The Wheel of Time

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2-3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heng Li ◽  
Yu Cao
Keyword(s):  
Mental Representations ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Spatial Representations ◽  
Religious Experiences ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Reading Direction ◽  
Psychological Evidence ◽  
Chinese Buddhists

Abstract Previous research suggests that both patterns in orthography and cultural-specific associations of space-time affect how people map space onto time. In the current study, we focused on Chinese Buddhists, an understudied population, investigating how religious experiences influence their mental representations of time. Results showed that Chinese Buddhists could represent time spatially corresponding to left-to-right, right-to-left and top-to-bottom orientations in their religious scripts. Specifically, they associated earlier events with the starting point of the reading and later times with the endpoint. We also found that Chinese Buddhists were more likely to represent time in a clockwise way than Chinese atheists. This is because Buddhism regards time as cyclic and consisting of repeating ages (i.e. Wheel of Time). Taken together, we provide first psychological evidence that Chinese Buddhists’ spatial representations of time are different from atheists’, due to their religious experiences, namely, both the reading direction in Buddhist texts and Buddhist concepts of time.

Do Writing Directions Influence How People Map Space onto Time?

2018 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 173-184
Author(s):  
Wenxing Yang ◽  
Ying Sun
Keyword(s):  
Mental Representations ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Horizontal Axis ◽  
Causal Role ◽  
Writing Systems ◽  
Temporal Cognition ◽  
Japanese Speakers ◽  
Psychological Experiments ◽  
Vertical Up

Abstract. The causal role of a unidirectional orthography in shaping speakers’ mental representations of time seems to be well established by many psychological experiments. However, the question of whether bidirectional writing systems in some languages can also produce such an impact on temporal cognition remains unresolved. To address this issue, the present study focused on Japanese and Taiwanese, both of which have a similar mix of texts written horizontally from left to right (HLR) and vertically from top to bottom (VTB). Two experiments were performed which recruited Japanese and Taiwanese speakers as participants. Experiment 1 used an explicit temporal arrangement design, and Experiment 2 measured implicit space-time associations in participants along the horizontal (left/right) and the vertical (up/down) axis. Converging evidence gathered from the two experiments demonstrate that neither Japanese speakers nor Taiwanese speakers aligned their vertical representations of time with the VTB writing orientation. Along the horizontal axis, only Japanese speakers encoded elapsing time into a left-to-right linear layout, which was commensurate with the HLR writing direction. Therefore, two distinct writing orientations of a language could not bring about two coexisting mental time lines. Possible theoretical implications underlying the findings are discussed.

scholarly journals BLACK HOLE EVAPORATION BASED UPON A q-DEFORMATION DESCRIPTION

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (26) ◽  
pp. 6039-6049 ◽  
Author(s):  
XIN ZHANG
Keyword(s):  
Black Hole ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Radiation Spectrum ◽  
Correlation Effect ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Noncommutative Space ◽  
Schwarzschild Black Hole ◽  
Black Hole Evaporation ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
New Distribution

A toy model based upon the q-deformation description for studying the radiation spectrum of black hole is proposed. The starting point is to make an attempt to consider the space–time noncommutativity in the vicinity of black hole horizon. We use a trick that all the space–time noncommutative effects are ascribed to the modification of the behavior of the radiation field of black hole and a kind of q-deformed degrees of freedom are postulated to mimic the radiation particles that live on the noncommutative space–time, meanwhile the background metric is preserved as usual. We calculate the radiation spectrum of Schwarzschild black hole in this framework. The new distribution deviates from the standard thermal spectrum evidently. The result indicates that some correlation effect will be introduced to the system if the noncommutativity is taken into account. In addition, an infrared cutoff of the spectrum is the prediction of the model.

scholarly journals Redundancy and reducibility in the formats of spatial representations

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sami Ryan Yousif
Keyword(s):  
Mental Representations ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Spatial Behavior ◽  
Polar Coordinates ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
Spatial Representations ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Mind

Mental representations are the essence of cognition. Yet, to understand how the mind works, we must understand not just the content of mental representations (i.e., what information is stored), but also the format of those representations (i.e., how that information is stored). But what does it mean for representations to be formatted? How many formats are there? Is it possible that the mind represents some pieces of information in multiple formats at once? To address these questions, I discuss a ‘case study’ of representational format: the representation of spatial location. I review work (a) across species and across development, (b) across spatial scales, and (c) across levels of analysis (e.g., high-level cognitive format vs. low-level neural format). Along the way, I discuss the possibility that the same information may be organized in multiple formats simultaneously (e.g., that locations may be represented in both Cartesian and polar coordinates). Ultimately, I argue that seemingly ‘redundant’ formats may support the flexible spatial behavior observed in humans, and that we should approach the study of all mental representations with this possibility in mind.

