scholarly journals ВЪПРОСИ НА БЪЛГАРСКАТА ДИАЛЕКТНА ГЛАГОЛНА МОРФОЛОГИЯ В ИЗСЛЕДВАНИЯТА НА ТРИМА ЕВРОПЕЙСКИ СЛАВИСТИ ОТ ПЪРВАТА ПОЛОВИНА НА XIX ВЕК – ВУК КАРАДЖИЧ, ВИКТОР ГРИГОРОВИЧ, СТЕФАН ВЕРКОВИЧ / ISSUES IN THE VERB MORPHOLOGY OF BULGARIAN DIALECTS IN THE RESEARCH OF THREE EUROPEAN SLAVICISTS FROM THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY – VUК KARADŽIĆ, VICTOR GRIGOROVICH, STEFAN VERKOVIĆ

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (68.04) ◽  
pp. 89-100
Author(s):  
MARIA MITSKOVA
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Scientific Interest ◽  
Great Contribution ◽  
Verb Morphology ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Present Tense ◽  
The 19Th Century

As representatives of the first generation of European scholars to observe and describe the Bulgarian vernacular from the 19th century, Vuk Karadžić, Victor Grigorovich and Stefan Verković made a great contribution to the study of the verb morphology of Bulgarian dialects of that time. Their pioneering research mark the emergence of scientific interest to some of the most distinctive features and peculiarities of Bulgarian verbs such as: the loss of the Old Slavonic infinitive, the existence of aorist and past imperfect tense with a variety of dialect forms, the dialectal differences in the present tense conjugations and the large number of phonetic variants of the particle ще used in futuretense formation. Keywords: Bulgarian dialects, morphology of Bulgarian dialects, Bulgarian verbs

THE IDEA OF «COMMUNITY» IN THE GOVERNMENT CONCEPTS OF GALICIA OF THE XIX – BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY

2019 ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Liubomyr Ilyn
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Legal Studies ◽  
Legal Principle ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right ◽  
The 19Th Century

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to analyze and systematize the views of social and political thinkers of Galicia in the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. on the right and manner of organizing a nation-state as a cathedral. Method. The methodology includes a set of general scientific, special legal, special historical and philosophical methods of scientific knowledge, as well as the principles of objectivity, historicism, systematic and comprehensive. The problem-chronological approach made it possible to identify the main stages of the evolution of the content of the idea of catholicity in Galicia's legal thought of the 19th century. Results. It is established that the idea of catholicity, which was borrowed from church terminology, during the nineteenth century. acquired clear legal and philosophical features that turned it into an effective principle of achieving state unity and integrity. For the Ukrainian statesmen of the 19th century. the idea of catholicity became fundamental in view of the separation of Ukrainians between the Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires. The idea of unity of Ukrainians of Galicia and the Dnieper region, formulated for the first time by the members of the Russian Trinity, underwent a long evolution and received theoretical reflection in the work of Bachynsky's «Ukraine irredenta». It is established that catholicity should be understood as a legal principle, according to which decisions are made in dialogue, by consensus, and thus able to satisfy the absolute majority of citizens of the state. For Galician Ukrainians, the principle of unity in the nineteenth century. implemented through the prism of «state» and «international» approaches. Scientific novelty. The main stages of formation and development of the idea of catholicity in the views of social and political figures of Halychyna of the XIX – beginning of the XX centuries are highlighted in the work. and highlighting the distinctive features of «national statehood» that they promoted and understood as possible in the process of unification of Ukrainian lands into one state. Practical significance. The results of the study can be used in further historical and legal studies, preparation of special courses.

Topical aspects of the formation and development of surgery

2021 ◽  
pp. 65-73
Author(s):  
Lyudmila Ilyinichna Kaspruk
Keyword(s):  
History Of Medicine ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Predictive Analysis ◽  
Modern History ◽  
Great Contribution ◽  
Scientific Analysis ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

The conducted research of the formation and development of surgery until the 19th century revealed that the accumulated experience in the development of surgery in the studies of Russian and foreign authors is relevant in the historical, methodological and organizational aspects. In the modern history of medicine and surgery, a significant segment is occupied by scientific analysis, which makes it possible to recognize the inner essence and connection of processes and phenomena in the formation and development of surgery, to understand the driving and controlling mechanisms. The identification of patterns and trends in the development of surgery, as well as the establishment of grounds for predictive analysis, must be implemented in further research in the history of medicine and surgery. Many medical workers who made a great contribution to the formation of Soviet surgery began their career in medicine directly as zemsky doctors. Zemsky surgery had a significant impact on the development of domestic medicine.

