Children's use of contextual cues to resolve referential ambiguity

1998 ◽  
Vol 6 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 265-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Bezuidenhout ◽  
Mary Sue Sroda
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Relevance Theory ◽  
Verbal Communication ◽  
The Other ◽  
Late Development ◽  
Contextual Cues ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Referential Ambiguity

Researchers interested in children's understanding of mind have claimed that the ability to ascribe beliefs and intentions is a late development, occurring well after children have learned to speak and comprehend the speech of others. On the other hand, there are convincing arguments to show that verbal communication requires the ability to attribute beliefs and intentions. Hence if one accepts the findings from research into children's understanding of mind, one should predict that young children will have severe difficulties in verbal communication. Conversely, if this prediction fails, this casts doubt on the claim that young children lack meta-representational skills. Using insights from Relevance Theory, an experiment was designed to test children's ability to recover a speaker's intended referent in situations in which the speaker's words underdetermine the referent. Results suggest that children's skills are comparable to those of untutored adults in similar situations. Thus this study indirectly casts doubt on the claim that young children lack meta-representational skills.

Syllable Durations of Preword and Early Word Vocalizations

1990 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 583-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. Robb ◽  
John H. Saxman
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Environmental Input ◽  
Continuity Theory ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Syllable Duration ◽  
Final Syllable

The continuity in development of syllable duration patterns was examined in 7 young children as they progressed from preword to multiword periods of vocalization development. Using a combination of lexical and chronological age points, monthly vocalization samples were analyzed for bisyllable duration and final syllable lengthening. Results revealed no systematic increase or decrease in the duration of bisyllables produced by the children as a group. Lengthening of final syllables was observed across nearly all recording sessions for all children. It is likely that the feature of bisyllable duration is not discernibly sensitive to changes associated with a developing speech mechanism and environmental input. On the other hand, the regularity in final syllable lengthening is consistent with a continuity theory of development.

Effects of Types of Featural Information on Interpretation by Young Children of Novel Words at the Superordinate Level

2000 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takahiro Tamura
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Target Item ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Novel Words

In this experiment with a Novel Label Task, 48 children ages 5 to 6 years were given a novel word for a target item, e.g., a dog. They were also given one of two types of featural information for the target item, a feature naturally common to animals, i.e., “This has a heart inside,” or an accidental feature uncommon to animals, i.e., “This gets a splinter.” As a result, the number of children who interpreted the novel word at the superordinate level (animal) increased significantly when they were given the feature naturally common to animals. On the other hand, there was no significant increase for an accidental feature. Further, the children were given the instruction that all animal items in this task had the same featutes as the target item. As a result, although the number of children who interpreted the novel word at the superordinate level (animal) increased significantly when they were given both the feature naturally common to animals and also the accidental feature, there were more when the instruction was with the feature naturally common to animals than with the accidental feature. The findings were discussed in relation to the factors corresponding to young children's interpretation of a novel word at the superordinate level.

scholarly journals The Translation of Qur’an Non-Existent Cultural Elements in Malay Culture: An Analysis on Borrowing Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 202-211
Author(s):  
Arnida A. Bakar ◽  
Sulhah Ramli
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Relevance Theory ◽  
Document Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Contextual Effect ◽  
Sacred Text ◽  
Cultural Elements ◽  
Other Hand

Many translation scholars have proposed various approaches when dealing with culture-specific items. It shows that to achieve a good quality and successful translation work, suitable and functional translation approach should be applied by the translator. Borrowing is one of the approaches applied in various texts’ genre such as sacred text which has culture-specific items. It becomes frequently used in translating word with no equivalent in target language. However, it resulted in some of translations which have applied this kind of approach did not supply adequate meaning and fallout the irrelevant text towards readership. The reason is that borrowing approach stands alone without providing compensation strategies. Therefore, this present article investigates the functionality of borrowing approach in translating Qur’an non-existent cultural elements in Malay culture. This study is qualitative, and the data are analysed descriptively using document analysis by adopting Relevance Theory initiated by Sperber and Wilson (1986). It is suggested that the relevancy of translated text can be achieved not only through borrowing as an approach, but at the same time providing adequate meaning by means of compensation strategies. Thus, the study assumes that the less the effort processing is produced to understand the meaning, the higher the contextual effect of meaning is sufficiently provided. On the other hand, if the effort processing is less produced and the contextual effect is highly provided, the optimum relevancy of translated text can be achieved. It is concluded that the combination of borrowing approach and compensation strategies can help better understanding the meaning of non-existent religious cultural items in Malay culture.

scholarly journals Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication in Product Placement “Descendants of the Sun”

K ta Kita ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-76
Author(s):  
Jonatan Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Relations ◽  
Product Placement ◽  
Verbal Communication ◽  
The Other ◽  
Emotional Communication ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Verbal Cues ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Formal Relationship

This study is intended to find out the meaning behind verbal and non-verbal communication in product placement in Korean drama, Descendant of the Sun. Conducting this study, I apply the theory process of signification proposed by Saussure (1974) and Chandler (2007) and Kinesics proposed by Birdwhistell (1970). The subject of this study is verbal and non-verbal communication in product placement in Korean drama Descendants of the Sun. The data was collected through video media from AsianNet.com and several resources. The findings of this study showed that verbal and non-verbal communication in drama DOTS creates the meaningful messages to its viewers. The findings also show that almost everything in the product placement, possibly have communicative purpose to its viewers. This study also found that non-verbal expressions are generally used to support the verbal communication and it is central to interpersonal relations because non-verbal cues are generally important in emotional communication. On the other hand, verbal communication is central to official or formal relationship. Moreover, the verbal and non-verbal communication in product placement mainly have communicative purpose to encourage, inform, persuade even change the opinion to its viewers to buy, use and know more about the products and services.

