The grammaticalization of Dutch klinken

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 190-212
Author(s):  
Marjolein Poortvliet
Keyword(s):  
17Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Intransitive Verb ◽  
Middle Dutch ◽  
Subjective Interpretation ◽  
Perception Verbs ◽  
History Of ◽  
Verb Meaning ◽  
Diachronic Development

Abstract This article demonstrates the diachronic development of present-day Dutch klinken as an evidential copular verb meaning ‘to seem, based on (auditory) evidence’ from the Middle Dutch intransitive verb klinken meaning ‘to give off a clear sound’. I identify four semantic stages in the history of klinken, which are divided by processes of semantic bleaching (14th–16th century, 16th–17th century) and subjectification and copularization (during the 16th century). I claim that the process of copularization is the trigger of both the evidential meaning and the subjective interpretation that copular constructions with klinken receive. Furthermore, I show that, unlike the development of eruitzien ‘look’ and voelen ‘feel’ from cognitive perception verbs, klinken has developed much like the Dutch copular verbs schijnen ‘seem’ and blijken ‘turn out’: from an intransitive verb with a sensory-related meaning.

The first Russian dictionaries

2021 ◽  
pp. 36-43
Author(s):  
Н.Е. Касьяненко
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Alphabetical Order ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

Статья посвящена истории развития словарного дела на Руси и появлению первых словарей. Затрагиваются первые, несловарные формы описания лексики в письменных памятниках XI–XVII вв. (глоссы), из которых черпался материал для собственно словарей. Анализируются основные лексикографические жанры этого времени и сложение на их основе азбуковников. В статье уделено внимание таким конкретным лексикографическим произведениям, как ономастикону «Рѣчь жидовскаго «зыка» (XVIII в.), словарям-символикам «Толк о неразумнех словесех» (XV в.) и «Се же приточне речеся», произвольнику, объясняющему славянские слова, «Тлъкование нεоудобь познаваεмомъ въ писаныхъ рѣчемь» (XIV в.), разговорнику «Рѣчь тонкословія греческаго» (ХV в.). Характеризуется словарь Максима Грека «Толкованіе именамъ по алфавиту» (XVI в.). Предметом более подробного освещения стал «Лексис…» Л. Зизания – первый печатный словарь на Руси. На примерах дается анализ его реестровой и переводной частей. Рассматривается известнейший труд П. Берынды «Лексикон славеноросский и имен толкование», а также рукописный «Лексикон латинский…» Е. Славинецкого, являющий собой образец переводного словаря XVII в. The article is dedicated to the history of the development of vocabulary in Russia and the emergence of the first dictionaries. The first, non-verbar forms of description of vocabulary in written monuments of the 11th and 17th centuries (glosses), from which material for the dictionaries themselves were drawn, are affected. The main lexicographical genres of this time are analyzed and the addition of alphabets on their basis. The article focuses on specific lexicographical works such as the «Zhidovskago» (18th century) the dictionaries-symbols of «The Talk of Unreasonable Words» (the 15th century). and «The Same Speech», an arbitrary explanation of slavic words, «The tlution of the cognition in the written», (the 14th century), the phrasebook «Ry subtle Greek» (the 15th century). Maxim Greck's dictionary «Tolkien names in alphabetical order» (16th century) is characterized. The subject of more detailed coverage was «Lexis...» L. Sizania is the first printed dictionary in Russia. Examples give analysis of its registry and translation parts. The famous work of P. Berynda «Lexicon of Slavic and Names of Interpretation» and the handwritten «Lexicon Latin...» are considered. E. Slavinecki, which is a model of the 17th century translated dictionary.

Editorische Verflechtungen

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 507-519
Author(s):  
Saskia Metan
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
European Continent ◽  
History Of

Summary Among the various descriptions of „Sarmatia“ which have been printed in the 16th century, the works of Maciej z Miechowa, Marcin Kromer and Alessandro Guagnini possessed the largest distribution: Published between 1517 and 1578, their works – containing information about the geography, history and population of the eastern part of the European continent – were reprinted and translated several times at several places until the middle of the 17th century. With a focus on paratexts and metatextual comments, the present article considers the entangled history of their editions in the 16th and 17th century and deduces receptions of these texts.