Space, Time, and Eternity

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 438-453
Author(s):  
Robert Cummings Neville
Keyword(s):  
Space Time ◽  
Chinese Buddhists ◽  
The One

On the one hand, Chinese traditions of philosophy are famous for emphasizing that things are changes, that reality is filled with processes rather than substances. This philosophy was present at least from the Yijing onward and was developed in diverse ways by Confucians, Daoists, and then Chinese Buddhists. But there has not been a similar rich development of the idea of eternity, that nontemporal context within which change can be recognized and measured. This article argues, first, that change presupposes an ontological context of eternity and, second, that eternity so conceived can be experienced and even interpreted in terms of the Chinese traditions.

An exploratory study of reading procedural pictorial sequences

2001 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla G. Spinillo ◽  
Mary C. Dyson
Keyword(s):  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Verbal Language ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Reading Direction ◽  
Picture Content

This paper presents the results of an exploratory study into the influence of picture content and verbal language reading directions on reading procedural pictorial sequences. A sequence of four pictures representing the procedure hrow away after use as tested in four graphic configurations (one-line horizontal, one-line vertical, two-line horizontal and rhomboid), which were designed to be read in specific directions. The same configurations were also presented with the pictures removed to explore the effect of content on reading sequences. The results confirmed that verbal language reading directions are generally used to follow pictorial sequences. However, when the graphic configurations used to represent sequences are unfamiliar and the starting point of the sequence is not clear in the configuration, pictorial content influences the reading direction.

Noether identities, β-functions and symmetries in DFT

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (35) ◽  
pp. 1950234
Author(s):  
J. Antonio García ◽  
R. Abraham Sánchez-Isidro
Keyword(s):  
Effective Action ◽  
Equations Of Motion ◽  
Conformal Symmetry ◽  
Riemann Tensor ◽  
Closed String ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Differential Identities ◽  
Bianchi Identities ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Strength Formula

Given the [Formula: see text] functions of the closed string sigma model up to one loop in [Formula: see text], the effective action implements the condition [Formula: see text] to preserve conformal symmetry at quantum level. One of the more powerful and striking results of string theory is that this effective action contains Einstein gravity as an emergent dynamics in space–time. We show from the [Formula: see text] functions and its relation with the equations of motion of the effective action that the differential identities are the Noether identities associated with the effective action and its gauge symmetries. From here, we reconstruct the gauge and space–time symmetries of the effective action. In turn, we can show that the differential identities are the contracted Bianchi identities of the field strength [Formula: see text] and Riemann tensor [Formula: see text]. Next, we apply the same ideas to DFT. Taking as starting point that the generalized [Formula: see text] functions in DFT are proportional to the equations of motion, we construct the generalized differential identities in DFT. Relating the Noether identities with the contracted Bianchi identities of DFT, we were able to reconstruct the generalized gauge and space–time symmetries. Finally, we recover the original [Formula: see text] functions, effective action, differential identities, and symmetries when we turn off the [Formula: see text] space–time coordinates from DFT.

scholarly journals Space–Time Physics in Background-Independent Theories of Quantum Gravity

Universe ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 251
Author(s):  
Martin Bojowald
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Quantum Theory ◽  
Quantum Gravity ◽  
Riemannian Geometry ◽  
Loop Quantum Gravity ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Time Analysis ◽  
Complete Space ◽  
Background Independence ◽  
Starting Point

