I do not understand but I care

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliane Bräuer
Keyword(s):  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Current Paper ◽  
Prosocial Behaviour ◽  
Prosocial Behaviours ◽  
Do So ◽  
Biological Predisposition

Prosocial behaviour benefits another individual and occurs voluntarily. It may have a cognitive and a motivational component. The actor who benefits a recipient – for example by solving her/his problem (1) must recognize the recipient’s goal and understand how to fulfil it and (2) has to be motivated to support the recipient. In the current paper I will review recent studies on prosocial behavior in dogs and I will compare them to studies with primates. I will address the cognitive and motivational skills required for the actor in order to support the recipient. I conclude that dogs and also chimpanzees display a number of prosocial behaviours, but there are remarkable differences. In contrast to humans, which have an outstanding biological predisposition to benefit others, dogs and chimpanzees only do so under certain conditions.

The Persnickety Pervasiveness of Rating Enhancement in Personality Assessment

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Alicia A. Stachowski ◽  
John T. Kulas
Keyword(s):  
Response Bias ◽  
Personality Assessment ◽  
Current Paper ◽  
Psychological Measurement ◽  
Shared Sets ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Original Target ◽  
Target Profile ◽  
Do So ◽  
Normative Influences

Abstract. The current paper explores whether self and observer reports of personality are properly viewed through a contrasting lens (as opposed to a more consonant framework). Specifically, we challenge the assumption that self-reports are more susceptible to certain forms of response bias than are informant reports. We do so by examining whether selves and observers are similarly or differently drawn to socially desirable and/or normative influences in personality assessment. Targets rated their own personalities and recommended another person to also do so along shared sets of items diversely contaminated with socially desirable content. The recommended informant then invited a third individual to additionally make ratings of the original target. Profile correlations, analysis of variances (ANOVAs), and simple patterns of agreement/disagreement consistently converged on a strong normative effect paralleling item desirability, with all three rater types exhibiting a tendency to reject socially undesirable descriptors while also endorsing desirable indicators. These tendencies were, in fact, more prominent for informants than they were for self-raters. In their entirety, our results provide a note of caution regarding the strategy of using non-self informants as a comforting comparative benchmark within psychological measurement applications.

scholarly journals Majority and popularity effects on norm formation in adolescence

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana da Silva Pinho ◽  
Lucas Molleman ◽  
Barbara R. Braams ◽  
Wouter van den Bos
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Prosocial Behaviour ◽  
Peer Norms ◽  
Marked Influence ◽  
Personal Norms ◽  
Normative Evaluation ◽  
Adolescent Risk ◽  
Prosocial Behaviours

AbstractPersonal norms consist of individuals’ attitudes about the appropriateness of behaviour. These norms guide adolescents’ behaviour in countless domains that are fundamental for their social functioning and well-being. Peers are known to have a marked influence on adolescent risk-taking and prosocial behaviour, but little is known about how peers shape personal norms underlying those behaviours. Here we show that adolescents’ personal norms are decisively moulded by the norms of the majority and popular peers in their social network. Our experiment indicates that observing peer norms substantially impacts adolescents’ normative evaluation of risk-taking and prosocial behaviours. The majority norm had a stronger impact than the norm of a single popular peer, and norm adjustments were largest when adolescents observed strong disapproval of risk-taking or strong approval of prosocial behaviour. Our study suggests that learning about peer norms likely promotes adolescents to hold views and values supporting socially desirable behaviour.

scholarly journals Men increase time spent on a charitable task when in the presence of women and other men: Evidence of competitive altruism in online mating scenarios

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon Farmer ◽  
Daniel Farrelly
Keyword(s):  
Mate Choice ◽  
Real World ◽  
Prosocial Behaviour ◽  
Financial Costs ◽  
Competitive Altruism ◽  
Prosocial Behaviours

AbstractPrevious research shows that competition can increase altruistic behaviour, however, the majority of such research focuses on financial costs and so our understanding is currently limited. Subsequently, the present study explored how competitive altruism can affect prosocial behaviour where time spent is the currency, using a real world charity. A sample of 67 men and 71 women completed the online altruistic task. As hypothesised, significant differences in giving behaviour due to competition were present in men but not women, suggesting that men use time spent here as a signal in mate choice scenarios. These findings therefore expand upon previous research on financial altruism, using artificial and/or hypothetical scenarios, by demonstrating that competitive altruism can be applied to real-world scenarios, where prosocial behaviours are of benefit. It also builds on previous research showing that men can compete with other men to display their altruistic nature to potential mates.

scholarly journals Relación entre conducta prosocial, resolución de problemas y consumo de drogas en adolescentes

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Hernández-Serrano ◽  
José P. Espada ◽  
Alejandro Guillén-Riquelme
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Prosocial Behaviour ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Problem Solving Skills ◽  
Problem Solving Strategies ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Prosocial Behaviours ◽  
Age Range

