beans ◽

Nutritional Security ◽

Nutrient Adequacy ◽

Faba Beans ◽

Total Productivity

AbstractWe present an assessment of the extent, diversity, and nutritional contribution of the milpa through a quantitative analysis of data from a survey conducted in 989 small scale farm households in the Western Highlands of Guatemala (WHG). The milpa is a traditional agricultural system in which maize is intercropped with other species, such as common beans, faba beans, squashes or potatoes. Our study shows that more than two-thirds of the 1,205 plots recorded were under the milpa system, with a great diversity of crop combinations. As shown with the 357 plots for which specific yields were available, milpa systems present higher total productivity than monocropped maize, expressed as total energy yield of the harvested crops in the respective system, and were also better at providing the recommended daily allowances of fourteen essential nutrients, based on a Potential Nutrient Adequacy (PNA) indicator. Maize-bean-potato, maize-potato, and maize-bean-faba intercrops had the highest PNAs, and monocropped maize, the lowest. These results support the implementation of milpa systems tailored to different agro-ecologies in order to improve nutrition in the WHG and a variety of similar regions.

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Tools of Transformation: From Small Scale Progress to Structural Change

Natural Resource Management in Transition - Sustainable Global Value Chains ◽

10.1007/978-3-319-14877-9_11 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 193-208

Author(s):

Guus ter Haar ◽

Lucas Simons

Keyword(s):

Structural Change ◽

Small Scale

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Late Pleistocene extension and strike-slip in the Dead Sea Basin

Geological Magazine ◽

10.1017/s001675680400963x ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 141 (5) ◽

pp. 565-572 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

YUVAL BARTOV ◽

AMIR SAGY

Keyword(s):

Internal Structure ◽

Slip Rate ◽

Dead Sea ◽

Strike Slip ◽

Normal Faults ◽

Small Scale ◽

Dead Sea Basin ◽

Pull Apart Basin ◽

Western Border ◽

The Dead

A newly discovered active small-scale pull-apart (Mor structure), located in the western part of the Dead Sea Basin, shows recent basin-parallel extension and strike-slip faulting, and offers a rare view of pull-apart internal structure. The Mor structure is bounded by N–S-trending strike-slip faults, and cross-cut by low-angle, E–W-trending normal faults. The geometry of this pull-apart suggests that displacement between the two stepped N–S strike-slip faults of the Mor structure is transferred by the extension associated with the normal faults. The continuing deformation in this structure is evident by the observation of at least three deformation episodes between 50 ka and present. The calculated sinistral slip-rate is 3.5 mm/yr over the last 30 000 years. This slip rate indicates that the Mor structure overlies the currently most active strike-slip fault within the western border of the Dead Sea pull-apart. The Mor structure is an example of a small pull-apart basin developed within a larger pull-apart. This type of hierarchy in pull-apart structures is an indication for their ongoing evolution.

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Corpus analysis of phraseology in an A1 level textbook of German as a foreign language

Quaderns de Filologia - Estudis Lingüístics ◽

10.7203/qf.22.11298 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 22 (22) ◽

pp. 13

Author(s):

Maria Rosario Bautista Zambrana

Keyword(s):

Quantitative Analysis ◽

Foreign Language ◽

Corpus Analysis ◽

German Language ◽

Council Of Europe ◽

Productive Activities ◽

Written Texts ◽

The Common ◽

Lexical Competence ◽

Level Student

This paper aims to analyse the extent to which the textbook for German as a foreign language DaF kompakt A1 (Sander et al., 2011) complies with the recommendations of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (Council of Europe, 2001) (hereafter CEFR) in respect to lexical competence and sociolinguistic competence in receptive and productive activities, specifically with regard to phraseological units. In this respect, we have focused on sentential formulae and fixed frames present in a corpus containing the textbook materials, and we have checked whether those fixed expressions correspond to the phraseological and sociolinguistic compe-tences that are expected in the Framework for an A1 level student of German language. To this end, we have compiled a corpus of the textbook receptive and productive materials, made up by three subcorpora: one for the written texts, one for the oral texts, and a third subcorpus containing exercises. We have performed a quantitative analysis (by means of AntConc 3.4.4 [Anthony, 2016] and kfNgram [Fletcher, 2007]), and a qualitative one. Our results suggest that the textbook complies with the recommendations of the CEFR.

