Knowledge types and presuppositions

Pragmatics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jocelyn A. S. Navera ◽  
Leah Gustilo

Abstract Public apologies are so prevalent in our social lives that they have become a subject of scholarly investigation all over the globe. The present study, which involves coding, frequency counting, and qualitative analysis, examines the strategic aspects of 16 public apologies issued to Filipino apologizees. The results of our analysis indicate that apologizers often choose varied knowledge types and draw upon presuppositions to strategically omit details that can negatively influence their credibility and the reception of their apology. More specifically, apologizers use the audience’s presuppositions to avoid presenting common knowledge of the offense that may incriminate them further; they also omit the mention of future action that may hold them more accountable for their transgressions. Our present analysis bolsters the view that although the sincerity of public apologies cannot be exactly measured, they are still performed as part of image repair and management of interpersonal relationships.

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-153
Author(s):  
Jessica L. Ford ◽  
Justine Vosloo ◽  
Monna Arvinen-Barrow

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to document the lived experiences of flow during an optimal music performance. Fifteen undergraduate musicians (Mage = 19, 53% male) participated in in-depth, semi-structured interviews, where they were asked to describe an optimal performance experience. Results from an inductive qualitative analysis revealed three main themes: environmental context, emotional connectedness and interpersonal relationships, which synthesised the optimal performance experience. The results also suggest that flow among musicians appears to be a common emotional state and similar to that conceptualised in sport. The ways a musician experiences flow are important, as these can help music educators gain a better understanding of the conceptualisation of flow within music performance. However, given the nuanced differences in the sociocultural environment of a flow experience typical in a sport or music performance, additional research into the divergences of domains may be warranted.


Author(s):  
Francesco Vailati Riboni ◽  
Isabel Sadowski ◽  
Benedetta Comazzi ◽  
Francesco Pagnini

Abstract The global population is aging while modern healthcare systems are responding with limited success to the growing care demands of the senior population. Capitalizing on recent technological advancements, new ways to improve older adults’ quality of life have recently been implemented. The current study investigated, from a qualitative point of view, the utility of a mindfulness-based smartphone application for older adults. A description of the older adults’ experience with the smartphone application designed to enhance well-being and mindfulness will be presented. Participants’general beliefs about the benefits of technology for personal well-being will also be discussed. 68 older adults were recruited from different education centers for seniors. Participants were randomly assigned to two groups: a) a treatment group, which received the smartphone application intervention (n = 34), or b) a waitlist control group (n = 34). The experimental intervention included the utilization of a smartphone app designed specifically for improving older adult well-being and mindfulness levels. Participants completed semi-structured interviews evaluating participants’ treatment experience and technology-acceptance at recruitment (T0, baseline) and post-intervention (T1, post-intervention). Through thematic analysis, four themes were identified from verbatim responses of both interviews: Utility of technology for health, Impressions of technology, Mindful-benefits of smartphone application usage, and Smartphone application usage as a means to improve interpersonal relationships. Participants showed a positive experience of the app intervention. Qualitative analysis underlined the main Mindfulness-benefits reported by participants and the potentially crucial role of “Langerian” mindfulness in the relationship between older adults and health technology.


2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Cristina Sampaio de Brito ◽  
Alessandra Moregola de Paula ◽  
Fabiane Rossi dos Santos Grincenkov ◽  
Giancarlo Lucchetti ◽  
Hélady Sanders-Pinheiro

OBJECTIVE: to identify the main gains and stressors perceived by the patient, one year subsequent to kidney transplantation.METHOD: a qualitative study, in which the data were obtained and analyzed through the Discourse of the Collective Subject and frequency counting, with the participation of 50 patients who had received kidney transplantation.RESULTS: the sample presented a mean age of 44±12.8 years old, and a predominance of males (62%). The principal positive changes provided by the transplant were: return to activities; freedom/independence; well-being and health; strengthening of the I; and closening of interpersonal relationships. The most-cited stressors were: fear; medication; excess of care/control; specific characteristics of the treatment; and failure to return to the social roles.CONCLUSION: kidney transplantation caused various positive changes in the patient's routine, with the return to activities of daily living being the most important gain, in the participants' opinion. In relation to the stressors, fear related to loss of the graft, and questions relating to the immunosuppressive medication were the main challenges to be faced following transplantation.


