TREE STRATIFICATION BASED ON ERUPTION DAMAGE LEVEL IN MOUNT MERAPI NATIONAL PARK YOGYAKARTA INDONESIA

Mount Merapi’s eruption has caused damage to the forests in the Mount Merapi National Park (MMNP). Nine years after the eruption, the vertical structure of vegetation can illustrate the progress of succession. This study aimed to analyze the tree composition and stratification in different forest damage levels after the 2010 Merapi eruption. The study was conducted in March 2019 at three stations, namely station A (heavy damage area), station B (moderate damage area), and station C (minor damage area). Vegetation parameters in each station were taken in a 10x100 plot and were processed using a tree profile diagram. Abiotic parameters were measured in each plot and analyzed using the correlation test. The results showed that the three stations were still dominated by the tree in Stratum C, but the tree density and tree height varied in proportion to the damage level. Station A in the heavy damage area has the lowest tree density (23 trees/0.1 ha) with a maximum tree height of 12 meters, in contrast to Station C in the minor damage area with tree density reaching 195 trees/0.1 ha and maximum tree height reaching 30 meters. Nine years after the Mount Merapi big eruption, the MMNP forests in Yogyakarta Province are still classified as young secondary forests. Key words: diagram, profile, succession, structure, vertical

POTENTIAL OF INCOME INCREASE OBTAINED FROM VISITORS’ PERCEPTION AND BEHAVIOUR TOWARDS SERULINGMAS WILDLIFE RECREATION PARK BANJARNEGARA

The needs for a large amount of fund demand the conservation agency to be more creative and able to compromise the visitors` necessities as an effort to guarantee wildlife welfare by providing suitable environment and its infrastructure. The objective of this study is to obtain the data and information related to the potential of income increase gained from the visitors’ perception and behavior towards Serulingmas Wildlife Recreation Park (TRM) in order to optimize many resources owned through tourism service innovations offered to visitors. The data were collected by delivering questionnaires to 150 visitors. The data collected included characteristics, motivations, and perceptions of visitors toward animal collection which were categorized into four, i.e.knowledge about animal, visitor behavior towards animals, collection rating, and animals` condition. Moreover, the condition of facilities in Serulingmas TRM was also evaluated. Furthermore, the management will be able to find the recent condition of collection animals based on the current information obtained from visitors. Thus, the information could be used to improve the management and increase the attractiveness about the animals for visitors. The results showed that seeing animals was the most popular activity for visitors and tiger was the favorite animal selected by the visitors of Serulingmas TRM. Visitors had a perception that the existence of Serulingmas TRM could increase knowledge and positive behaviors towards animals supported by a good and attractive cage arrangement, healthy animal condition, good facilities and service condition. Moreover, the visitor's interest in seeing animals along with the willingness of visitors to pay the entrance fee by adding the animal attraction could increase the income estimation by 36.67% started from 2019 only if the management increased the entrance fee to Rp25,000.00 (based on visitors` Willingness to Pay value). The improvement of attraction that pays attention on the visitors` desire and needs by also considering animals` welfare can support a sustainable conservation agency. Key words: ex situ conservation, Serulingmas Wildlife Recreation Park Banjarnegara visitors` perception, willingness to pay

MAPPING THE DISTRIBUTION OF SALTWATER CROCODILE (Crocodylus porosus) AND RISKS OF HUMAN-CROCODILE CONFLICTS IN SETTLEMENTS AROUND KUTAI NATIONAL PARK, EAST KALIMANTAN

Human-crocodile conflicts (HCC) are problems affecting crocodile conservation. Scientific publications on crocodile attack cases in Indonesia are few with low validation which hinder optimal conflict mitigation efforts. The estuarine river of Kutai National Park is a natural habitat for saltwater crocodiles and mostly nearby dense settlements. This study aims to map the distribution of saltwater crocodiles and potential conflicts in the Kutai National Park area. To predict the distribution of saltwater crocodiles, we used Maximum Entropy MAXENT with its environmental predictors i.e. slope, altitude, distance from shore, distance from river, temperature, and habitat types (mangrove forest, freshwater swamp, and shrubs). MAXENT prediction showed that elevation was the most influential variable with AUC (Average Under Curve) value of 0.952. Settlements with activities occurring within one kilometer from the river and those adjacent to coastal areas proved to be the highest in human conflicts with crocodiles. Key words: conflict, crocodile, human, MAXENT

LOCAL ETHNIC MALAY COMMUNITY KNOWLEDGE IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE UTILIZATION AND ITS CONSERVATION STRATEGY IN EAST BELITUNG REGENCY, INDONESIA