<p>The objectives of the present study are the following ones: 1) to study the use of drugs, the prosocial behaviour and the problem-solving skills with respect to age and gender, and 2) to analyze the association of both the prosocial behaviour and the problem-solving skills with the use of drugs. An exploratory cross-sectional study was performed, amongst a sample of 567 students in Spanish Compulsory Secondary Education (48.14% males) with an age range from 14 to 17 years (<em>M </em>= 14.92; <em>SD </em>= 0.90). Statistically significant differences were found concerning alcohol use and the prosocial behaviour with respect to gender, as well as concerning alcohol and cannabis use with respect to age. Logistic regression analyses revealed statistical significance of the prosocial behaviour with respect to the use of alcohol and cannabis. The ability in problem-solving was the most important protective predictor with respect to the abuse of cannabis. The results from this study enhance the importance of tailored interventions based on the promotion of prosocial behaviours and/or problem-solving strategies as fundamental protective factors for substance use amongst adolescents.</p>

scholarly journals SCHOOL INDICATORS OF ENCOURAGING HUMANISTIC EDUCATION OF ADOLESCENTS

TEME ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 587
Author(s):  
Bisera Jevtić ◽  
Marija Jovanović
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Secondary School Teachers ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Prosocial Behaviour ◽  
School Teachers ◽  
Humanistic Education ◽  
Positive Effect

Encouragement of humanistic education through the lens of prosocial behavior of adolescents is a complex and extensive issue of the modern world. Prosocial behaviour can indirectly affect the achievement of pupils at school through its connection with some academically relevant forms of behaviour which lead to success at school and work. Also, this connection can be explained by the teacher’s preferences of prosocial pupils, which is reflected in the teacher’s expectations and behaviour towards pupils, as well as the evaluation of their work. Besides, prosocial behaviour can also directly affect pupils since the prosocial interaction of peers can have a positive effect on the intellectual exchanges between pupils, which contributes to a more successful learning process. Taking into consideration the significance and role of the school and teachers, as representatives of the educational process, in encouraging prosocial behaviour in the young at secondary schools, we face a problem: Do secondary school teachers encourage prosocial humanistic behaviour of the young, by what actions and activities are they guided in the process and how does that reflect on the behaviour of pupils? This study tried to give some answers related to this problem in the field of education.

Prosocial Behaviour as a Condition for Effective Intercultural Cooperation

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-6
Author(s):  
N. V. Molchanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Program Development ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Psychological Services ◽  
Behavioral Strategy ◽  
Prosocial Behaviour ◽  
Helper Factor ◽  
Situational Meaning ◽  
Different Cultures

The article presents theoretical analysis of psychological peculiarities of prosocial behavior and its influence on the cooperation between representatives of different cultures. It views modern approaches to the study of prosocial behavior and ideas concerning its content and functions. The author shows the perspectives of studying prosocial behavior and factors of its determination under conditions of intercultural cooperation (through the example of students). The article states that the mechanism of identification leads to conferment of meaningful orientations, characterizing the culture of this social group that is important for understanding of the peculiarities of intercultural cooperation. The process of situational meaning formation is important in terms of actualization by a person of a certain behavioral strategy (“the helper”). Factor interrelation of “external” generally accepted norms with “internal” characteristics of a person, determines the special nature of prosocial behavior’s expression. The applied aspect of the problem being investigated can be realized in consulting practice of psychological services as well as program development for optimization of intercultural tolerance.

Eliciting positive social change: marketing’s capacity to drive prosocial behaviours

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 826-843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aron O'Cass ◽  
Deborah Griffin
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Social Marketing ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Prosocial Behaviour ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Positive Feelings ◽  
Prosocial Behaviours ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose – While social marketing has been utilised to bring about positive social change, ultimately, the decision to engage in prosocial behaviour resides with the individual. The purpose of this paper is to explore the determinants and outcomes of prosocial behaviours. Design/methodology/approach – A web-based self-administered survey was used to collect data from a convenience sample of largely university staff and students. Data obtained were analysed using SEM-based partial least squares methodology. Findings – The results show that individuals who are future oriented and issue involved are more likely to engage in prosocial behaviour. Also, these individuals are more likely to assess fewer negative consequences and experience more positive feelings as a result of their prosocial behaviour. Research limitations/implications – While the study focuses on two social issues, it does provide some explanation of self-reported behaviour, rather than intention to behave. However, future research could pay attention to a wider array of social issues and undertake post hoc testing to measure the characteristics of the chosen social issues. This may enhance findings, and provide greater support for the generalisability of the model. Also, future research could be directed towards the examining the role of perceived risk and feelings as an outcome of behaviour. Practical implications – A better understanding of the prosocial individual can assist in designing more effective social marketing campaigns. In particular, focusing on positive feelings as a result of engaging in prosocial behaviour has practical implications. Originality/value – Little attention has been given in the marketing and consumer behaviour literature to understanding the prosocial individual. To this end, this research empirically tests a model of prosocial behaviour for two social issues that integrates determinants (social responsibility, time orientation and issue involvement) and outcomes (assessment of negative consequences and feelings). Moreover, the results highlight that positive feelings are a significant outcome of prosocial behaviour.