Author(s):  
Adriana De Melo Ramos ◽  
Telma Pileggi Vinha

Abstract.This is a descriptive, exploratory study based on constructivist theory, in order to characterize classes considered “difficult” and “not difficult”, identifying common and / or divergent in organizing these factors and investigate the sociomoral environment, as regards to work with the knowledge, interpersonal relationships, rules and social conflicts. The sample was composed of two “difficult” classes and two “not difficult” two schools of Secondary School. Participants were students and their teaching teams. The data were collected in three ways: interviews with students and staff members; weekly observations and collecting materials Qualitative analysis indicated that in all classes surveyed had an excessive appreciation of the conventional rules, many meaningless, with no spaces for discussion or establishment of standards, which were usually imposed by authority aiming to prevent conflicts occur, and noncompliance was associated with expiatory penalties. Conflicts were seen as negative, and avoided being contained. Classes were meaningless, always held equal, favoring situations of indiscipline. In the “difficult” classes dialogue was disrespectful and hostile by both parties: both teachers and students maintained a relationship of constant confrontation, there were numerous situations incivilities. Teachers recognized the difficulty in dealing with the classes. Students resisted more to obey the rules and guidance of teachers, and also more questioning. In the “not difficult” classes had greater obedience and submission, the dialogue was less disrespectful, students were undergoing more rules imposed, trying to meet the expectations of the teachers. The relationship between peers also influenced the type of each class room as well as the academic performance of students. Expected to trigger questions that can serve as a challenge to a change in the thinking of educators, seeking a more cooperative and critical sociomoral environment.Keywords: Difficult classrooms. Indiscipline. Interpersonal conflict. School. Moral education.Resumo.Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, de caráter exploratório, fundamentado na teoria construtivista, objetivando caracterizar classes consideradas “difíceis” e “não difíceis”, identificando fatores comuns e/ou divergentes na organização destas e investigar o ambiente sociomoral, no que se refere ao trabalho com o conhecimento, as relações interpessoais, as regras e os conflitos sociais. A amostra foi composta por duas classes “difíceis” e duas “não difíceis” de duas escolas do Ensino Fundamental II. Os participantes foram estudantes e respectivas equipes pedagógicas. Os dados foram coletados de três formas: entrevistas com alunos e integrantes da equipe; observações semanais e coleta de materiais A análise qualitativa indicou que em todas as classes investigadas havia uma valorização excessiva das regras convencionais, muitas sem significado, não havendo espaços para a discussão ou criação das normas, que normalmente eram impostas pela autoridade objetivando impedir que os conflitos ocorressem, sendo que seu descumprimento estava associado às sanções expiatórias. Os conflitos eram vistos como negativos, sendo evitados e contidos. As aulas eram desprovidas de significado, organizadas sempre iguais, favorecendo situações de indisciplina. Nas classes “difíceis” o diálogo era desrespeitoso e hostil por ambas as partes: tanto professores como os alunos mantinham uma relação de enfrentamento constante, havia inúmeras situações de incivilidades. Os professores reconheciam a dificuldade em lidar com as turmas. Os alunos resistiam mais à obedecer as regras e às orientações dos professores, sendo também mais questionadores. Nas classes “não difíceis” havia maior obediência e submissão, o diálogo era menos desrespeitoso, os alunos se submetiam mais às regras impostas, tentando corresponder às expectativas dos docentes. A relação entre pares também influenciou no ambiente de cada tipo de classe, assim como o desempenho acadêmico dos alunos. Espera-se desencadear questionamentos que possam servir de desafio, para uma mudança no pensamento dos educadores, visando um ambiente sociomoral mais cooperativo e crítico.Palavras-chave: Classes difíceis. Indisciplina. Conflitos interpessoais. Escola. Educação moral.