Kisikongo (Bantu, H16a) present-future isomorphism

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-288
Author(s):  
Sebastian Dom ◽  
Gilles-Maurice de Schryver ◽  
Koen Bostoen
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Future Tense ◽  
Future Time ◽  
Semantic Extension ◽  
The North ◽  
Bantu Language ◽  
The Future ◽  
Identical Construction ◽  
Present Tense ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract The North-Angolan Bantu language Kisikongo has a present tense (Ø-R-ang-a; R = root) that is morphologically more marked than the future tense (Ø-R-a). We reconstruct how this typologically uncommon tense-marking feature came about by drawing on both historical and comparative evidence. Our diachronic corpus covers four centuries that can be subdivided in three periods, viz. (1) mid-17th, (2) late-19th/early-20th, and (3) late-20th/​early-21st centuries. The comparative data stem from several present-day languages of the “Kikongo Language Cluster.” We show that mid-17th century Kisikongo had three distinct constructions: Ø-R-a (with present progressive, habitual and generic meaning), Ø-R-ang-a (with present habitual meaning), and ku-R-a (with future meaning). By the end of the 19th century the last construction is no longer attested, and both present and future time reference are expressed by a segmentally identical construction, namely Ø-R-a. We argue that two seemingly independent but possibly interacting diachronic evolutions conspired towards such present-future isomorphism: (1) the semantic extension of an original present-tense construction from present to future leading to polysemy, and (2) the loss of the future prefix ku-, as part of a broader phenomenon of prefix reduction, inducing homonymy. To resolve the ambiguity, the Ø-R-ang-a construction evolved into the main present-tense construction.

scholarly journals Development of a Divergent Route to Erythrina Alkaloids

Synlett ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (04) ◽  
pp. 327-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesper L. Kristensen ◽  
Sebastian Clementson ◽  
Mikkel Jessing ◽  
Paulo J. Vital
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Total Synthesis ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Enantioselective Synthesis ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Synthetic Strategy ◽  
Erythrina Alkaloids ◽  
The 19Th Century

Erythrina alkaloids were identified at the end of the 19th century and today, more than 100 members of the erythrinane family have been isolated. They are characterized by a unique tetracyclic, α-tertiary spiroamine scaffold. Herein we detail our efforts towards the development of a divergent enantioselective synthesis of (+)-dihydro-β-erythroidine (DHβE) – one of the most prominent members of this intriguing family of natural products.1 Introduction2 Synthetic Strategy2.1 First Generation2.2 Second Generation2.3 Third Generation2.3.1 Radical Endgame2.3.2 Completion of the Total Synthesis3 Conclusion

President, patron, friend and lover: Charles Montagu's significance to the history of science

2005 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-170
Author(s):  
Rebekah Higgitt
Keyword(s):  
History Of Science ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Political Career ◽  
Isaac Newton ◽  
The Arts ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

Summary This article examines the legacy of Charles Montagu, Lord Halifax, within the history of science. Although he was President of The Royal Society from 1695 to 1698, Montagu is best known for his political career and as a patron of the arts. As this article shows, Montagu's own scientific interests were limited and his chief significance to the history of science lies in his friendship with a later President, Isaac Newton. It is argued, firstly, that their relationship had important, though indirect, consequences for The Royal Society and, secondly, that its treatment by historians of science has been revealing of changing views of the status of science and its practitioners. Particular attention is given to the approaches of the first generation of Newtonian scholars and biographers in the 19th century.

scholarly journals Diagnosis of Mercurial Teeth in a Possible Case of Congenital Syphilis and Tuberculosis in a 19th Century Child Skeleton

