Ideational grammatical metaphor

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erich Steiner
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Semantic Categories ◽  
Grammatical Metaphor ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Linguistic Analyses ◽  
Logical Semantics

In this paper I want to explore the systemic-functional notion of ‘grammatical metaphor’ from a cross-linguistic perspective. After a brief introduction to the concept of ‘grammatical metaphor’, I shall discuss the distinction between ‘congruent’ and ‘metaphorical’ encodings of meaning, as well as the distinction between rankshift, transcategorization, and grammatical metaphor as semogenic resources (Section 1). In a second section, I shall then focus on ideational grammatical metaphors in English and German and revisit the notion of direct vs. indirect mapping of experiential and logical semantics onto lexicogrammar (Section 2). It will be argued that ‘directness of encoding’ within one language can be defined with the help of the concept of ‘transparency’ or ‘motivation’ of encoding between levels. Across and between languages, however, the notion of ‘directness’ either has to be seen from the perspective of one of the languages involved, or from the perspective of a generalized semantics and grammar. In Section 3, I shall then explore the question of the experiential vs. logical encoding of semantic categories across languages, and of how this relates to metaphoricity. I shall exemplify and discuss the fact that in cross-linguistic analyses, one cannot consider any one of a given set of experiential or logical encodings of some unit of meaning as ‘congruent’ or ‘direct’, as long as one does not have a cross-linguistic semantics to establish ‘motivation’ and ‘transparentness’ on. It will also be argued that some of the differences in texts across languages as to what counts as ‘congruent’ can be predicted from comparisons between the language-specific grammatical systems involved. Other differences, however, seem to rely heavily on registerial influences and cultural factors. In Section 4, then, I shall inquire into the question of whether and precisely in what sense we can speak of two different types of grammatical metaphor, dependent on whether they involve a relocation in rank or a mere re-arrangement of mappings of semantic and lexicogrammatical functions. These types of metaphor, it will be argued, have different implications for the metaphoricity of the clause as a whole, as well as for the ‘density’ of the packaging of meaning.

Challenges in the Empirical Study of Global Governance Legitimacy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Bernstein
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Global Governance ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Theory Building ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Political Communities

This commentary discusses three challenges for the promising and ambitious research agenda outlined in the volume. First, it interrogates the volume’s attempts to differentiate political communities of legitimation, which may vary widely in composition, power, and relevance across institutions and geographies, with important implications not only for who matters, but also for what gets legitimated, and with what consequences. Second, it examines avenues to overcome possible trade-offs from gains in empirical tractability achieved through the volume’s focus on actor beliefs and strategies. One such trade-off is less attention to evolving norms and cultural factors that may underpin actors’ expectations about what legitimacy requires. Third, it addresses the challenge of theory building that can link legitimacy sources, (de)legitimation practices, audiences, and consequences of legitimacy across different types of institutions.

Metonymy revisited: Towards a new relevance-theoretic account

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Jodłowiec ◽  
Agnieszka Piskorska
Keyword(s):  
Meaning Construction ◽  
Theoretic Approach ◽  
Intended Meaning ◽  
Linguistic Performance ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Linguistic Analyses ◽  
Mental Schemas ◽  
Critical Overview ◽  
Communicative Role

AbstractMetonymy is a pervasive aspect of spontaneous as well as reflective linguistic performance and its cognitive and communicative role needs to be adequately attended to. The paper aims to offer a new model of metonymy grounded in the relevance-theoretic approach to communication, adopting the view that all comprehension is underlain by inferential processes. First, we present a critical overview of selected existing accounts of metonymy put forward by cognitive linguists, arguing that although they offer valuable observations about the role of metonymy in online meaning construction and bring to light a varied spectrum of different types of metonymic conceptualizations, cognitive linguistic analyses fall some way short of offering a convincing rationale for metonymic uses in verbal communication and do not articulate a psychologically plausible and testable principle that would explain why metonymy arises and how the intended meaning is inferred in context by the recipient. We also critically address the existing relevance-theoretic models, which, while offering a cognitively motivated account of metonymy, likewise suffer from certain inadequacies. In an attempt to remedy these shortcomings, we develop a fully inferential relevance-theoretic account, which assumes that metonymy is a case of tagging the intended referent by a concept literally denoted by the metonymic expression. The real-world contiguity which underlies metonymic usage is postulated to be encapsulated in mental schemas that are indexed by the concept that the metonymic word or phrase provides access to.

