scholarly journals The nutritive value of dried red clover as a supplement for perennial ryegrass hay

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Mosley
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ryegrass Hay ◽  
Groundnut Meal

1. A low-digestibility ryegrass hay was fed to sheep and the effect of supplementation with dried red clover on animal production and digestion was examined. Comparisons were made using other supplements containing (a) barley (isoenergetic with clover supplement), (b) barley and decorticated groundnut meal (isoenergetic and isonitrogenous with clover supplement), (c) barley, groundnut meal and mineral salts (containing an equivalent level of digestible energy, apparently digestible crude protein and minerals to those of the clover supplement).2. Dry matter intake, digestibility of organic matter and live-weight gain were higher with clover supplemented hay than with hay alone, and the live-weight gain response to clover supplementation was comparable with the concentrate diet (supplement c), which supplied an equivalent level of digestible energy, crude protein and minerals.3. The utilization of digestible energy for live-weight gain was significantly higher (P < 0.05) for clover than for hay, hay plus barley, and hay plus barley and groundnut meal. The utilization of the clover – hay mixture was similar to that of the hay plus concentrates and minerals and tended to be higher than that of the concentrate diet without minerals, although the difference was not significant (P < 0.05).4. There was no significant difference between hay and clover diets in the proportions of volatile fatty acids found in the rumen, although there was a shift from acetate to butyrate production with the two diets containing groundnut meal.5. The apparent digestibility of nitrogen for both hay and clover was low, but intake and retention was markedly increased with clover.6. The intake and retention for all the minerals studied was better for the clover-supplemented hay and all-clover diets than for the hay diet, and the availability of sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and phosphorus was higher. The availability and retention of Na, K and Mg with the clover-supplemented hay diet were slightly lower than the mineral-supplemented diet, while those of Ca and P were higher.

Beef production from silage 2. The performance of beef cattle given silages of either perennial ryegrass or red clover

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Thomas ◽  
B. G. Gibbs ◽  
J. C. Tayler
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Primary Growth ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Rate Of Decline

ABSTRACT1. A primary growth of perennial ryegrass was cut on 8 to 11 May (early) or on 12 June (late) for comparison with the primary growth of a tetraploid red clover, which was cut either on 1 or 2 June (early) or on 28 June (late). The crops were ensiled, after wilting for about 4h, with the addition of formic acid at 2·21/t fresh crop. The silages were given ad libitum alone or with rolled barley at 11·5 g dry matter per kg live weight to 40 British Friesian steers initially 3 months old and 108 kg live weight.2. On average there was no significant difference in digestibility between perennial ryegrass and red clover. However, the rate of decline in digestibility with time was greater with perennial ryegrass than with red clover.3. Calves given silage of red clover as the sole feed ate more dry matter and grew faster than calves given grass silage (P <0·001) but supplementation with barley reduced the intake of red clover silage to a greater extent than that of perennial ryegrass silage. Barley supplementation increased live-weight gain of calves given perennial ryegrass from 0·32 to 0·83 kg/day and that of calves given red clover from 0·63 to 0·99 kg/day (interaction P <0·05). The results did not indicate a higher net efficiency of utilization of the legume. Date of cut had no significant effect on dry-matter intake but earlier cutting resulted in an increase in live-weight gain from a mean of 0·61 to 0·77 kg/day (P <0·001).4. The results show that high rates of live-weight gain (0·74 kg/day) can be achieved by calves given silage of red clover and that earlier cutting of herbage for silage does not always result in higher intakes of dry matter. Supplementation of silages with barley can reduce markedly the difference in intake and live-weight gain apparent when the silages are given as sole feeds.

Protein and energy nutrition of the bacon pig. II. The effect of varying the protein and energy levels in diets of ‘finishing’ pigs

1964 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Robinson ◽  
D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Large White ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Digestible Energy

1. A feeding trial has been carried out with sixty-four individually fed Large White pigs offered eight different diets prepared at four energy levels and two levels of crude protein. A record was maintained of the rate of live-weight gain and food was given at a defined restricted level. Carcass quality was assessed by a procedure of complete dissection into visible fat, lean, etc.2. Though differences in the rates of live-weight gain and food conversion efficiency were not statistically significant, the best performance was recorded when the diets contained 16 % crude protein and yielded the equivalent of 2950 kcal. digestible energy per kg. upon oxidation. The energy: lysine ratio (kcal. digestible energy per kg. per unit percentage lysine in the ration) was approximately 3500.

