Scandinavian mutation research during the past 90 years - a historical review.

2021 ◽  
pp. 10-23
Author(s):  
Udda Lundqvist
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Chemical Mutagenesis ◽  
Induced Mutations ◽  
Spike Density ◽  
Early Maturity ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Effects Of Radiation ◽  
Wax Coating

Abstract In 1928, the Swedish geneticists Herman Nilsson-Ehle and Åke Gustafsson started to act on their own ideas with the first experiments with induced mutations using diploid barley. They started with X-rays and UV irradiation. Very soon the first chlorophyll mutations were obtained and followed by the first 'vital' mutations Erectoides (ert) (Franckowiak and Lundqvist, 2001). Several other valuable mutations were identified as early maturity, high yielding, lodging resistant and characters with altered plant architecture. The experiments expanded to include other different types of irradiation, followed by chemical mutagenesis starting with mustard gas and concluding with sodium azide. The research brought a wealth of observations of general biological importance, such as the physiological effects of radiation as well as the difference in the mutation spectrum with respect to mutagens. This research was non-commercial, even if some mutants have become of important agronomic value. It peaked in activity during the 1950s to 1980s and, throughout, barley was the main experimental crop. About 12,000 different morphological and physiological mutants with a very broad phenotypic diversity were brought together and are incorporated in the Nordic Genetic Resource Centre (NordGen), Sweden. Several important mutant groups have been analysed in more detail genetically, with regard to mutagen specificity and gene cloning. These are: (i) early maturity mutants (Praematurum); (ii) six-rowed and intermedium-spike mutants; (iii) mutants affecting surface wax coating (Eceriferum); and (iv) mutants affecting rachis spike density (Erectoides). Some of these groups are presented in more detail in this review. Once work with induction of mutations began, it was evident that mutations should regularly be included in breeding programmes of crop plants. In Sweden, direct X-ray induced macro-mutants have been successfully released as cultivars, some of them having been used in combination breeding. Their importance for breeding is discussed in more detail.

Economic optimum plant density of irrigated early-maturity soybean in southern Alberta

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tram T.N. Thai ◽  
Danny G. Le Roy ◽  
Manjula S. Bandara ◽  
James E. Thomas ◽  
Francis J Larney
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Profit Maximization ◽  
Seeding Density ◽  
Early Maturity ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Southern Alberta ◽  
Soybean Genotypes ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Lower Plant

With soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed cost increasing in Alberta, understanding economic optimum plant density (EOPD) could help growers save on input expenses. A study was conducted at two irrigated locations in southern Alberta (Bow Island and Lethbridge), in three growing seasons (2014–16), using two maturity group (MG) 00 soybean genotypes, two row spacings (RS; narrow, 17.5 cm; wide, 35 cm), and three seeding densities (SD; 30, 50 and 80 seeds m-2). Exponential plant density-yield relationships were used to estimate EOPD. The earlier MG 00.4 genotype compensated yield at lower plant density (39 vs. 43 plants m-2) and emergence (74 vs. 80%) than the later MG 00.8 genotype. The EOPD gaps between environments, genotypes, and RS were minimal (from 1–3 plants m-2), resulting in only 1.3–2.0% differences in grain yield (37–56 kg ha-1), and gross revenue at EOPD ($16–24 ha-1). The overall EOPD estimate was 46 plants m-2, regardless of environment, genotype or RS. The study highlighted the difference between agronomic production and profit maximization in choosing an optimum plant density, and the need to establish a seeding density calculator for irrigated soybean in southern Alberta.

scholarly journals On the high scientific quality of early research on strain and deformation fabrics (1835–1908)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-216
Author(s):  
Pablo J. Torres Carbonell
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Strain Analysis ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Scientific Quality ◽  
High Quality Research ◽  
Strain Ellipsoid ◽  
The Difference ◽  
High Standards ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract. High-quality research developed during the 19th century established the foundations of rock strain investigations. Careful observation and description of rock fabrics and deformed objects in rocks allowed early researchers to obtain mathematical expressions that are still used today to quantify strain. Thus, in a span of a few decades, and applying basic scientific methodology, these researchers developed the concept of the strain ellipsoid, defined mathematically the difference between constant-volume and volume-loss deformation, constructed the basic equations that define pure and simple shear deformation, and discovered the mechanism of pressure–solution deformation. These advances were fundamental to seminal works on strain analysis and deformation fabrics in the mid-20th century. However, they are rarely addressed in modern studies, which suggests a lack of awareness among current researchers. In order to bring attention to these landmarks of strain research, I provide a historical review of the high standards of analysis that led to the definition of the fundamental equations and concepts on strain during the 19th century.