Coercion

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 270-289
Author(s):  
Benoît Leclercq
Keyword(s):  
Relevance Theory ◽  
Construction Grammar ◽  
The Other ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Utterance Interpretation

Abstract The goal of this paper is to investigate the possibility of a cross-theoretical understanding of coercion, a “kind of contextual enrichment/adjustment” (Lauwers & Willems 2011: 1220), by combining insights from Construction Grammar and Relevance Theory. In Construction Grammar, coercion has mostly been discussed in terms of the semantics of the linguistic items that occur in the sentence and how these interact with each other. Relevance Theory, on the other hand, does not distinguish cases of coercion from other instances of lexical adjustment, and discusses them in terms of the pragmatic principles involved during utterance interpretation. In order to highlight the complementarity of the two perspectives, this paper particularly consists in pinning down their respective explanatory limits. It will be shown that coercion is better described in terms of a linguistically required pragmatic process. Therefore, it will be suggested that coercion might actually instantiate a particular type of saturation.

Jack Went up the Hill … but Where Was Jill?

1979 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 256-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shirley St. Peter
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Picture Books ◽  
Women's Movement ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
The Other ◽  
Female Characters ◽  
The Third ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Hill

To assess the premise that picture books are important transmitters of sex-role information, 206 picture books for children, ages 3 to 6, were analyzed. Three groups were formed: (1) titles published before the women's movement (1903–1965); (2) titles published after the women's movement (1966–1975); (3) titles chosen from a specialized nonsexist list of books about girls (1882–1973). Analyses indicated that children are presented with sex-typed book models: females, underrepresented in titles, central roles, and illustrations; males, overrepresented in instrumental pursuits and underrepresented in expressive activities. On the other hand, the third group of books featured mostly female characters and contained a predominance of instrumental models with a minimum of expressive activities. The data revealed that picture books today provide stereotyped models for young children to emulate.

A model for teaching multiplication of fractional numbers

1973 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-9
Author(s):  
George F. Green
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Real World ◽  
Physical Reality ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Real ◽  
Mature Students ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Pedagogical Models ◽  
Fractional Numbers

Mature students of mathematics can readily cope with new and abstract terms if precise definitions of the terms are provided. For such students, neither the new term nor its definition needs to have any obvious connection with the real world. Most young children, on the other hand, require relatively clear associations between abstract terms and physical reality. Making these associations is the role of pedagogical models. The word model has many meanings in mathematics and elsewhere, but it is used here simply to mean an assignment of meaning to an abstraction, in familiar—frequently physical—terms. The child's model, then, is somewhat analogous to the mathematician's definition.

scholarly journals EMANSIPASI WANITA DAN PERAN IBU (KAJIAN TEMATIK DAN PSIKOLOGIS PENDIDIKAN ANAK USIA DINI)

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Riyadi
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Role Model ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Multiple Roles ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Psychological Studies

Based on the thematic and psychological studies that the role of the mother is very significant for young children, mothers act as educators and models for children. Then this article aims to explore which refers to the books of literature, using the form of theories, concepts, where the presentation is descriptive by using research methods literature. Challenges to be faced by the woman currently in the pro - emancipation, which must be running multiple roles without having to leave his nature as a woman . On one hand , Women are required to always be « productive « in the career and life of its people . However , on the other hand for a woman who has not had a partner they should serve the elderly . And if it already has a spouse, a woman devoted to her husband prosecuted . As well as being a mother and role model for his children . That is what will be the biggest challenge for the woman

Fatal Motor Vehicle Accidents of Child Passengers from Birth Through 4 Years of Age in Washington State

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 572-575
Author(s):  
Robert G. Scherz
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Motor Vehicle Accidents ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fatal Accidents ◽  
Vehicle Accidents ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Low Speeds

During the decade beginning Jan 1, 1970 and ending Dec 31, 1979, approximately 39,500 child passengers aged 0 to 4 years were in motor vehicle accidents reported and investigated in the State of Washington; 148 (0.4%) of the children were killed outright or subsequently died. Of the 39,500 children, approximately 6,300, or 16%, were wearing some type of safety restraint and only two, or 1:3,150, were killed. On the other hand, 33,200 were not wearing restraints and 146, or 1:227, were killed. If these ratios are extrapolated, one might conclude that if all the children had been wearing restraints, there would have been 93% fewer deaths. A d etailed analysis was performed on 39 fatalities for the years 1977, 1978, and 1979. Fatal accidents involving young children in Washington State usually occurred under ordinary circumstances on dry roads at low speeds during daylight hours and were unrelated to alcohol usage.

Once We’re No More

2020 ◽  
pp. 219-239
Author(s):  
Iris Berent
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
The Other ◽  
Woody Allen ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
The Dead ◽  
The One ◽  
Afterlife Beliefs

Woody Allen has famously said he is not afraid of dying; he just doesn’t want to be there when it happens. It’s no wonder his words struck a chord—“not being” is a scary proposition. Yet many Americans believe that their psyches will persist after the demise of their bodies. And it’s not only religious devotees who believe in the afterlife; young children say the same, and so do adults and children in other societies, including even those who are self-described “extinctivists.” Our afterlife beliefs, however, are remarkably inconsistent. On the one hand, we state that some aspects of our minds are immaterial, inasmuch as they survive our bodies. But on the other hand, we believe that some of these seemingly immaterial properties of the dead act like matter; for example, they are contagious, much like germs or excrement. Chapter 14 considers our views of what happens once we are no more. We will see that the collision between Dualism and Essentialism—the twin forces that stir up our misconceptions about our origins—are also responsible for these mistaken beliefs about our demise.

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