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stella Ioannou ◽  
Maciej Henneberg ◽  
Renata J. Henneberg ◽  
Timothy Anson
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Congenital Syphilis ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Anglican Church ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Skull Vault ◽  
Occlusal Surfaces ◽  
Vertebral Bodies ◽  
The 19Th Century

Without the presence of “caries sicca,” “sabre shins,” and nodes/expansion of the long bones with superficial cavitation, differential diagnosis of venereal syphilis and tuberculosis (TB) may be difficult as various infections produce similar responses. However, congenital syphilis has distinctive features facilitating a diagnosis. A case study of remains of a juvenile European settler (probably male, 8–10 years old) (B70) buried in the 19th century and excavated in 2000 from the cemetery of the Anglican Church of St. Marys in South Australia is presented. B70 demonstrated that the two diseases might have been present in the same individual, congenital syphilis and TB. Widespread destruction of vertebral bodies and kyphosis-related rib deformations indicate advanced TB. Severe dental hypoplasia is limited to permanent incisors and first molars; there is pitting on the palate, periosteal reaction on the skull vault, and thinned clavicles. Dental signs are not limited to “screwdriver” central incisors and mulberry molars. Apical portions of the crowns of permanent upper, lower, central, and lateral incisors have multiple hypoplastic-disorganized defects; deciduous canines have severely hypoplastic crowns while possibly hypoplastic occlusal surfaces of lower deciduous second molars are largely destroyed by extensive caries. These dental abnormalities resemble teeth affected by mercurial treatment in congenital syphilitic patients as described by Hutchinson.

scholarly journals Leonard Horner: A Portrait of an Inspector of Factories

1969 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 412-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernice Martin
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Social Reform ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Short Biography ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
Major Figure ◽  
The 19Th Century

Leonard Horner was the most impressive and influential of the first English factory inspectors. For 26 years from 1833 to 1859 he administered the Factory Act mainly in the textile district of Lancashire. His work and that of his colleagues in the Factory Department made a success of this major experiment in legislative intervention in industry and despite the gloomy predictions of their early opponents they did not ruin the British economy in the process. The first generation of Inspectors laid the foundation for successive extensions of the Factory Act so that by the end of the 19th century working conditions and hours of labour for women and children were under legal regulation in all the major branches of manufacturing industry. Horner was acknowledged by his contemporaries to be the major figure among the early Inspectors; he even had the singular honour of being praised by Marx inCapital. This short biography will concentrate on Horner's work as Inspector of Factories since this is undoubtedly his major achievement. However it will also be concerned with other aspects of his life and interests, both because these have some importance in their own right and also in order to examine the extent to which Horner's life and thought form a coherent whole. Finally, an assessment will be made of Horner's place in social reform and in the development of English economic and social policy in the 19th century.

scholarly journals Menjaga Sastra Sunda, Menempuh Jalan Spiritualitas Berbeda: Kontribusi Ajip Rosidi terhadap Warisan Karya-karya Haji Hasan Mustapa

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-374
Author(s):  
Jajang A Rohmana
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Great Contribution ◽  
Regional Literature ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Way

Sundanese people lost one of the main guardians of their culture, Ajip Rosidi (1938-2020). He is a writer who has a great contribution in the treasure of Indonesian and regional literature. One of his important contributions is preserving the legacy of the works of Haji Hasan Mustapa (1852-1930), the greatest Sundanese poet who lived during the colonial period. This study focuses on Ajip’s contribution to Hasan Mustapa’s works. The source is Ajip’s publications relating to Hasan Mustapa over a period of more than 50 years (1960-2017). Through a intertextual approach, this study shows that Ajip’s contribution to the disclosure of Hasan Mustapa’s identity and the legacy of his works from the 19th century can be seen from a number of efforts he did: trace and collect the legacy of Hasan Mustapa’s works; transcribe and translate, publish, and provides an overview of aspects of Sundanese literature. Ajip tries to strengthen Hasan Mustapa’s position in Sundanese literature, although finally both of them take on differently spirituality way. Hasan Mustapa takes on the way of philosophical mysticism, while Ajip chooses to practise his religion which influenced with modernist Islamic teaching.