Background independence is often emphasized as an important property of a quantum theory of gravity that takes seriously the geometrical nature of general relativity. In a background-independent formulation, quantum gravity should determine not only the dynamics of space–time but also its geometry, which may have equally important implications for claims of potential physical observations. One of the leading candidates for background-independent quantum gravity is loop quantum gravity. By combining and interpreting several recent results, it is shown here how the canonical nature of this theory makes it possible to perform a complete space–time analysis in various models that have been proposed in this setting. In spite of the background-independent starting point, all these models turned out to be non-geometrical and even inconsistent to varying degrees, unless strong modifications of Riemannian geometry are taken into account. This outcome leads to several implications for potential observations as well as lessons for other background-independent approaches.

scholarly journals Hadronic rescattering in pA and AA collisions

2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Bierlich ◽  
Torbjörn Sjöstrand ◽  
Marius Utheim
Keyword(s):  
Time Evolution ◽  
Heavy Ion ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Monte Carlo Event ◽  
Event Generator ◽  
Ion Collisions ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Space Time Evolution

AbstractIn a recent article we presented a model for hadronic rescattering, and some results were shown for $$\mathrm {p}\mathrm {p}$$ p p collisions at LHC energies. In order to extend the studies to $$\mathrm {p}\mathrm {A}$$ p A and $$\mathrm {A}\mathrm {A}$$ A A collisions, the Angantyr model for heavy-ion collisions is taken as the starting point. Both these models are implemented within the general-purpose Monte Carlo event generator Pythia, which makes the matching reasonably straightforward, and allows for detailed studies of the full space–time evolution. The rescattering rate is significantly higher than in $$\mathrm {p}\mathrm {p}$$ p p , especially for central $$\mathrm {A}\mathrm {A}$$ A A collisions, where the typical primary hadron rescatters several times. We study the impact of rescattering on a number of distributions, such as $$p_{\perp }$$ p ⊥ and $$\eta $$ η spectra, and the space–time evolution of the whole collision process. Notably rescattering is shown to give a significant contribution to elliptic flow in $$\mathrm {XeXe}$$ XeXe and $$\mathrm {PbPb}$$ PbPb , and to give a nontrivial impact on charm production.

Epilogue

2019 ◽  
pp. 157-158
Author(s):  
Valerio Scarani
Keyword(s):  
Space Time ◽  
Nonlocal Model ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The World ◽  
Orthodox View ◽  
The Way

We first stress that nonlocality forces changes on our view of the world. One can adopt the orthodox view that one should not even attempt to describe individual events; or one can opt for a properly-speaking nonlocal model, with very unpleasant features like influences propagating at infinite speed in our space-time; or one can go all the way to some form of determinism. Then, the hope is formulated that the field of nonlocality, having reached maturity, may serve as starting point for future discoveries.

Space–time VMS method for flow computations with slip interfaces (ST-SI)

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 2377-2406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenji Takizawa ◽  
Tayfun E. Tezduyar ◽  
Hiroki Mochizuki ◽  
Hitoshi Hattori ◽  
Sen Mei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Boundary Layers ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian ◽  
Vertical Axis Wind Turbine ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Sliding Interfaces

We present the space–time variational multiscale (ST-VMS) method for flow computations with slip interfaces (ST-SI). The method is intended for fluid–structure interaction (FSI) analysis where one or more of the subdomains contain spinning structures, such as the rotor of a wind turbine, and the subdomains are covered by meshes that do not match at the interface and have slip between them. The mesh covering a subdomain with the spinning structure spins with it, thus maintaining the high-resolution representation of the boundary layers near the structure. The starting point in the development of the method is the version of the arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian VMS (ALE-VMS) method designed for computations with "sliding interfaces". Interface terms similar to those in the ALE-VMS version are added to the ST-VMS formulation to account for the compatibility conditions for the velocity and stress. In addition to having a high-resolution representation of the boundary layers, because the ST framework allows NURBS functions in temporal representation of the structure motion, we have exact representation of the circular paths associated with the spinning. The ST-SI method includes versions for cases where the SI is between fluid and solid domains with weakly-imposed Dirichlet conditions for the fluid and for cases where the SI is between a thin porous structure and the fluid on its two sides. Test computations with 2D and 3D models of a vertical-axis wind turbine show the effectiveness of the ST-SI method.

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