Zur Autonomie indirekter Redewiedergabe – Eine diachrone Perspektive

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-101
Author(s):  
Ulrike Demske
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Reported Speech ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
History Of ◽  
Verbal Mood

Abstract Regarding verbal mood and complementation patterns of reporting verbs, the distinction between direct and indirect reported speech is well established in present-day German. This paper looks into the history of German: Common knowledge has it that both the use of verbal mood as well as the quality of clause linkage undergo considerable changes giving rise to the question how these changes affect the manifestations of indirect reported speech in earlier stages of German. The historical record of the 16th century (with an outlook on the 17th century) shows that the distinction between direct and indirect reported speech is not yet grammaticalized in historical sources at the time. In particular with respect to dependent (in)direct reported speech, both types prefer V2-complements with only verbal mood differentiating between the types. Although present and past subjunctive have a much wider distribution in earlier stages of German, the occurrence of free indirect speech likewise testifies to its increasing use as a marker of indirect reported speech. The growing conventionalization of patterns of indirect reported speech in the course of Early Modern German may be considered as an example for an increase of subjectification in its development.

scholarly journals Two 17th century Jesuit plays in Ljubljana inspired by English literature

2004 ◽  
Vol 37 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 61-71
Author(s):  
Nada Grošelj
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
English Literature ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Great Emphasis ◽  
King Lear ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Ecclesiastical History ◽  
History Of

Jesuit teachers, whose members came to Ljubljana in the late 16th century, placed great emphasis on the production and staging of the school drama. Despite the domination of religious themes, the range of its subject matter was wide and varied. The article discusses two plays which derived their subject matter from English literature, namely from Bede's Ecclesiastical History  of the English People and Holinshed's Historie of Britain.The texts themselves are lost, but in the case of the Holinshed-inspired  work (a version of the King Lear story), a detailed synopsis has been preserved. The article examines the synopsis and the extant manuscript reports about the plays, the original English sources, and the treatment of the two works in contemporary scholarly treatises.

scholarly journals Słowniki w Wielkim Księstwie Litewskim – przyczynek do historii (zachodnio)ruskiej leksykografii i leksyki

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 109-125
Author(s):  
Lilia Citko
Keyword(s):  
17Th Century ◽  
Focus Of Attention ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Loan Words ◽  
History Of ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Grand Duchy

Dictionaries in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania – a Contribution to the History of (Western)Ruthenian Lexicography and Word-Inventory In the article an attempt to describe the oldest Western Ruthenian dictionary has been made. The analysis is based on the following texts: 1) Leksis s tolkovanīem slovenskikh mov prosto  of the first part of the 16th century, 2) Leksis siriech rechenïia v"krat"tsie s"bran(")ny. I īz slove(n)skago iazyka naprosty(ĭ) ruskīĭ diale(k)t istol(")kovany L,Z  by L. Zizaniy (Vilno 1596), 3) Leksīkon slavenorosskīĭ ī imen tl"kovanīe  by P. Berynda (Kiev 1627), 4) Sinonima slavenorosskaia (the end of the 17th century). The focus of attention is directed to lexicographic specificity of the antique texts, the elements of their macro- and microstructures, sources and techniques of material documentation, which made it possible to observe the evolution of lexicographers` methodological procedure in the range of the structure of an entry, e.g.: efforts to introduce grammatical information, qualifiers (mostly etymological and stylistic), and material exemplification.Dictionaries, which were essentially used to learn the language of liturgical celebration, contained religious vocabulary. It should be noted, however, that their authors introduced Ruthenian words of various thematic groups and stylistic registers to the translated parts of lexicons. In Berynda`s dictionary Polish loan words appeared as entries. Słowniki w Wielkim Księstwie Litewskim – przyczynek do historii (zachodnio)ruskiej leksykografii i leksykiW artykule podjęto próbę charakterystyki najstarszych słowników zachodnioru­skich na podstawie kilku źródeł: 1) Leksis s tolkovanīem slovenskikh mov prosto z pierwszej połowy XVI w.; 2) Leksis siriech rechenïia v"krat"tsie s"bran(")ny. I īz slove(n)skago iazyka naprosty(ĭ) ruskīĭ diale(k)t istol(")kovany L,Z  W. Zizaniego (Wilno 1596); 3) Leksīkon slavenorosskīĭ ī imen tl"kovanīe  P. Beryndy (Kijów 1627); 4) Sinonima slavenorosskaia  (koniec XVII w.). Głównie uwagę skupiono na specyfice leksykograficznej zabytków, elementach ich makro-i mikrostruktury, źródłach oraz sposobach dokumentacji materiału. Pozwoliło to zaobserwować pewną ewolucję warsztatu metodologicznego leksykografów w zakresie budowy artykułu hasłowego, jak np. próby wprowadzania informacji gramatycznej, kwalifikatorów (głównie etymologicznych, stylistycznych) oraz egzemplifikacji materiałowej.Słowniki, przeznaczone zasadniczo do nauki języka liturgicznego i lektury ksiąg cerkiewnych, gromadziły przede wszystkim leksykę religijną. Należy jednak zauważyć, że do przekładowej części leksykonów ich autorzy wprowadzali słownictwo ruskie należące do różnych grup tematycznych i rejestrów stylistycznych. W charakterze wyrazów hasłowych słownika Beryndy mogły występować również pożyczki polskie.