Examining relationships among cultural factors and expectations of CSR

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 427-443
Author(s):  
Minsoo Kim ◽  
Candace White ◽  
Chansouk Kim
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose Studies have explored expectations of corporate social responsibility (CSR) among cultures, but findings are mixed. A more nuanced view of cultural dimensions rather than using Hofstede’s aggregate country scores can offer a stronger empirical foundation for studying the effects of culture. Based on two cultural dimensions and Carroll’s four-dimensional model of CSR, the purpose of this paper is to test the relationship between individualistic/collectivistic values and individuals’ expectations of different types of responsibilities (economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic), the relationship between long-term values and individuals’ expectations of different types of responsibilities and the degree of skepticism about CSR related to these values. Design/methodology/approach This study surveyed panel participants in two countries, South Korea (collectivistic and long term) and the USA (individualistic and short term), chosen because they are at extreme ends of the cultural values continuum. Multi-dimensional aspects of the cultural variables were tested in the samples rather than using national scores as proxy variables for culture. Data were quantitative and various statistical tests including structural equation modeling were used for analysis. Findings The findings show that horizontal collectivism and the planning dimension of long-term orientation are positively associated with CSR expectations, whereas the tradition dimension of long-term orientation is negatively associated with CSR expectations. In addition, vertical individualism is positively associated with skepticism toward CSR activities. Research limitations/implications The differences in types of individual-collectivism (horizontal and vertical) as well as the different aspects of long-term orientation had an effect on the results, pointing to the importance of exploring the nuances of the dimensions as well as the importance of testing them within the sample rather than using aggregated national scores. Originality/value Previous studies that used a proxy variable for culture assumed that collectivistic cultures have higher expectations for CSR. While empirically supporting the assumption of the relationship between cultural factors and CSR expectations at the individual level, the study found that people who view themselves as autonomous within a group but accept inequality within the group (vertical individualism) are more likely to be skeptical of CSR activities and suggests that skepticism about CSR may be more closely related to individual viewpoints or to particular contexts or particular corporations rather than to cultural factors, which has implications for international corporate communication.

scholarly journals MULTY-PARADIGMALITY AS A BASIS OF MODERN LINGUISTIC STUDIES OF COMMUNICATION COORDINATES REPRESENTATIONS

2018 ◽  
pp. 21-37
Author(s):  
S. Terekhova
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Translation Theory ◽  
Culture Studies ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
Semantic Categories ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Related Language ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Contrastive Linguistics ◽  
And Linguistics

The article deals with the investigation of fundamentals and present state of multyparadigmal analyses of language units representing the system of coordinates of communication in the Ukrainian, Russian and English languagess. Coordinates of communication are presented in the work as a deictic start-point of communication “I – here – now”, defined by K. Buhler in his “Language Theory” as well as the related language units of the same semantics and functions in the languages. The specifics of these words and word combinations is in their possibility to express different types of reference changing them in frames of a certain context of communication act. Multy-paradigmality is described in the present article as a basis of complex methodology of modern researches on linguistics, in particular, contrastive linguistics and linguistics of translation. Many works of modern linguists have been done based on semantic or / and structural aspects of linguistic and pragmatic analyses of the system of communication coordinates at all or its particular representations (see works by Yu. Apresyan, N. Arytyunova, K. Buhler, K. Brugman, J. Lions, N. Kirvalidze, Ch. Fillmore, etc.). But there has not been done any complex multy-paradigmal researches of communication coordinate system before. Works of such a kind (see the ones by M. Avdonina, N. Zhabo, S. Terekhova, etc.) mainly characterize allomorphic and isomorphic features of the analyzed language units in Russian, English, French, and Ukrainian. This article represents roots, origin and patterns of multy-paradigmality of the characterized language units which are important for the future development of both contrastive linguistics and translation theory. It describes the procedure of multyparadigmal analyses of language units that is appropriate for the above mentioned fields of science. Lexical centric approach and textual centric one, being involved in the investigation, contain complex methodology of functional and semantic categories study that is appropriate for such language categories as deixis, reference, anaphor, etc. It contains complex, multy-paradigmal analyses of units of different language levels denoting “place or direction in space”, “time” and “person” indication. Multy-paradigmal approach provided in the research includes the following stages: 1) conceptual / logical and semantic analyses; 2) language units analyses (including structural, lexical and grammatical, functional and semantic ways of analyses); 3) psycholinguistic analyses (in particular, free associative experiment and its verifying). The results of the above mentioned procedure are supplied additionally with some extra-lingual facts complementing it. They essentially help to simplify the correct comprehension, understanding and learning of communication coordinates representations in speech for foreigners. The tendency to complex analyses of language units of different types has become regular for modern researches on contrastive linguistics as well as linguistics of translation for the last decades, although multyparadigmal investigations are yet less regular than other ones nowadays. The methodology and procedure of multy-paradigmal analyses can be varied partially in accordance with the material and purpose of the research however the principles of multy-paradigmality of both the above mentioned fields of science are out of changes, they are universal for Indo-European languages. The further investigations of multy-paradigmality in languages and translation appear in functional semantics, cognitive linguistics, language and culture studies, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, especially if they are developed based on the contrastive analyses.