Influence of genotype, sowing date, and seeding rate on wheat development and yield

1993 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 751 ◽  
Author(s):  
DR Coventry ◽  
TG Reeves ◽  
HD Brooke ◽  
DK Cann
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Spike Density ◽  
Early Maturity ◽  
North Eastern

A 3-year study was conducted to measure the effect of sowing time and seeding rate on the development and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown under high-yielding conditions in north-eastern Victoria. A range of wheat cultivars with different development responses, including 'winter' types, was used in 2 experiments in each season. High grain yields for dryland wheat were measured in the first 2 seasons (1985-86), and in 1985, near-optimal water use efficiencies (>18 kg/ha. mm effective rainfall) were obtained. In the third season (1987) grain yield was limited by adverse climatic conditions-in the me- and post-anthesis period. In each season, grain yield declined with delay in sowing time. In 1985 there was a loss of 200-250 kg grain/ha for each week's delay in sowing time. In 1987, yield loss with delayed sowing was 50-110 kg grain/ha. In each season, cultivars with late or midseason maturity development gave the highest mean yields, and the use of these maturity types allowed earlier sowing, in mid April. However, with late sowing of wheat there was a trend for early maturity types to give higher yields, and so the use of 2 wheat cultivars with distinct maturity development responses to climate is recommended. If only 1 wheat cultivar is to be used, then a late maturity type is recommended. Higher wheat yields were also obtained as spike density increased, as a result of higher seeding rates. Our data suggest that in the higher rainfall region of north-eastern Victoria, a spike density of about 500 spikes/m2 is required to optimise wheat yields.

EFFECTIVE FLOWERING TIME VARIATIONS IN UPLAND COTTON (GOSSYPIUM HIRSUTUM) AT DIFFERENT PLANTING DATES AND STAND DENSITIES IN BENIN

2007 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
EMMANUEL SEKLOKA ◽  
BERNARD HAU ◽  
ERIC GOZÉ ◽  
SYLVIE LEWICKI ◽  
GRÉGOIRE THOMAS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Flowering Time ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Flower Opening ◽  
Late Planting ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Cycle Lengths ◽  
Time Variations ◽  
The Difference

Effective flowering time in Gossypium hirsutum cotton plants was studied with the aim of enhancing decision making on the best varieties to plant according to the planting date under rainfed cropping conditions. Trials were conducted at two sites in a cotton-growing area of Benin in 2002 and 2003. A split-split plot design with three replicates was used to compare 10 cotton varieties, with different growth cycle lengths and morphology, at three stand densities (42 000, 125 000, 167 000 plants ha−1) and two planting dates (standard planting in June and late planting). The flowering period was characterized by the mean first flower opening date (FF), which is an indicator of flowering earliness, and by the opening date of the last flower giving rise to a first-position boll on fruiting branches (LFP1). Effective flowering time (EFT) was calculated as the difference between LFP1 and FF. EFTs differed markedly in the 10 cotton varieties tested and this parameter could not be predicted on the basis of flowering earliness. Late planting and high planting rates delayed first-flower opening, accelerated last-boll development and reduced the effective flowering time. This latter factor should be taken into account in cotton breeding programmes so that varieties adapted to local rainfall constraints can be recommended to growers while also enhancing crop management sequences.

scholarly journals High-yielding cultivar of spring turnip rapeseed of “000” type Gratsiya

2021 ◽  
Vol 187 (3) ◽  
pp. 96-99
Author(s):  
G.N. Kuznetsova ◽  
◽  
R.S. Polyakova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Erucic Acid ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Dense Medium ◽  
Seed Color ◽  
Early Maturity ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Oil Crops ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
Rapeseed Cultivar ◽  
Wax Coating

The spring turnip rapeseed cultivar Gratsiya was developed at the Siberian experimental station – a branch of V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops by multiple individual and family selections from high-yielding, yellowseeded forms of the German cultivar Eldorado. In 2020, we isolated elite plant in the selection nursery by the main agronomic valuable traits: early maturity, high productivity, resistance to lodging, yellow seed color, low content of glucosinolates in the seeds and erucic acid in the oil. According to the results of three years competitive trials (2018–2020), 12 promising numbers with a growing season of 66–70 days were evaluated and a promising high-yielding number 31119 – the cultivar of type “000” Gratsiya was isolated. The cultivar of spring turnip rapeseed Gratsiya exceeded the standard cultivar Pobeda in seed yield by 0.21 t/ha and in oil yield by 0.08 t/ha. By the main agronomic traits, the cultivar Gratsiya differs from the standard one in lower content of glucosinolates in seeds (14.6 µmol/g) and erucic acid in oil (0.43 %). Seedlings are green, without wax coating, the plant is semi-dense, medium-branched, plant height of 120– 135 cm. The fruit is a pod, 5–7 cm long. Seeds are yellow, with an addition of brown – up to 2 %. Thousand-seed weight is 2.5–2.8 g. It is moderately drought-resistant, has uniform ripening, is suitable for mechanical harvesting, and is recommended for cultivation throughout the Russian Federation because of its early maturity.