Belitung Malay is the largest ethnic group in the East Belitung Regency which is rich in biodiversity. In daily life, the people of East Belitung utilize biological resources for various necessities of life, including the utilization for health maintenance and treatment. However, along with the changing times and technological developments in the health sector, there are some changes in society in the use of biodiversity as traditional medicine. This study aims to examine the knowledge and perceptions of the Belitung Malay ethnic community on the use of traditional medicines. The method used in this study is a semi-structured interview with ethnographic techniques. Informants were selected using purposive sampling, in which they were considered to have a lot of knowledge about traditional medicine and its processing, such as traditional leaders, tribal chiefs, village heads, herbalists, and massage workers. The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis. The results of the interview show that people still use traditional medicine a lot. Traditional medicine is sourced from plant and animal raw materials. Community trust in traditional medicines is still quite high as indicated in the use of medicinal plants based on use values ​​reaching 0.64 and animal-sourced traditional medicines of 92.59. Even though the use-value is high for the Malay ethnic community, it seems that the existence of traditional medicinal materials has become increasingly difficult and scarce to obtain. In this case, to obtain these medicinal ingredients, people must go far into the forest. Key words: East Belitung, knowledge, medicinal animals, medicinal plants, traditional healers

THE BEHAVIOR OF URBAN COMMUNITIES IN PLANTING USEFUL PLANTS IN THE YARD DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic that forces restrictions on movement between people is thought to impact the utilization of yards in urban areas positively. However, there is not much information about yard management practices, including plant species managed by urban communities. In the framework of biodiversity conservation, this research aims to explore the variety of plant species planted in the yards, the area of ​​managed yards, and the planting motivation of the urban community, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research was conducted from May to August 2020 using an online questionnaire (Google Form), and direct interviews with target respondents consisted of communities spread across two major cities in Lampung Province, i.e. Metro City and Bandar Lampung City. The research findings showed that only 8% of respondents planted various useful plant species during the COVID-19 pandemic, while the rest of them planted long before the pandemic occurred. The plant groups that the respondents commonly owned were ornamental plants (70%), while 30% of the existing species were medicinal plants and spices. The motivations included enjoying the yield (herbs and medicine), filling the spare time, enjoy gardening and love plants, making the house beautiful and cool, and even planting it for sale. Of the five planting goals or motivations of the urban community, the motivation to enjoy the yield was the highest, followed by the desire to have a beautiful yard and enjoy gardening. This condition is believed to continue to exist even though modernization is expanding. Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic, ethnobotany, ornamental plants, residential landscape, useful plants

SUPPLY OPTIMIZATION OF OBJECTS AND NATURAL TOURIST ATTRACTIONS IN SITU GUNUNG, GUNUNG GEDE PANGRANGO NATIONAL PARK

Situ Gunung Natural Tourism area as part of Gunung Gede Pangrango Natural Park utilization zone is a popular natural tourism destination. Therefore, the assessment on objects and attraction natural tourism attraction of Situ Gunung (ODTWASG) based on the satisfaction of management as the supply and visitors as the demand is essential to identify object and nature attraction that ecologically, socially, and economically need to be improved or maintained by the managers. The assessment results data were then processed and analyzed by using conformity scale method and Importance Performance Analysis (IPA). The results showed that there was one unsatisfying attribute on both parties in economic scale, i.e., the making of suspension bridge. Besides, there were two attributes of economic ODTWASG that have not been managed optimally. Thus, it has not contributed to customer satisfaction, which were food and beverages prices at the food court as well as water tourism object entrance fee. Therefore, ODTWASG supply optimization could focus on these two economic attributes; first, setting and adjusting the attribute of food and beverages prices, and second, improving water tourism quality. Key words: Importance Performance Analysis (IPA), satisfaction, supply and demand

IDENTIFICATION OF STAKEHOLDERS AND THEIR ROLES IN ECOTOURISM HAZARD MANAGEMENT IN MOUNT RINJANI NATIONAL PARK

Mount Rinjani is a volcano with hot water, savanna, and other beauty of nature as one of the leading destinations in Lombok. Behind its beauty, Mount Rinjani National Park (TNGR) is in a natural hazard area, making it a disaster-prone area. The objective of this study is to identify the parties and roles of each party involved in the Ecotourism hazard management in TNGR based on their level of interest and influence. Determination of sampling used purposive sampling, as well as semi-structured key informant interviews with snowball sampling using interview guides. The study object of this study were the parties (stakeholders) and the relationship between the parties involved in the hazard management of TNGR ecotourism. The roles of stakeholders in managing the dangers of TNGR Ecotourism were divided into four: support, actors, decision-makers, and infrastructure providers. The key players were TNGR Center and West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) Provincial Tourism Office. The subjects were North Lombok Regency Tourism Office, Central Lombok Regency Tourism Office, East Lombok Culture and Tourism Office, EMHC (Edelweiss Medical Help Center), NTB Provincial Office of Environment and Forestry, Mataram Rescue and Search Office, BPMVG Sembalun, Rinjani Porter Guide Forum, Lombok APGI, Head of Sembalun Subdistrict, Head of Bayan Subdistrict, Sangkreang Nature Lovers Organization, and Tourism Activist Group (Pokdarwis) Rinjani Perkasa. The context setter was Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) of NTB Province. The crowd was NTB Regional Police (Polda), Korem (Subregional Military Command) 162 Wira Bhakti Mataram, Regional Development Planning Agency (Bappeda) of NTB Province, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of NTB Province, NTB Provincial Public Works and Spatial Planning Office, Rinjani Tourism Image Forum, North Lombok TO Association, Central Lombok TO Association, East Lombok TO Association, Daily Executor Board (DPH) Geopark UGG Rinjani Lombok and Grahaphala Unram. Key words: hazard, management, Mount Rinjani, stakeholder

DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF HERPETOFAUNA IN INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SUMATERA CAMPUS AREA

Land use change of rubber plantation into ITERA campus area has led to changes in the ecology of the area. Amphibians and reptiles, referred as Herpetofauna, are categorized as wild animals that are sensitive to environmental changes and are considered as bio-indicators. Wild conservation activities including herpetofauna is an essential part to the forest campus concept in ITERA. The objective of the study is to analyze the diversity and distribution of herpetofauna. This applied Visual Encounter Survey (VES) with Time Constraint Method and Glue Trap technique. This research was carried out on six observation path and 180 traps. The ecological index analysis consisted of species diversity, evenness, richness, abundance, and community similarity. Twenty-two herpetofauna species were found, including nine amphibians (5 families) and 13 reptiles (9 families). There was one reptile species with vulnerable conservation status and 3 reptile species included in CITES appendix II. The diversity index value (H ') was 2.29; species evenness (E) value was 0.74; and species richness value was 3.33. Amphibian species with the highest abundance was Fejervarya cancrivora 1.78 individual/hour of observer, while from the reptile species was Hemidactylus frenatus 0.35 individual/hour of observer. There were 550 herpetofauna encounters, where 8 species could be found on all transects and 6 species could only be found on one transect. This research showed that the condition of ITERA habitat currently supported herpetofauna's life and needed conservation activities to maintain herpetofauna diversity. Key words: distribution, diversity, herpetofauna, ITERA

HEIGHT, DIAMETER AND TREE CANOPY COVER ESTIMATION BASED ON UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE (UAV) IMAGERY WITH VARIOUS ACQUISITION HEIGHT

The forest inventory technique by applying remote sensing technology has become a new breakthrough in technological developments in forest inventory activities. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) imagery with camera sensor is one of the inventory tools that produce data with high spatial resolution. The level of spatial resolution of the image is strongly influenced by the flying height of the UAV for a certain camera’s focus. In addition, flight height also affects the acquisition time and accuracy of inventory results, although there is still little research on this matter. The study aims to (a)evaluate the effect of various flying heights on the accuracy of tree height measurements through UAV imagery for every stand age class, (b).estimate the trees diameter and canopy cover for every stand age class. Stand height was estimated using Digital Surface Models (DSM), Digital Terrain Models (DTM) and Orthophoto. DSM and DTM were built by converting orthophoto to pointclouds using the PIX4Dmapper based on Structure From Motion (SFM) on the photogrammetric method to reconstruct topography automatically. Meanwhile, the tree cover canopy was estimated using the All Return Canopy Index (ARCI) formula. The results show that the flight height of 100 meters produces a stronger correlation than the flying height of 80 meters and 120 meters in estimating tree height, based on the high coefficient of determination (R2) and the low root mean square error (RMSE) value. In addition, tree canopy estimation analysis using ARCI has a maximum difference of 9.8% with orthophoto visual delineation. Key words: canopy height model (CHM), digital surface models (DSM), digital terrain models (DTM), forest inventory, UAV image

OPTIMIZATION OF THE ROLES OF STAKEHOLDERS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SAMARES ECOTOURISM IN BIAK NUMFOR REGENCY

Samares is a coastal area in the villages of Sepse and Imndi in the East Biak District, Papua. Samares has several natural tourism objects that have the potential to be used for ecotourism activities. However, the current condition of the potency for ecotourism has not been well developed. Stakeholders participation was analyzed to identify and map the stakeholders’ involvement and to formulate the role of stakeholders in the development of ecotourism in Samares. This research was conducted in Sepse Village from June to August 2019. Data were obtained from field observations, literature review, questionnaires and semi-directive interview. The data were analyzed using scoring technique to determine interest and influence of stakeholders. The results showed that there were 16 stakeholders involved in the development of ecotourism in Samares, which were categorized as subjects, key players, context setters, and crowds. Stakeholders consist of provincial and district government, NGO, community, and private entities. To enhance the development of ecotourism in Samares, increased collaboration of programs, synchronization and coordination that ecotourism management can be conducted unitedly and efficiently, increase stakeholders’ participation, and increasing tourism promotion activities in Samares. Keywords: cooperation, ecotourism, optimization, Samares, stakeholders’ role.