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Het Begrip Van Teksten Met 10% tot 25% Onbekende Woorden

Toegepaste Taalwetenschap in Artikelen ◽

10.1075/ttwia.41.05nie ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 41 ◽

pp. 57-66 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

L.J.A. Nienhuis

Keyword(s):

Native Language ◽

Age Groups ◽

Foreign Languages ◽

Small Scale ◽

Written Texts ◽

The World ◽

The Difference

This article describes two small scale studies aimed at defining the number of words necessary for comprehension.of written texts in the native language (Dutch) and in two foreign languages (English and French) In the literature one finds coverage percentages varying from 75% for global comprehension to 98% for almost complete comprehension. The subjects in these studies were students from different age groups and different learning backgrounds (HAVO-4, VWO-5 and university). It is concluded that it is not so much the knowledge of the language as the age and the greater knowledge of the world that account for the difference in scores.

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Quantitative analysis of bone trabecular structural change using X-ray bone morphometric analysis: a correlation between structural change and structural parameters

Oral Radiology ◽

10.1007/s11282-004-0007-y ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Atsushi Watanabe ◽

Takashi Sakurai ◽

Satsuki Kumasaka ◽

Isamu Kashima

Keyword(s):

Structural Change ◽

Quantitative Analysis ◽

Morphometric Analysis ◽

Structural Parameters ◽

X Ray

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Interplay between structural change in Central Asian agriculture and institutional scarcity of land and water: evidence from Tajikistan

Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsgeographie ◽

10.1515/zfw-2016-0003 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 60 (1-2) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Insa Theesfeld ◽

Frederike Klümper

Keyword(s):

Structural Change ◽

Natural Resources ◽

Agricultural Sector ◽

Arable Land ◽

Resource Scarcity ◽

Three Dimensions ◽

Small Scale ◽

Institutional Relations ◽

Access Rights ◽

Third Dimension

Abstract:This contribution focuses on the interaction between structural change in agriculture and the availability of key natural resources – land and water. The relationship is not unidimensional; therefore, we propose three dimensions of resource-induced structural change. The first dimension describes the links between the two critical input factors into agricultural production, namely land and water. To systematize this perspective, we use the concept of linking patterns that depict direct and indirect intersectoral linkages from a property rights perspective. Second, we examinee the dimension of how structural change in agriculture can be triggered by scarcity of natural resources. The third dimension describes structural change that may lead to overuse and scarcity. In this regard, we introduce resource scarcity not only as physical but most important as institutional scarcity. To illustrate these dimensions, we have chosen a case in Central Asia, where the availability and the control of access and withdrawal rights to land and water is of utmost importance for the agricultural sector. Tajikistan faces physical and institutional scarcity in arable land. The institutional scarcity is due to the non-transparent and costly processes that need to be followed to gain land rights. Likewise there is sufficient supply in water, in Tajikistan, but the de-facto access rights to water are limited for some groups. For instance, the post-socialist irrigation infrastructure is now inappropriate to serve all small-scale users on a canal. In the future, land use change due to a predicted increase of major investors, will have additional impact on the de-facto water rights. We conclude that a solid study not only on the physical but also on the institutional relations of agriculture to natural resources is important to come to reliable predictions of structural change in agriculture. We also show that structural change in agriculture may have wider implications for rural society that go beyond the agricultural sector.

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Igneous stratigraphy and internal structure of the Little Minch Sill Complex, Trotternish Peninsula, northern Skye, Scotland

Geological Magazine ◽

10.1017/s0016756800018045 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 128 (1) ◽

pp. 51-66 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Sally A. Gibson ◽

Adrian P. Jones

Keyword(s):

Internal Structure ◽

Magma Chamber ◽

Thermal Gradient ◽

Olivine Basalt ◽

Small Scale ◽

Basalt Magma ◽

Alkali Olivine Basalt ◽

Modal Layering ◽

Crustal Magma

AbstractDetailed sampling of the Little Minch Sill Complex reveals that it is composed of both single and multiple sills. These are formed of three main, genetically related units: picrite, picrodolerite and crinanite, which are the result of differentiation of an alkali-olivine basalt magma (approximately 10% MgO) in an upper-crustal magma chamber. Variations in igneous stratigraphy and the presence of internal chills in the Trotternish sills suggest that they were emplaced by multiple intrusion and subsequently differentiated in situ. Changes in petrography adjacent to pegmatite veins and textures within picrite units indicate compaction and filter-pressing were important processes after emplacement. Rhythmic layering (1 cm to 1 m thick) is conspicuous in the sills near contacts but does not involve cryptic mineral variation. Such modal layering may be more common than realised in relatively small-scale intrusions and maybe modelled in terms of in situ differentiation under conditions of significant undercooling in a changing thermal gradient at the synthetic for-sterite-diopside-anorthite eutectic.

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