scholarly journals Reduction of body-weight gain enhances in vitro embryo production in overfed superovulated dairy heifers

Reproduction ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 131 (4) ◽  
pp. 783-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Freret ◽  
B Grimard ◽  
A A Ponter ◽  
C Joly ◽  
C Ponsart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Reproductive Hormones ◽  
Embryo Production ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Significant Difference

The aim of our study was to test whether a reduction in dietary intake could improve in vitro embryo production in superovulated overfed dairy heifers. Cumulus–oocyte complexes of 16 Prim’ Holstein heifers (14 ± 1 months old) were collected by ovum pick-up (OPU), every 2 weeks following superovulation treatment with 250 μg FSH, before being matured and fertilized in vitro. Embryos were cultured in Synthetic Oviduct Fluid medium for 7 days. Heifers were fed with hay, soybean meal, barley, minerals and vitamins. From OPU 1 to 4 (period 1), all heifers received individually for 8 weeks a diet formulated for a 1000 g/day live-weight gain. From OPU 5 to 8 (period 2), the heifers were allocated to one of two diets (1000 or 600 g/day) for 8 weeks. Heifers’ growth rates were monitored and plasma concentrations of metabolites, metabolic and reproductive hormones were measured each week. Mean live-weight gain observed during period 1 was 950 ± 80 g/day (n = 16). In period 2 it was 730 ± 70 (n = 8) and 1300 ± 70 g/day (n = 8) for restricted and overfed groups respectively. When comparing period 1 and period 2 within groups, significant differences were found. In the restricted group, a higher blastocyst rate, greater proportions of grade 1–3 and grade 1 embryos, associated with higher estradiol at OPU and lower glucose and β-hydroxybutyrate, were observed in period 2 compared with period 1. Moreover, after 6 weeks of dietary restriction (OPU 7), numbers of day 7 total embryos, blastocysts and grade 1–3 embryos had significantly increased. On the contrary, in the overfed group, we observed more <8 mm follicles 2 days before superovulation treatment, higher insulin and IGF-I and lower nonesterified fatty acids in period 2 compared with period 1 (no significant difference between periods for embryo production). After 6 weeks of 1300 g/day live-weight gain (OPU 7), embryo production began to decrease. Whatever the group, oocyte collection did not differ between period 1 and 2. These data suggest that following a period of overfeeding, a short-term dietary intake restriction (6 weeks in our study) may improve blastocyst production and embryo quality when they are low. However, nutritional recommendations aiming to optimize both follicular growth and embryonic development may be different.

The utilization of maize silage for intensive beef production: I. The effect of level and source of supplementary nitrogen on the utilization of maize silage by cattle of different ages

1975 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Thomas ◽  
J. M. Wilkinson ◽  
J. C. Tayler
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Urea Addition

SUMMARYFifty-four British Friesian castrated male calves, initially 3, 6 or 9 months of age (107, 180 and 249 kg initial live weight, respectively), were individually fed for 83 days on maize silage (27·9% dry matter (D.M.), 10·7% crude protein in D.M.), offeredad libitum. Silage was offered either alone or supplemented with cobs of dried lucerne (21% of total D.M. intake). Three levels of urea (0, 1 and 2% of silage D.M.) were added to the silage before feeding.Total D.M. intakes averaged 23·0, 23·4 and 21·6 g/kg live weight (LW) for the 3-, 6- and 9-month-old animals, respectively. Addition of urea increased silage intake by 11% in the 6-month-old group but there was little effect in the 3- and 9-month-old groups. Lucerne supplementation reduced silage D.M. intake from 22·0 to 18·4 g/kg LW (P< 0·001) and increased total D.M. intake by 1·4 g/kg LW (P< 0·001).Live-weight gain (LWG) of the cattle fed on silage alone increased (P< 0·001) with increasing age of animal. The main effect of urea was to elevate (P< 0·001) LWG from an average of 0·79 (no urea) to 0·94 kg/head/day (2% urea). However, it appeared that most of this effect was confined to the 6-month-old group. The effect of lucerne on LWG decreased with increasing age of animal (P< 0·001). Inclusion of lucerne in the diet significantly reduced the response to urea (P< 0·05).Feed conversion efficiency (LWG/100 Mcal DE intake) decreased (P< 0·01) with increasing age of animal but increased with urea addition from an average of 4·7 (no urea) to 5·3 kg LWG/100 Meal DE intake (2% urea). The response to lucerne supplementation in terms of efficiency was greatest in the 3-month-old group and thereafter declined markedly with increasing age of animal.The results of this experiment indicated that cattle older than 6 months of age (180 kg LW) could achieve a rate of growth of 1·0 kg/head/day on maize silage supplemented solely with urea, but that younger animals required supplementary lucerne to support a high rate of live-weight gain.

