Attitudes towards lexical borrowing and intra-sentential code-switching among Spanish-English bilinguals

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler Kimball Anderson ◽  
Almeida Jacqueline Toribio
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Spanish Text ◽  
The United States ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Linguistic Competence ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Lexical Borrowing ◽  
Multiple Measures ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Linguistic Assessment

The present study seeks to evaluate bilinguals’ attitudes towards the contact forms that are manifested in the speech of Spanish-English bilinguals in the United States, and the factors that contribute to this linguistic assessment. Towards that end, bilinguals of diverse proficiencies are presented with five versions of the fairytale Little Red Riding Hood/La Caperucita Roja: a normative Spanish text, two Spanish texts that contrast in the type of English lexical insertions made, and two code-switched texts, differentiated by type of intra-sentential alternation represented. Multiple measures are used to evaluate participants’ attitudes, including scalar judgments on personality characteristics of the authors of the texts. Data from fifty-three participants unveil a continuum of preferences that largely confirms the hypotheses posited: Spanish-English bilinguals evaluate single-noun insertions more positively than code-switching and report more fine-grained distinctions — differentiating specific versus core noun insertions and felicitous versus infelicitous code-switching — as commensurate with social and linguistic factors, such as language heritage and linguistic competence.

Why Politicians Are More Tolerant: Selective Recruitment and Socialization Among Political Elites in Britain, Israel, New Zealand and the United States

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
John L. Sullivan ◽  
Pat Walsh ◽  
Michal Shamir ◽  
David G. Barnum ◽  
James L. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
Political Tolerance ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Public ◽  
Members Of Parliament

In this article, we present data showing that national legislators are more tolerant than the public in Britain, Israel, New Zealand and the United States. Two explanations for this phenomenon are presented and assessed. The first is the selective recruitment of Members of Parliament, Knesset and Congress from among those in the electorate whose demographic, ideological and personality characteristics predispose them to be tolerant. Although this process does operate in all four countries, it is insufficient to explain all of the differences in tolerance between elites and the public in at least three countries. The second explanation relies on a process of explicitly political socialization, leading to differences in tolerance between elites and their public that transcend individual-level, personal characteristics. Relying on our analysis of political tolerance among legislators in the four countries, we suggest how this process of political socialization may be operating.

scholarly journals Fine-grained, spatio-temporal datasets measuring 200 years of land development in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes H. Uhl ◽  
Stefan Leyk ◽  
Caitlin M. McShane ◽  
Anna E. Braswell ◽  
Dylan S. Connor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Temporal Resolution ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Land Development ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Abstract. The collection, processing and analysis of remote sensing data since the early 1970s has rapidly improved our understanding of change on the Earth’s surface. While satellite-based earth observation has proven to be of vast scientific value, these data are typically confined to recent decades of observation and often lack important thematic detail. Here, we advance in this arena by constructing new spatially-explicit settlement data for the United States that extend back to the early nineteenth century, and is consistently enumerated at fine spatial and temporal granularity (i.e., 250 m spatial, and 5 a temporal resolution). We create these time series using a large, novel building stock database to extract and map retrospective, fine-grained spatial distributions of built-up properties in the conterminous United States from 1810 to 2015. From our data extraction, we analyse and publish a series of gridded geospatial datasets that enable novel retrospective historical analysis of the built environment at unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution. The datasets are available at https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataverse/hisdacus (Uhl and Leyk, 2020a, b, c, d).

Swedish and Norwegian Attitudes towards the United States

1976 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-200
Author(s):  
Peter Grothe
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
American Political Science Association ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Social Welfare System ◽  
Return Home ◽  
American Political Science ◽  
Science Association ◽  
The U.S

This study, based on a paper given to the 1975 annual convention of the American Political Science Association, gives the results of questionnaires filled out by more than 2,800 Swedes and Norwegians. Swedes and Norwegians who had been to the United States were compared with control groups of their fellow countrymen who had not been there regarding their perceptions of America. Further, those who had been to the United States were asked about their perceptions of their own countries. The data showed that on most – but not all – indicators, those who had been to America were more positive than the control groups who had not been there. Scandinavians who had been to America were particularly positive about American personality characteristics but were negative about the perceived lack of a comprehensive social welfare system in the U.S. Scandinavians who had been to America seemed to return home both more appreciative and more critical of some aspects of their own countries.

American myths of linguistic assimilation: A sociolinguistic rebuttal

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-37
Author(s):  
Daniel Erker ◽  
Ricardo Otheguy
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Life Experience ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
The United States ◽  
Subject Position ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Grammatical Subject ◽  
Domains Of Life ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Linguistic Behavior

Abstract This study examines the behavior of 331 Spanish speakers, 269 immigrants to the United States and sixty-two native-born individuals, through questionnaires and sociolinguistic interviews. Results show that increased US life experience correlates with expanded use of English in both private and public domains of life. Additionally, greater use of English co-exists with maintenance of fine-grained patterns of structured linguistic variation in Spanish, such that US-born speakers demonstrate remarkable similarity to the immigrant generation in their usage of three variables: (i) subject pronoun presence vs. absence, (ii) grammatical subject position, and (iii) syllable-final /s/. The co-occurence of increased use of English, on one hand, and intergenerational structural continuity in variable linguistic behavior in Spanish, on the other, challenges two misconceptions about Spanish in the United States: that (a) Spanish-speaking immigrants and their US-born children are unwilling or unable to learn English, and (b) regular use of English entails attrition and/or failed acquisition of Spanish. Neither of these views finds empirical support in our data. (Spanish in the United States, comparative variationist linguistics, subject personal pronouns, grammatical subject position, syllable final /s/, bilingualism)

scholarly journals City as Flux: Interrogating the Changing Nature of Urban Change