scholarly journals ИСТОРИЈА ЈЕДНЕ КАРТОГРАФСКЕ ЗАБЛУДЕ – ЕРШОМЉО (ВРШАЦ) НА СТАРИМ ГЕОГРАФСКИМ КАРТАМА HISTORY OF A CARTOGRAPHIC MISCONCEPTION – ÉRSOMLYÓ (VRŠAC) IN OLD GEOGRAPHIC MAPS

2020 ◽  
pp. 157-188
Author(s):  
Александар Крстић
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Old Maps ◽  
History Of ◽  
Lack Of Knowledge

У раду се анализирају старе географске карте, настале од осмадесетих година XV до половине XVIII века, на којима су приказани тврђава или насеље Ершомљо. Иако је овај јужнобанатски град после пада под османску власт (1552) током друге половине XVI столећа трајно променио име у Вршац, Ершомљо је и даље упорно приказиван у бројним картографским публикацијама насталим у западној Европи у наведеном периоду. Услед погрешног преузимања података са старих карата и непознавања савремене географије европске Турске, па тако ни Баната, Ершомљо је на анализираним картама најчешће лоциран знатно источније, некада и на саму границу Баната према Трансилванији и Влашкој. Од друге половине XVII века, а посебно у време Великог бечког рата, на европским географским картама почиње да се појављује и Вршац. Међутим, на неким картама из овог периода механички су преношени подаци са старијих карата, па је паралелно с Вршцем уцртаван и Ершомљо. The paper analyses old geographic maps, created from the 1480s until the mid-18th century, which show the fortress or settlement of Érsomlyó. Although this south Banat town, after its fall under Ottoman rule (1552) permanently changed its name into Vršac in the second half of the 16th century, Érsomlyó was still persistently shown in numerous cartographic publications created in Western Europe in this period. Due to erroneous copying of data from old maps and the lack of knowledge about the contemporary geography of European Turkey, including Banat, in the analysed maps Érsomlyó is most often located much more eastward, sometimes on the very border of Banat towards Transylvania and Wallachia. From the second half of the 17th century, particularly at the time of the Great Turkish War, Vršac also began to appear in European geographic maps. However, data from older maps were mechanically transferred to some maps from this period, and Érsomlyó was inscribed in parallel with Vršac.

Nebrija y las gramáticas del español en el siglo de oro

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
José Luis Girón Alconchel
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Critical Reception ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Siglo De Oro ◽  
Medieval Latin ◽  
History Of ◽  
Spanish Linguistics

Summary This article is intended as a contribution to the history of Spanish grammar of the 16th and 17th centures. It has two parts. In the first the author places grammar studies within the framework of Spanish linguistics of the Renaissance; in the second, he delineates their evolution with reference to Latin grammar and the teaching Spanish as a foreign language. It is well known that nationalism and the intention to establish the literary foundations of the language are the most important agents of grammatical studies during the Renaissance; yet, attention must also be paid to the rupture of medieval Latin-Romance bilingualism, to the new intellectual paradigm in which rhetorics substitutes for syllogism, and to the influence of Erasmus. The grammar of the troubadours and Latin grammar – medieval and humanist – evoke an interest in developing grammars of Romance languages; it made the appearance of Nebrija possible. In his grammar of Spanish we may stress its capacity to be a grammar for foreigners and the value of this document for the history of Spanish. Spanish grammar writing of the 16th century is dominated by Nebrija; is strong presence is evident with the critical reception Villalon and Valdes give to his work. In the 17th century the work of Sanctius initiates a rationalism which favours pedagogical methodology and linguistic nationalism. Jimenez Paton, Correas and Caramuel are the most important authors of that period. With an exemplary linguistic realism Correas applies Sanctius’ theory of the elipsis to Spanish, and he recognizes the singularity of Spanish grammar in contrast to that of Latin. The grammars written for foreigners in the 17th century are at the height of inductive methodology.

scholarly journals Great Perm Governance in the Late 16th – Early 17th Century: From Administrators to Voivodes

2020 ◽  
pp. 100-112
Author(s):  
Natalia Rybalko
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
District Court ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Petersburg Institute ◽  
Form Of Government ◽  
History Of ◽  
Time Of Troubles ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