Dry-matter intake and live-weight gain of cattle and sheep offered different grass varieties with and without clover

1969 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Miles ◽  
R. J. K. Walters ◽  
E. M. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
Animal Feeding

SUMMARYA series of animal feeding trials was designed to determine differences between grasses in dry-matter intake and animal live-weight gain, with a view to indicating better selection criteria for improving the feeding value of herbage.Wide differences were demonstrated in feed intake and live-weight gain between single-variety grass feeds at similar levels of digestibility.S.37 cocksfoot gave consistently good and S.51 timothy, consistently poor responses.Supplementation of grass feeds with red clover frequently resulted in marked improvement in feed intake and animal performance.

A comparison of Canadian Holstein and British Friesian steers for the production of beef from an 18-month grass/cereal system

1979 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. N. Cook ◽  
Jennifer M. Newton
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Eye Muscle ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Slaughter Age

ABSTRACTThe trial compared 50 purebred Canadian Holstein and 46 British Friesian steers. The cattle were reared on a grass/cereal system designed to achieve an overall target live-weight gain of 0·82 kg per day from weaning to slaughter at 18 months of age. The cattle, born i n September 1973, grazed during the summer of 1974 and were slaughtered out of yards from January to July 1975. Equal numbers of each breed were allocated at random to three slaughter weights (477, 500 and 523 kg live weight). The Meat and Livestock Commission measured and classified all carcasses. In addition, a sample was cut according to commercial specifications. There were no significant differences in slaughter age or live-weight gain between the breeds. A significant difference (P < 0·05) in killing-out percentage was found in favour of the British Friesian as was a small (4%) but highly significant difference (P < 0·001) in carcass gain.The Canadian Holstein carcasses were considerably longer (P < 0·001) with less eye-muscle area (P < 0·001). The British Friesian carcasses contained 0·7% more saleable meat (P < 0·001) and 1% less bone (P < 0·01). There were no significant differences in fat trim. There were large differences in live appearance and carcass classifications, the British Friesians being of superior beef conformation.

A note on the utilization of urea by Sudan desert sheep

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-204
Author(s):  
H. M. Hassan ◽  
A. M. S. Mukhtar
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract

SUMMARYSixty-four young male Sudan desert lambs were group-fed for 87 days on four diets, all containing approximately 10% crude protein. The four diets contained 0, 1·3, 1·7 and 2·7% urea, respectively.Average daily gains were 0·15, 0·14, 0·14 and 0·13 kg; feed conversion ratios (kg of feed required to produce 1 kg live-weight gain) were 7·26, 8·14, 8·92 and 7·92; dressing percentages were 43·6, 42·1, 44·1 and 42·3.Digestibility trials with lambs fed on diets with 0 or 2·7% urea gave higher digestibility coefficients for crude fibre and nitrogen-free extract for the urea-supplemented lambs. Crude protein digestibility and nitrogen retention values were lower for urea-supplemented lambs.

scholarly journals Animal performance, production, and quality of Tanzania grass fertilized with nitrogen

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 3861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulysses Cecato ◽  
Josmar Almeida Junior ◽  
Fabíola Cristine de Almeida Rego ◽  
Sandra Galbeiro ◽  
Wagner Paris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Daily Gain