2022 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Aseem Inam
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Las Vegas ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
The United States ◽  
Urban Change ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
The World ◽  
The City

What do we mean by the changing nature of urban change? First of all, in the 20th and 21st centuries, cities have been changing in different and dramatic ways, whether through grassroots mobilizations, through technological leaps, or through profit-driven speculations. Second, our understanding of how cities change has also been evolving, in particularly through empirical work that challenges the broad-brush universalizations of conventional thinking. The authors of the six selected articles take us through an around-the-world tour of cities and regions that range from Mulhouse in France to Dakar in Senegal to Las Vegas in the United States to Bogota in Colombia and beyond. Each author carefully examines the nature of urban change and how planners, developers, and citizens are either dealing with that change or even shaping it. Together, what the articles suggest is that we need a more fine-grained understanding of the city as flux in order to obtain better theoretical insights as well as urban practices that can better manage and ultimately shape urban change to benefit citizens, especially those who are marginalized.

The Promise of Private Education: A Case Study of Racialized, Gendered, and Socioeconomic Disparities in Achievement in One Private School

2021 ◽  
Vol 123 (6) ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
Kelly M. Harris ◽  
Olivia Marcucci
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Private Schools ◽  
Private School ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Research Collaboration ◽  
The United States ◽  
Socioeconomic Disparities ◽  
Multiple Measures ◽  
Multivariable Regression ◽  
Achievement Disparities

Background Private schools have a big part in the educational landscape in the United States, both in terms of the number of students they educate and in the number of resources they command. That said, despite expectations to increase equity and access to opportunity for all students, little is known about racial, gender, or socioeconomic achievement trends in this setting. Unlike public schools, there is very limited national-level achievement data infrastructure for private schools. Analyses of individual schools can begin to illuminate trends in particular contexts. Purpose of Study This study examines how achievement differs by race, gender, and socioeconomic status in one private school in the United States, Gardenview Preparatory School (GPS; a pseudonym). Setting GPS is a traditional private school serving students pre-kindergarten to 12th grade, located in a wealthy, predominantly White suburban area of a larger metropolitan region. Leadership in the school have attempted to prioritize diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) work. One of their attempts was to seek a research collaboration with the authors of this article. Participants The primary focus of this article included a quantitative sample of all students graduating from GPS between the years of 2010 to 2017 (N =1216). Research Design While the larger research collaboration included mixed methods, this article presents multivariable regression models using secondary data. Significant features of the regression models include (1) achievement measures at both admissions to GPS and graduation from GPS, (2) multiple measures of achievement at graduation, and (3) intersectional analyses. Findings A key takeaway from this analysis is that demographics are not largely predictive of admissions test performance at GPS. A second key takeaway, however, is that once GPS students reached high school graduation, larger and more widespread racial, gendered, and socioeconomic disparities emerged. The third major takeaway from the analysis is that intersections of race and gender do impact achievement upon graduation from GPS. Conclusions This study is one of the first of its kind to use advanced multivariable regression to map achievement disparities—at multiple timepoints in a student's career and using multiple measures of achievement—in a traditional, private school. Without understanding the existence, nature, and extent of achievement disparities, stakeholders cannot act intentionally to promote equity in private schools and beyond.

Code-switching attitudes and their effects on acceptability judgment tasks

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Badiola ◽  
Rodrigo Delgado ◽  
Ariane Sande ◽  
Sara Stefanich
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Bilingual Speakers ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Acceptability Judgment

Abstract The present study examines the effects of code-switching (CS) attitudes in Acceptability Judgment Tasks (AJTs) among early Spanish/English bilinguals in the United States. In doing so, we explore whether negative attitudes towards CS result in lower/degraded ratings, and, likewise, whether positive attitudes result in higher acceptability ratings. Fifty Spanish/English bilinguals completed a survey that comprised a linguistic background questionnaire and a set of monolingual and code-switched sentences featuring two sets of stimuli, pro-drop (Sande, 2015) and pronouns (Koronkiewicz, 2014), that they rated on a 1–7 Likert scale; additionally, the survey included a final component that gathered information about the speakers’ attitudes towards CS. The pro-drop and pronouns code-switched stimuli gave rise to a total of four conditions. Results from a Linear Mixed Model revealed that all participants, regardless of attitude, distinguished between all Conditions. Furthermore, an effect for attitude was found for two of the conditions, such that the more positive the attitude, the higher the rating given on the AJT. In fact, these two conditions were composed of the CS structures that were rated higher by participants in Sande (2015) and Koronkiewicz (2014). No effect for attitude was found for CS structures that were rated low in the original studies. Thus, this investigation suggests that the attitudes that bilingual speakers have towards CS play a role in the ratings that they provide in AJTs, but in a manner that highlights, rather than obscures, the rule-governed nature of CS.

Como dicen los americanos

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Israel Sanz-Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Mexico ◽  
Language Shift ◽  
The United States ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Mexican Spanish ◽  
Lexical Borrowing ◽  
New Mexican ◽  
Us Southwest ◽  
The Us

This study analyzes the patterns of incorporation of English elements in New Mexican Spanish in the decades following the annexation of New Mexico by the United States as reflected in a corpus of private letters written between 1848 and 1936. The quantitative analysis shows that most types of contact features are infrequent during much of this period, but there is an increase in the presence of English elements in the last decades covered by the corpus. It also shows that semantic and lexical borrowing is much more frequent than structural interference or code-switching. These findings are then correlated with the general sociolinguistic environment of post-annexation Hispanic New Mexico, where bilingualism and language shift to English were much more infrequent than elsewhere in the US Southwest. Attention is also paid to features that pertain exclusively to the written language, and their distribution is explained as a function of the degree of exposure of Hispanic New Mexicans to literacy in English and Spanish.

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