Hardballs and softballs

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven E. Clayman ◽  
Matthew P. Fox
Keyword(s):  
Language Practices ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
State Relations ◽  
Do So ◽  
News Interviews

Abstract The design of questions in news interviews and news conferences has proven to be an illuminating window into the tenor of press-state relations. Quantitative studies have charted aggregate variations in adversarial questioning, but less is known about variations in the intensity of adversarialness within any particular question. Such variation is captured by the vernacular distinction between “hardball” versus “softball” questions. Hardballs advance an oppositional viewpoint vigorously, while softballs do so at most mildly. In this paper we investigate recurrent language practices through which journalists modulate the oppositionality of a question, thereby either hindering or facilitating response. The objective is to better understand how adversarialness is enacted in direct encounters between politicians and journalists.

Quantitative studies on Heterakis gallinarum infections in the common fowl, Gallus gallus L.

1975 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 229-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul E. M. Fine
Keyword(s):  
Differential Mortality ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Heterakis Gallinarum ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
The Common ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Right ◽  
Do So

ABSTRACTThe fertility, mortality, and migration patterns of Heterakis gallinarum were studied in chickens with concomitant Parahistomonas wenrichi infections. H. gallinarum females were found to produce approximately 936 ova per day, when 50 days of age, and a total of 34,000 to 86,000 ova in a lifetime. There was no evidence of differential mortality between the sexes, nor of a preference for either the left or the right caecal organ of chickens. Both male and female worms are capable of migrating between caeca, and are especially prone to do so when in the absence of individuals of the opposite sex.

scholarly journals State Responsibility in the Cyber Age: The Course towards Indirect Evidence

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 35-46
Author(s):  
Lucie Kadlecová
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Cyber Security ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
State Responsibility ◽  
Evidence Level ◽  
State Relations ◽  
Do So

The problem of attributing responsibility for cyber-attacks is almost as old ascyberspace itself, yet it remains one of the most troublesome issues of that domain. It is oftenimpossible to uncover direct evidence that would reveal the identities of the attackers. Investigatorsmust therefore rely on other, more indirect avenues of proof. The aim of this exploratory study is todevelop a basic categorisation of indirect evidence that can be used to attribute state responsibilityfor cyber-attacks in international relations. To do so, the article works with international legalconcepts but transposes them into the analysis of international relations. The categorization ofindirect proof is based on the Russian-Georgian conflict of 2008, which provides one of the richestarrays of this kind of evidence. The analysis identifies four kinds of indirect evidence: level ofcoordination, level of preparedness, state relations with the national hacker community, and stateconception of cyber-security.

“Pink Cheese, Green Ghosts, Cool Arrows/Pinches Gringos Culeros”

2019 ◽  
pp. 144-176
Author(s):  
Jonathan Rosa
Keyword(s):  
Language Proficiency ◽  
Spanish Language ◽  
Language And Identity ◽  
Multiple Forms ◽  
Language Practices ◽  
School Based ◽  
Do So

This chapter analyzes the multiple forms of stigmatization mapped onto students’ English and Spanish language practices and demonstrates some of the complex ways that they attempted to fashion linguistic escape routes from these discriminatory perspectives. Students felt pressured to signal their Spanish language proficiency, but they sought to do so without calling into question their ability to speak “unaccented” English; they were faced with the task of speaking Spanish and English simultaneously without being perceived as possessing an accent. The chapter argues that students combined specific Spanish and English linguistic forms as part of the enregisterment of language and identity in ways that differ from what has been previously described as “Mock Spanish.” This analysis introduces the notion of “Inverted Spanglish” and suggests that it is a racialized index of US Latinx panethnicity and a parodic take on the school-based category of “Young Latino Professional.”

The Miracle of Airports

2021 ◽  
pp. 88-90
Author(s):  
Samuel Cohn
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Air Traffic ◽  
Commercial Agriculture ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Airport Capacity ◽  
Do So

This chapter assesses how airports increase economic growth and do so dramatically. The two main quantitative studies that have been done on the effects of airports on economic development were done in Brazil and in the United States. Both studies showed that there was dramatically higher growth in the states receiving airport expansions; the super-growth only occurred after the airport expansion was completed. Commercial agriculture and tourism seem to be particularly responsive to enlargements of airport capacity. However, it is possible to overdo airport construction. Spain went on an airport-building binge in the 2000s. Above and beyond the airports the country already had, forty-eight new airports were constructed, many of which were less than an hour from each other. Only eleven of the new airports were profitable and some saw no air traffic at all.

Constitutional pluralism or constitutional unity? An empirical study of international commitment (1945–2007)

2010 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
KAROLINA MILEWICZ ◽  
ANDRÉ BÄCHTIGER ◽  
ARNE NOTHDURFT
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
International Agreements ◽  
Event History ◽  
Counting Processes ◽  
Statistical Tools ◽  
Constitutional Order ◽  
Regime Types ◽  
State Relations ◽  
Constitutional Pluralism ◽  
Do So

AbstractThis article asks whether international law is moving towards a more unified constitutional order or whether differentiated types of constitutional processes are emerging. We study the sequencing and ratification pace of 32 ‘quasi-constitutional’ international agreements containing procedural guidelines for inter-state relations and fundamental human rights provisions for individuals drawn up between 1945 and 2007. We do so in a comparative and quantitative fashion applying sophisticated statistical tools, namely event history techniques combined with counting processes. On the basis of our multi-treaty framework, the findings do not lend support to a unified and quick process of global constitutionalisation. Rather, they provide evidence for the idea of a ‘multi-speed globe’ of differentiated constitutionalisation. We also make a first attempt to study antecedents to global constitutionalisation. Our findings show that processes of global constitutionalisation vary across regime types and world regions (while there is no effect for new and old states).