This study aimed to assess forage production, animal performance, and the chemical composition of Tanzania grass pasture fertilized with 50, 100, 200, and 400 kg ha-1 of nitrogen. The variables analyzed were: leaf mass, daily accumulation rate, leaf/stem ratio, average daily gain, stocking rate, live weight gain per unit of area crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and in vitro dry matter digestibility of leaves. The pasture management maintained the pasture height at 50 cm by using a continuous grazing method with the adjustment of stocking rate. The experimental design was a randomized block with three replicates. The leaf mass increased linearly in response to nitrogen, with an increase of 1003 kg (34%) observed between a nitrogen content of 50 and 400 kg ha-1. Nitrogen did not affect the average daily gain, but increased the stocking rate and live weight gain ha-1. The value of crude protein and neutral detergent fiber were higher with increased nitrogen levels, whereas the leaf digestibility did not affect nitrogen use. The comparison of 50 and 400 kg ha-1 levels indicated that there was an average increase of 19.2% in the leaf crude protein. The increased application of nitrogen fertilizer in Tanzania grass improved the chemical composition and animal performance; with regard to studied variables, the dose of 200 kg ha-1 resulted in the greatest improvement.

The influence of formaldehyde application at ensiling and of supplementation with urea or maize starch on the utilization by calves of ryegrass and red clover silages

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Kaiser ◽  
D. F. Osbourn ◽  
P. England
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment

ABSTRACTPrimary growths of perennial ryegrass and red clover were ensiled with formic acid (2 1/t fresh crop), o an equal quantity of formic acid together with formaldehyde (46 or 49 g/kg crude protein in the ryegrass or red clover respectively). The four silages were offered ad libitum to 12 groups, each of five British Friesian steer calves, either alone or with urea or maize starch supplements at 18·4 or 185·2 g/kg total dry-matter intake respectively.Digestible organic matter and digestible energy intake, live-weight gain, carcass weight, nitrogen retention and all digestibility measurements were higher on the ryegrass silages than on the red clover silages. However, dry-matter intake was higher on the red clover silages.Formaldehyde treatment reduced lactic and total acid content, and protein degradation in the silages. It also increased intake, live-weight gain and nitrogen retention on ryegrass but not on red clover, the effect being greater when the urea supplement was given. Digestibility measurements were depressed by formaldehyde treatment, although cellulose digestibility was only depressed in the ryegrass silage.Supplementation with starch depressed silage intake and nitrogen and cellulose digestibility, but increased dry matter, organic matter and energy digestibilities, digestible organic matter and digestible energy intakes, live-weight gain and carcass weight. The positive intake, live-weight gain and carcass weight responses were greater on the silages treated with formic acid, while the digestibility and the live-weight gain responses were greater on the red clover silages. Starch supplementation did not improve nitrogen retention.The different animal production responses to formaldehyde treatment on the ryegrass and red clover silages are discussed.

The use of sodium hydroxide-treated straw in rations for beef cattle

1978 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. H. Cuthbert ◽  
W. S. Thickett ◽  
P. N. Wilson ◽  
T. Brigstocke
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Classification Scheme ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Average Intake ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Beet Pulp

ABSTRACTSixty-four British Friesian castrated male cattle (steers) with an average starting weight of 292 kg and an average slaughter weight of 460 kg were used to compare compound diets containing 0, 10, 20 or 30% NaOH-treated straw. A basic diet of 1·8 kg hay, 1·8 kg barley straw and sugar beet pulp, on a scale rising from 1·4 to 2·8 kg according to live weight, was given throughout the trial. Compound diets were individually offered on a scale starting at 3·8 kg rising to 5·8 kg with an average intake of 4·9 kg/day. Treatments did not differ significantly in respect of live-weight gain, which ranged from 0·94 kg/day with the control to 0·97 kg/day with the 30% NaOH-treated straw compound. The grading of the animals, based on the Meat and Livestock Classification scheme, also showed no significant difference.A second trial with a further 64 British Friesian steers tested inclusion levels of 0, 30,45 and 60% treated straw in a compound diet. At the start of the trial, the cattle averaged 328 kg live weight and were slaughtered from 450 kg live weight. Animals were yarded in store condition and were given a combination of grass silage and compound diets according to a scale, based on live weight and a predicted performance of 1 kg live-weight gain per day. There were no significant differences between treatments in live-weight gain, which ranged from 0·97 kg on the control to 1·02 kg/day on the 45% NaOH-treated straw diet. There was some refusal on the 60% NaOH-treated straw diet in respect of twice daily allocations, with a few cattle on occasions not being able to consume the allowance in the 30 min provided. However, each feed allocation was always consumed before the next meal. There were no significant differences between treatments in respect of fat class, but cattle on the 45% treated-straw diet had statistically superior conformation compared with the control.

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