Understanding and Treating Infidelity

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Willett Howell ◽  
Sarah E. Gilbert ◽  
Kristina Coop Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Couple Therapy ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Empirically Supported ◽  
Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy ◽  
Integrative Behavioral Couple Therapy ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Emotionally Focused ◽  
Clinical Considerations ◽  
Cyber Affairs

This chapter defines and describes different types of relationship infidelities and discusses existing research on understanding and treating infidelity. Studies examining the etiology, maintenance, and impact of infidelity in a relationship are reviewed and considered. The chapter then describes and critiques current empirically supported therapeutic approaches for treating infidelity, including a forgiveness-based intervention, traditional behavioral couple therapy, integrative behavioral couple therapy, and emotionally focused couple therapy. Important clinical considerations regarding cultural factors in conceptualizing and treating infidelity are addressed throughout the chapter and newer types of relationships and affairs (e.g., cyber affairs) also are discussed.

Worldview constants in the culture of people’s language

Neophilology ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 436-446
Author(s):  
Svetlana J. Dubrovina
Keyword(s):  
Christian Theology ◽  
Single System ◽  
Categorical Approach ◽  
Semantic Categories ◽  
Unique Data ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Folk Church

The purpose of this article is to identify and to analyze semantics of the specific terminological system of people’s Orthodoxy from the standpoint of Russian dialectology and ethnic linguistics. The study substantiates and proves the hypothesis of G.P. Fedotov that Russian spiritual poems reaction at the categories of Christian theology is not outdated; they can be fixed not only in different types of folklore and everyday text, but also developed on the lexical material of Rus-sian folk dialects. The novelty of the approach to the allocation of ideological constants in the na-tional language is due to the following material of the study: dialect lexical units associated with the belief of the traditional peasant population of Russia. At the same time, not only the data of dictionaries are presented, but also unique data of the regional dictionary of national Orthodoxy collected by the author in the territory of the modern Tambov region. We trace the peculiar folk philosophy of word-making: reveal the semantic categories of mental spirituality that determined the individuality and sections of the vocabulary of the religious sphere; prove their influence on the formation of dialect data and their generalization into a single system of folk Church vocabu-lary. As a result, we reveal the possibilities of using ethno-linguistic semiotics to describe the vo-cabulary of faith and Church. The proposed categorical approach can become a universal scenario of description, covering the dialect lexical corpus of the terminological system of Orthodoxy.

scholarly journals New Forms of Political Participation: Searching for Expert Citizens and Everyday Makers

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
YAOJUN LI ◽  
DAVID MARSH
Keyword(s):  
Political Participation ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Political Trust ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Home Office ◽  
Political Beliefs ◽  
Different Types

Declining political participation has caused much concern among political scientists and politicians. This article builds upon Henrik Bang's conceptualization of Expert Citizens and Everyday Makers as new forms of political participation. Using the 2001 Home Office Citizenship Survey, we identify four types of political participant: Political Activists, Expert Citizens, Everyday Makers and Non-Participants. We assess the socio-demographic and cultural factors underlying these different types of participant. We then move on to explore the association between the types of political participation and two domains of political beliefs/actions: political trust and efficacy; and political contacting and voice. Our analysis shows significant differences between the types of participant in the two domains under investigation and thus lends support to our development of Bang's conceptualization of new forms of political participation as useful tools in empirical research.

scholarly journals Mystification of the highest power: A case of Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 498-508
Author(s):  
Kh. Rosyadi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Transition ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
New Order ◽  
Power Transition ◽  
Power Politics ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Nahdlatul Ulama ◽  
Social And Cultural Factors