scholarly journals Entre filosofía e historia o filosofía de la historia: una ontología del presente

2007 ◽  
pp. 139-151
Author(s):  
José Antonio Mateos Castro
Keyword(s):  
Michel Foucault ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Philosophy Of History ◽  
Xviii Century ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Way

This article intends to establish the relationship between history and philosophy by performing an historical review that starts with the greeks until the appearance of philosophy of history, specifically in Emmanuel Kant. Afterwards, I relate and show the difference between the kantian meditation of the XVIII century and the one Michel Foucault fulfilled two hundred years later. The objective is to rebound the tasks of philosophy of history and the way that the mentioned authors assume a compromise with the present.

scholarly journals A Historical Review of Data and Information of Indonesian Mangroves Area

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aswin Rahadian ◽  
Lilik Budi Prasetyo ◽  
Yudi Setiawan ◽  
Ketut Wikantika
Keyword(s):  
Historical Review ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Quality Of Data ◽  
Mangrove Area ◽  
Sensing Technology ◽  
Comprehensive Information ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
The Difference

Quantification of the mangrove area in Indonesia was very diverse, which is quantified in the pre and post development of remote sensing technology. This causes uncertainty comprehensive information of mangrove in Indonesia. The planners at national and international level of faced with the problems of uncertainty information that has implications for the quality of data availability. Therefore, it is important to develop a comprehensive of mangrove extent and distribution database. The method used in-depth study literature on various publications related mangrove mapping in Indonesia and comparative analysis. This study aims to identify comprehensive information mangrove forests of Indonesia and analyze the factors which cause diversity of quantification area and reliability of data. We found 42 publications containing data and information on Indonesia's mangrove forests area, with 17 sources including detailed information per province. The study results showed that the difference mangrove quantification area was influenced by several main factors including analysis periode, differences in the concept and mangrove boundaries, basic data and scale, method of mangrove mapping, as well as regional coverage. Keywords: historical data, Indonesia, mangrove area  

scholarly journals Variance in Stallion Semen Quality among Equestrian Sporting Disciplines and Competition Levels

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 485
Author(s):  
Megan Wilson ◽  
Jess Williams ◽  
V. Tamara Montrose ◽  
Jane Williams
Keyword(s):  
Semen Quality ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Controversial Subject ◽  
Progressive Motility ◽  
Daily Exercise ◽  
Semen Volume ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
The Difference

Most stallions within breeding programmes are expected to breed and compete concurrently. The exercising of stallions with regards to training regimes during the breeding season is a controversial subject. Daily exercise at low intensities is important for the mental and reproductive well-being of the stallion, however higher intensities of exercise, as seen in competing stallions, may have detrimental effects on seminal quality. To calculate if competition does affect semen quality, this study investigated the effect that equestrian discipline and timing of competition had on a range of stallion semen characteristics. This was a retrospective study that evaluated the seminal data of 1130 stallion semen collections from two UK based stud farms between 2009 and 2016. Competing stallion semen quality was significantly lower with regards to concentration (p < 0.05) and progressive motility (p < 0.05) than non-competing stallions. Semen volume was higher in competing stallions (p < 0.05) than non-competing stallions. There was a significant difference in seminal attributes among disciplines and competition levels (p < 0.05). The difference in semen quality among competing and non-competing stallions, as well as the difference among disciplines suggests endocrinological and physiological changes occur in relation to training intensity and competition.

scholarly journals Characteristics of promising apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) genetic resources in Central Serbia based on blossoming period and fruit quality

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 46-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Milošević ◽  
N. Milošević ◽  
I. Glišić ◽  
B. Krška
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Prunus Armeniaca ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Mineral Matter ◽  
Total Sugars ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Prunus Armeniaca L ◽  
The Difference

This study presents results on the performance of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) genotypes in Central Serbia. The research included observation and recording of biological (i.e. phenological) traits and in situ sampling of fruits from 1,210 grafted trees for determination of pomological and sensorial traits. A total of 14 genotypes were selected and compared with Hungarian Best (control cultivar). The difference in blossoming time between two years was one month. In 2006, blossoming time was found to be earlier in three genotypes, simultaneous in five genotypes and later in six as compared to the control. In 2007, bloom was earlier in four genotypes, simultaneous in four and later in six genotypes. Average fruit weight ranged from 41.34 &plusmn; 0.8 to 81.50 &plusmn; 4.1 g, T-5 being the only genotype having the fruit weight lower than Hungarian Best (49.07 &plusmn; 2.2 g). The content of soluble solids, total sugars, and mineral matter ranged from 15.72&ndash;18.88%, 11.53&ndash; 4.99%, and 0.29&ndash;0.43%, respectively, and total acidity was 0.77&ndash;1.08%. The appearance and the skin colour of the genotypes were highly attractive. They have promising traits which suggest that they can be useful parents in apricot breeding programmes.

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