scholarly journals Canadian Identity and Canada’s Indian Residential School Apology

eTopia ◽  
2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Stabler
Keyword(s):  
Social Construction ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Residential Schools ◽  
Residential School ◽  
Canadian Society ◽  
Canadian Identity ◽  
The Social ◽  
Indigenous Children ◽  
State Relations ◽  
Do So

Canada’s more than century-long Indian Residential Schools system transferred Indigenous children from their homes and communities to state- and church-run schools with the goal offacilitating their assimilation into Canadian society. In 2008, Canada delivered an official apology for its role in the system and its legacy. This apology has the potential to heal Indigenous/Settler-state relations, but to do so it must transform existing relationships and further simple coexistence as a reconciliation mechanism. The social construction of Canadian identity as lawful and benevolent may present a barrier in achieving these goals and may ultimately hinder meaningful reconciliation with Indigenous peoples.

Devices of alignment

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hua Gao
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Text ◽  
Analytical Approach ◽  
Initial Position ◽  
Conversational Analysis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Tv News ◽  
And Function ◽  
Do So ◽  
News Interviews

Abstract This study draws on a conversational analysis (CA)-oriented micro-analytical approach and examines the form, placement and function of interviewer (IR) questions prefaced by turn-initial 所以 suoyi ‘so’ and 但(是) dan(shi) ‘but’ in Chinese TV news interviews. It is found that IRs often employ the resultative connective suoyi as the first item of their turn immediately after a question-answer (QA) sequence. They do so to preface a declarative, alone or followed by a question tag that invokes an interviewee (IE) opinion on, or the gist of, IE prior talk. While such a design can be a device that IRs use to signal the closing of the ongoing topic, the recipient may orient to it as eliciting confirmation or agreement. By contrast, the adversative connective dan(shi) in the turn-initial position prefaces either a wh-question or a yes/no question and brings forth a point of contrast and transition for questioning. As a practice with which IRs re-direct the IE’s response to a previous unaddressed concern with the agenda tightened, the dan(shi)-prefaced questions do not convey opposition or disagreement. Rather, they function to deal with the resumption in a way that renders it unproblematic. I argue that both types of connective-prefaced questions together with the responses they elicit demonstrate a particular kind of alignment between IRs and IEs in Chinese TV news interviews.

Conversation Analysis and News Interviews

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Loeb ◽  
Steven E. Clayman
Keyword(s):  
Damage Control ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Campaigns ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Talk Shows ◽  
News Production ◽  
Current Affairs ◽  
Questions And Answers ◽  
State Relations ◽  
News Interviews

The news interview is a prominent interactional arena for broadcast news production, and its investigation provides a window into journalistic norms, press-state relations, and sociopolitical culture. It is a relatively formal type of interaction, with a restrictive turn-taking system normatively organized around questions and answers exchanged for the benefit of an audience. Questions to politicians are sensitive to the journalistic norms of neutralism and adversarialness. The neutralism norm is relatively robust, implemented by interviewers adhering to the activity of questioning, and avoiding declarative assertions except as prefaces to a question or as attributed to a third party. The adversarialism norm is more contextually variable, implemented through agenda setting, presupposition, and response preference, each of which can be enhanced through question prefaces. Adversarial questioning has increased significantly in the United States over time, and in some other national contexts. Adversarial questioning creates an incentive for resistant responses from politicians, which are managed with overt forms of damage control and covert forms of concealment. News interviews with nonpartisan experts and ordinary people are generally less adversarial and more cooperative. Various hybrid interview genres have emerged in recent years, which incorporate practices from other forms of broadcast talk (e.g., celebrity talk shows, confrontational debates) within a more loosely organized interview framework. These hybrid forms have become increasingly prominent in contemporary political campaigns and current affairs discussions.

An open letter to the editors of the Journal of Language and Sexuality

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikki Lane
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Anthropology ◽  
Open Letter ◽  
Language Practices ◽  
Black Sexuality ◽  
Language Studies ◽  
Queer Linguistics ◽  
Black Life ◽  
Black Language ◽  
Culture And Language ◽  
Do So

Abstract In this open letter, I ask the editors of the Journal and its readers, to reflect on the Journal’s relationship to studies of language and Black sexuality, and consider new ways to reach scholars of Black life, culture, and language. Studies of Black language practices rarely deal with the ways that Black language practices are often complicated by gender/sexuality. And yet, there are scholars doing this work, but like Queer Linguistics, it often doesn’t “look” that way that typical studies of language are supposed to look. This is because linguistics and linguistic anthropology as disciplines have often failed to capture the imagination and attention of these scholars; it is not because studies of Black sexuality and language do not exist. I encourage the Journal then to seek out these studies and to do so with a sense of urgency.

Motivation, development and object play: comparative perspectives with lessons from dogs

Behaviour ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 153 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 767-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon M. Burghardt ◽  
Julia D. Albright ◽  
Karen M. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Functional Properties ◽  
Object Play ◽  
Primary Motivation ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Breed Differences ◽  
Found Object ◽  
Do So

Object play occurs in diverse animals in addition to birds and mammals. Although many carnivores engage in object play in a predatory context, many non-predators do so also. Conjectures over the years on the motivation to play are reviewed dealing with intrinsic, developmental, and stimulus factors. We then report on quantitative studies of the play of puppies from 6 litters (3 breeds) when given 5 different toys with different sensory and functional properties at half week intervals from 3 to 7 weeks of age. The propensity to engage with objects begins early, play complexity increases rapidly, the structure of the play is similar to adult object play, and breed differences were found. Object play with predatory characteristics appears before weaning, suggesting that hunger is not the primary motivation. Studying the development of object play in different dog breeds may be useful in addressing questions of domestication and play evolution.

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