In 1998, after the fall of the New Order regime, Indonesia passed through a social, political and economic transition, including a change of power. The first power transition happened in 1999, when Abdurrahman Wahid became the President of Indonesia through the Parliament. The election of Abdurrahman Wahid as the President of Indonesia is inseparable from mystification of power (politics) which he started. The article aims at understanding why Abdurrahman Wahid as the President of Indonesia chose the strategy of power mystification. The study is based on the case study approach. The results of the study show that the strategy of mystification of power was chosen by Abdurrahman Wahid for he could use his social status as the grandson of the founder of the Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) - the largest Islamic organization in Indonesia, which was determined by the NU tradition that children or grandchildren of the kiai had privileges. The Javanese understanding of power is different from the European discourse of power due to the fact that the Javanese explanation of power or leadership cannot be separated from social, political and cultural factors of society or community. Different types of leadership and power are results of differences in social and cultural factors and organization of societies. For the Javanese, power is homogeneous by nature and has the same features wherever it appears. The forms of power are expressions of the same reality, derive from the same source and have the same quality: all forms of power are based on the participation in one force pervading the entire universe. Thus, the Javanese considers individuals and groups that gain power as containers that contain a portion of these cosmic forces.

scholarly journals CLEANLINESS: INDIA'S CHALLENGE

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (9SE) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Pragya Pandey ◽  
Garima Yadav
Keyword(s):  
State Level ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Vicious Cycle ◽  
The People ◽  
Community Behavior ◽  
Clean Environment ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Grassroots Level ◽  
The Government

Cleanliness and health are the basis of the progress of any country. Clean environment helps in elevating the health status of any community. Clean environment can be helpful in improving the standard of living of the people of the community. He is also capable of breaking the cycle of diseases in the community. Various resources are being used by the efforts and participation of the government and general public and are trying for better results. Through this, the socio-economic development of the community, cultural factors related to clean environment, the capacity of the community, behavior, laws, etc. are being used in a better way.India is far behind in the level of clean environment all over the country. Uncleanness still holds India in its grip, to break out of which India needs to work unitedly on issues of hygiene and health and implement various strategies and programs, so that the goals are successfully achieved at the grassroots level. Can be obtained. Different types of strategies are being devised at the central and state level to get out of the vicious cycle of impurity. A clean environment is the only way for the community to break the cycle of various diseases. किसी भी देश की उन्नति का आधार स्वच्छता व स्वास्थ्य है। स्वच्छ पर्यावरण ही किसी भी समुदाय की स्वास्थ्य स्थिति को ऊंचा उठाने में सहायक है। स्वच्छ पर्यावरण समुदाय के लोगों के जीवन स्तर को सुधारने में सहायक हो सकता है। साथ ही वह समुदाय मंे रोगों के चक्र को तोड़ने में भी सक्षम है। सरकार व आम जनता के प्रयास व सहभागिता द्वारा विभिन्न संसाधनों का प्रयोग किया जा रहा है और बेहतर परिणाम हेतु प्रयासरत हंै। इसके द्वारा समुदाय का सामाजिक-आर्थिक विकास, स्वच्छ पर्यावरण हेतु संबंधित सांस्कृतिक कारक, समुदाय की क्षमता, व्यवहार, कानून आदि का उपयोग बेहतर तरीके से हो रहा है।भारत देश सम्पूर्ण में स्वच्छ पर्यावरण के स्तर में बहुत ही पीछे है। अस्वच्छता ने आज भी भारत को अपने घेरे में जकड़ लिया है, जिसमें से बाहर निकलने के लिए भारत को स्वच्छता व स्वास्थ्य के मुद्दें पर एकजुट होकर काम करने व विभिन्न रणनीतियों व कार्यक्रमों को क्रियान्वित करने की आवश्यकता है, जिससे लक्ष्यों को जमीनी स्तर पर सफलतापूर्वक प्राप्त किया जा सके। अस्वच्छता के कुचक्र से बाहर निकलने के लिए केन्द्र व राज्य स्तर पर विभिन्न प्रकार की रणनीतियां बनायी जा रही है। स्वच्छ पर्यावरण ही समुदाय को विभिन्न रोगों के चक्र को तोड़ने में सक्षम है।

scholarly journals Cultural Factors Causing Differences in Quality Education

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Anil Kumar Pokharel ◽  
Janardan Paudel
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Quality Education ◽  
Quality Of Education ◽  
Educational Systems ◽  
College Level ◽  
Class Management ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Level Culture

This paper presents introduction of school and college level culture in educational systems in Nepal as well as other factors that have been the cause in creating differences in the quality of education in the schools and colleges in Nepal. It explores the points like different types of schools and colleges, regional diversity, environment, teacher’s qualification, physical facilities, class management, conventional feeling, and conclusion. The analysis and interpretation is made according to some existing literature and our own experience in the field of teaching for a long time. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/researcher.v1i2.9881 Researcher 1(2) 2013: 1-10

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