scholarly journals Fourteen-month-old infants use interpersonal synchrony as a cue to direct helpfulness

2014 ◽  
Vol 369 (1658) ◽  
pp. 20130400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura K. Cirelli ◽  
Stephanie J. Wan ◽  
Laurel J. Trainor
Keyword(s):  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Interpersonal Coordination ◽  
Prosocial Behaviour ◽  
Movement Experience ◽  
Music Production ◽  
Interpersonal Synchrony ◽  
The Social ◽  
Musical Engagement ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Prosocial Behaviours

Musical behaviours such as dancing, singing and music production, which require the ability to entrain to a rhythmic beat, encourage high levels of interpersonal coordination. Such coordination has been associated with increased group cohesion and social bonding between group members. Previously, we demonstrated that this association influences even the social behaviour of 14-month-old infants. Infants were significantly more likely to display helpfulness towards an adult experimenter following synchronous bouncing compared with asynchronous bouncing to music. The present experiment was designed to determine whether interpersonal synchrony acts as a cue for 14-month-olds to direct their prosocial behaviours to specific individuals with whom they have experienced synchronous movement, or whether it acts as a social prime, increasing prosocial behaviour in general. Consistent with the previous results, infants were significantly more likely to help an experimenter following synchronous versus asynchronous movement with this person. Furthermore, this manipulation did not affect infant's behaviour towards a neutral stranger, who was not involved in any movement experience. This indicates that synchronous bouncing acts as a social cue for directing prosociality. These results have implications for how musical engagement and rhythmic synchrony affect social behaviour very early in development.

scholarly journals FOSTERING PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOURS OF EARLY CHILDHOOD THROUGH GROUP GUIDANCE WITH A CLIENT CENTERED THERAPY APPROACH

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-182
Author(s):  
Azmatul Khairiah Sari ◽  
Neviyarni Neviyarni ◽  
Yeni Karneli ◽  
Netrawati Netrawati
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Prosocial Behaviour ◽  
Community Group ◽  
Therapy Approach ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Client Centered Therapy ◽  
Prosocial Behaviours ◽  
Answering Questions ◽  
Group Guidance

This study aims to see how group guidance with a client-centred therapy approach in early childhood improves prosocial behaviour. This study uses library research method. Data analysis in this study used a narrative synthesis analysis. The results of this study indicate that prosocial behaviour is behaviour that is displayed when interacting with other people where children spontaneously help others. Prosocial behaviour is displayed by early childhood to the friends, parents, teachers and the surrounding community. Group guidance with a client-centred therapy approach provides counselling techniques to make early childhood become individuals who can understand their potential and actualize their social relationships. In the implementation of group guidance, early childhood will interact and communicate with each other; the counsellor can ask them to practice these prosocial behaviours. Either by answering questions if (...) then (...) or by telling how he should act when faced with a situation that requires displaying this prosocial behaviour.

scholarly journals Mesotocin influences pinyon jay prosociality

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 20180105 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Duque ◽  
W. Leichner ◽  
H. Ahmann ◽  
J. R. Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Functional Role ◽  
Choice Task ◽  
Prosocial Behaviour ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Hormonal Mechanism ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Empty Cage ◽  
Pinyon Jay ◽  
Prosocial Behaviours

Many species exhibit prosocial behaviour, in which one individual's actions benefit another individual, often without an immediate benefit to itself. The neuropeptide oxytocin is an important hormonal mechanism influencing prosociality in mammals, but it is unclear whether the avian homologue mesotocin plays a similar functional role in birds. Here, we experimentally tested prosociality in pinyon jays ( Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus ), a highly social corvid species that spontaneously shares food with others. First, we measured prosocial preferences in a prosocial choice task with two different pay-off distributions: Prosocial trials delivered food to both the subject and either an empty cage or a partner bird, whereas Altruism trials delivered food only to an empty cage or a partner bird (none to subject). In a second experiment, we examined whether administering mesotocin influenced prosocial preferences. Compared to choices in a control condition, we show that subjects voluntarily delivered food rewards to partners, but only when also receiving food for themselves (Prosocial trials), and administration of high levels of mesotocin increased these behaviours. Thus, in birds, mesotocin seems to play a similar functional role in facilitating prosocial behaviours as oxytocin does in mammals, suggesting an evolutionarily conserved hormonal mechanism for prosociality.

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