Introduction. Great Perm (Perm Velikaya) in the late 16th – early 17th centuries included Cherdyn, Solikamsk and Kaigorod districts. It was an important strategic region. Taxes from this region entered the royal treasury almost regularly, while the central part of the state was devastated by military operations during the Time of Troubles. The region provided communication with Siberia, its annexation and development. Historiography is dominated by the opinion that the institution of voivodeship was introduced in Great Perm in the late 16th century. Methods and materials. The research is based on the documents of the archive of the Solikamsk district court, which currently constitute the collection of the fund No. 122 “Acts of Solikamsk” of the Archive of the St. Petersburg Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences for the period from 1605 to 1613. The documentary complex was previously reconstructed using the principle of mutual correspondence of documents. The prosopography method was applied to study the biographies of clerks. Analysis. The article analyzes the argumentation of researchers on the problem when the institute of voivodeship was introduced in Great Perm. The fundamental documents of the late 16th century have been revealed. It is proved that they do not contain information about the voivodeship form of government. The list of administrators and clerks of the late 16th century – early 17th century has been restored. The beginning and end of their service are indicated. Results. There was no voivodeship position in Great Perm until 1609. An administrator and a clerk were appointed to the clerk hut from Moscow. The change of administration took place on average every 2 years. The institute of voivodeship was introduced in Great Perm in 1610. The first voivode of Great Perm was Ivan Ivanovich Chemodanov. The administrators who replaced him also served as voivodes. The control system in Great Perm was strengthened by 1613.

scholarly journals PENELUSURAN JEJAK ISLAM DI BELITUNG

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Wahyu Rizky Andhifani ◽  
Nor Huda Ali
Keyword(s):  
Political Power ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
History Of

<p>One of the islands in Indonesia which has both tourist and mining interests is Belitung Island. Belitung Island is an island between Kalimantan Island and Bangka Island. The history of Belitung is said to have existed since the time of the Majapahit Kingdom, while in the Islamic Belitung era it had four kingdoms, namely: the Balok Kingdom (the oldest and largest), Belantu Kingdom, Badau Kingdom, and Buding Kingdom. This study aims to reveal the existence of Islam on Belitung Island, and this is because Belitung Island has many Islamic treasures, some of which have not been disclosed. This research uses explorative and expansive methods. Islam entered Belitung around the end of the 16th century. In the 17th century, Islam in Belitung became an institution of political power with the establishment of the four kingdoms. Sources about the arrival of Islam on the island of Belitung have a variety of stories that developed in the community, and each source is supported by the data on the tombstone findings in several places on the island of Belitung. Assumptions about who spread various versions start from Aceh, Minangkabau, Palembang, Islamic Mataram, Majapahit, Cirebon, Banten, Gresik, and Banjar.</p>

Pieturzīmes senajos latviešu tekstos

2021 ◽  
pp. 83-93
Author(s):  
Sintija Ķauķīte ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Trade Associations ◽  
Question Mark ◽  
Lord's Prayer ◽  
Exclamation Mark ◽  
History Of

Early written Latvian texts are important sources not only for linguistics but also for culture and social studies. Latvian texts (and indeed Latvian culture as a whole) show consistent German influence. These texts were produced in a cross-cultural context of Catholicism and Protestantism and display elements from local folklore. The history of the Latvian written language dates to the 16th century and is largely linked to the Reformation of the Church. The earliest texts from the 16th century are various versions of translations of the Lord’s Prayer, as well as separate short records in the books of Riga trade associations. Since the 17th century, the scope of genres of written sources widens: lexicographical, legal, and other secular texts have been published. There are two significant aspects of these early Latvian texts. The first is that most of the texts were translations from German, Latin, and Polish, and there were very few original texts. The second aspect is that most of the translators were not native speakers of Latvian. First punctuation marks in Latvian appeared in the 16th century in translations from the German language. In 16th-century texts, the following punctuation marks – point, question mark, slash, double hyphen, colon, and parentheses – were used. Semicolons and exclamation marks were used in 17th-century writings. The following punctuation marks have entered the 18th century: a dash, dots, round quotation marks, a comma, and an apostrophe, but they had been used on a different basis than today. While reading various texts of the 16th and the 17th century, the author also looked at the punctuation marks used at this time – a point, a question mark, a slash, a colon, a semicolon, brackets, a double hyphen, and an exclamation mark. In this study, the use of punctuation marks of 11 texts of Early Written Latvian is analyzed, and a comparison of Early Latvian Texts and the Luther Bible is given. The descriptive method and the comparative method are used. At the end of the paper, the main conclusions are given.

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