2020 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. e98
Author(s):  
Alessandro Da Silva Ramos ◽  
Maurícius Selvero Pazinato ◽  
Tania Denise Miskinis Salgado ◽  
Camila Greff Passos

This article aims to perform a qualitative analysis on the questions produced by the visitors of the activity "Magic or Science?" of event Portas Abertas offered by a Brazilian public university. In event Portas Abertas of 2018, six experiments were presented to more than 100 visitors who interacted with the moderators through questions about practices. Therefore, the objective of this article is to analyze the character and the demand of the questions asked by the visitors of the activity and to classify them according to the components of the scientific explanation proposed in the literature. The questions produced were recorded with a voice recorder and in the researchers' field diaries. In general, there was a predominance of informative questions belonging to the subcategories of description and causal explanation, however it is highlighted that there was a satisfactory number of investigative questions of prediction. The questions classified with the investigative character and demand of the prediction type need a future action to be answered, that is, they favor the investigation on the scientific knowledge involved in the studied phenomenon.


2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alina Rashid ◽  
Kanza Faisal

Abstract Background The study explores the challenges and threats young doctors in Pakistan working frontline toward the pandemic face, and how it translates into their personal and social lives. Methods Thirteen resident doctors working frontline with COVID-19 cases were approached and interviewed in-depth until the point of data saturation. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was used as a method for analysis. Results Four themes emerged in the analysis: pandemic anxiety, organizational lack of readiness for change, impact on interpersonal relationships, and commitment to service. Young doctors experienced psychological distress, and emotional vulnerability due to the challenges and concerns faced by them in the wake of COVID-19. Shortage and excessive reuse of personal protective equipment, direct exposure to the disease, concern for personal safety, fear and apprehension of being a probable disease carrier for families, physical distancing from loved ones, long working hours, and increased organizational responsibility altered the quality of life for doctors working frontline toward pandemic in COVID wards. Doctors who received appreciation and support by families reported improved filial bonds. Conclusion The adverse effect on psychological health, personal and social life, and increased professional demands have been some of the major challenges and threats faced by young doctors working frontline toward the pandemic. However, unconditional love and support from family and community has proven to reduce pandemic anxiety among doctors. Furthermore, the sense of compassion and the satisfaction in service to community has kept doctors devoted to fight against pandemic 2020.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daiki Kato ◽  
Mikie Suzuki

We developed the new psychological concept of Rolefulness and it is a defined as “the continuous sense of role satisfaction we have in our daily lives.” Rolefulness includes 2 sub factors of “social rolefulness” and “internal rolefulness.” Social rolefulness is role satisfaction based on social experiences such as interpersonal relationships. Internal rolefulness is a role satisfaction that is formed by internalizing social rolefulness and it includes identity and confidence. First, we introduce the theoretical background and developmental process of rolefulness. Second, the statistical study of relationship between rolefulness and maladjustment is shown. Then, the example of application in the area of education and art therapy is introduced. Finally, the future application of rolefulness for our social lives and social science studies is discussed.


2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-23
Author(s):  
Nikodem Skoczeń ◽  
Sebastian Masternak ◽  
Marcin Olajossy

AbstractSchizophrenic psychoses are a heterogeneous group of diseases that affect about 1% of the world’s population. The first symptoms of the disease usually manifest between ages 20 and 30. The diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia and its subtypes are characterized in detail in ICD-10. Diagnosis is based primarily on the presence of productive symptoms such as delusions or hallucinations occurring for at least one month which cannot be explained in another way. Schizophrenia is a disease which largely affects social functioning of patients, such as occupational performance, family life, interpersonal relationships or housing situation. Apart from the sociological aspect, social lives of schizophrenia sufferers are significantly impoverished due to cognitive impairment associated with improper functioning of NMDA receptors. The study describes a case of a patient suffering from paranoid schizophrenia which sheds light on the social functioning of this group of patients.


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