scholarly journals El Banco de Santander, 1857-1934: las particularidades de un banco local

2020 ◽  
pp. 7-18
Author(s):  
Andrés Hoyo Aparicio
Keyword(s):  
Risk Aversion ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Financial Policy ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Family Ties ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Siglo Xix ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Siglo Xx ◽  
Over Time

Este artículo tiene por objetivo identificar las razones que pueden explicar cómo un modesto banco local, fundado por un grupo de comerciantes que desempeñaban su actividad en el puerto de Santander en los años centrales del siglo XIX, pudo mantenerse en el tiempo hasta, avanzado ya el siglo XX, lograr estar en condiciones de entrar a formar parte en el selecto club de los “siete grandes” de la banca española. Se concluye que fueron los fuertes vínculos familiares y de amistad instrumental entre sus gestores, junto con el diseño de una política financiera con marcada aversión al riesgo, y el talante proteccionista, los que conforman los tres principales rasgos a tener en consideración para explicar el porqué de su longevidad y prolongado acomodo al ámbito de lo local a lo largo del periodo considerado. Estos rasgos caracterizadores empezaron a perfilarse ya en sus orígenes como banco emisor. This paper aims to identify the reasons can help us to explain how a modest local bank, founded by a group of merchants that carried out their activity in the port of Santander in the central years of the 19th century, was able to sustain over time until joining the select club of the “big seven” of Spanish banking. It is concluded that three distinctive features should take into account in order to explain its longevity and prolonged accommodation to the local sphere throughout this long period: the strong family ties and instrumental friendship between its managers, the design of a financial policy with marked risk aversion and a protectionist attitude, against all competition. These distinctive features began to emerge in its very origins as an issuing bank.

scholarly journals KAZAN SCIENTIST MOHAMMED ABDUL KARIM AND TURKISH PHILOSOPHER HILMI ZIYA ULKEN

Al-Farabi ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-172
Author(s):  
Aytek Mammadova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Great Contribution ◽  
Valuable Source ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article examines the creativity and activities of the Kazan scientist Damulla Mohammed Abdulkarim Hazrat and his great-grandson Hilmi Ziya Ulken. Damulla Muhamamad Abdulkarim Hazrat was known in Kazan in the 19th century as a religious figure and cleric (mudarris). Here are the differences in views between Muhammad Abdulkarim and the famous contemporary Muslim theologian and orientalist Shigabutdin Mardjani in terms of their religious views. In the article, from the point of view of a systematic approach and a historical method, the reasons for the disagreements created under the influence of time and events were considered, in connection with which Sh. Marjani spoke from the position of a reformist scientist in relation to the ideas of the conservative scientist Muhammad Abdulkarim. The article notes that Kazan scientists had relations with the Ottoman state in the 19th century, and the resettlement of Muhammad Abdulkarim to Istanbul with his family took place in 1863. Here, after his move to Istanbul, the Ottoman state paid him and seven members of his family a salary, which was noted in the documents of those times. In this document, Muhammad Abdulkarim was presented as a scientist of scholars and a creator of good deeds. The article says that the granddaughter of Damulla Muhammad Abdulkarim Hazrat - Musfika khanum (1881-1978) was the mother of Hilmi Ziya Ulken. Hilmi Zia Ulken (1901-1974) made a great contribution to the development of science and philosophy in Turkey with his works. The study examines the rich creative heritage of Hilmi Zia Ulken, presents the researches of the scientist on the history of Eastern philosophy, in particular, religion. The article says that the thinker presented the Koran as a valuable source, which is both sacred and vital for the ideology of all Muslims, especially the Turkic peoples living in the countries of the Near and Middle East. Hilmi Zia Ulken regarded the emergence of human religions as a revolutionary event, showing that these religions teach humanity to spiritual uplift and improvement. The study says that religious and philosophical issues also play an important role in the work of Hilmi Ziya Ulken, who, like his great-grandfather, Kazan cleric Damulla Muhammad Abdulkarim Hazret, became famous for his works in various fields of science.

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