scholarly journals Energy and nitrogen metabolism of lactating rabbits

1983 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 507-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. G. Partridge ◽  
M. F. Fullera ◽  
J. D. Pullar
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Body Tissue ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Energy Retention

1. Twelve crossbred does (New Zealand White × California) were offered a diet of high protein and metabolizable energy content (249 g/kg dry matter (DM) and 13·6 MJ/kg DM respectively) throughout a 32 d lactation at one of four feeding levels (240, 280, 320 or 360 g/d). Each feeding level was replicated three times.2. Milk output was measured by weighing the does before and after their one daily suckling period.3. The lactation was divided into four consecutive 8-d periods. Each doe was placed in a direct calorimeter for 48 h around the mid-point of each of these periods and measurements of energy exchange were made. Nitrogen balance was also measured throughout the study period.4. Milk samples were taken from a parallel group of animals and the estimates of milk composition were applied to the main group of does.5. From the second period of lactation onwards nearly all does mobilized body tissue to support milk energy secretion, although there was no loss of weight. Multiple regression analyses were used to examine the apparent efficiency with which metabolizable energy and body-tissue energy were utilized for milk production. Overall, the relationship was described by the equation:Period of lactation … 2 3 4Milk E = 0.735 me intake – 0·938Body ER –296 –280 –276(se 0-020) (se 0-039)where Milk E is the milk energy output, ME intake is the metabolizable energy intake and Body ER is the body energy retention, all expressed in kJ/kg body-weight0·75 per d.All does appeared to be in positive N balance throughout lactation on this high-protein diet.

Energy and nitrogen utilization for body growth in young sheep from two breeds with differing capacities for wool growth

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 607 ◽  
Author(s):  
NM Graham ◽  
TW Searle
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
Body Growth ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Appreciable Amount ◽  
High Intake ◽  
Wool Growth

Utilization of energy and nitrogen was assessed by serial slaughter and intake/loss balances, and wool growth was measured, as young sheep grew from c. 25 to 30 kg on either 700 or 1000 g/day of a high-protein diet. Comparisons were made between animals with low (Dorset Horn) and high (Corriedale) propensities to produce wool. Depending on feed intake, fleece-free liveweight gain was 102-215 g/day in the Dorsets and 88-172 g/day in the Corriedales; corresponding growth rates of clean dry wool were c. 5 and 10 g/day, there being little effect of feed intake. Digestibilities of protein and energy were 84 and 74% respectively in both breeds at the lower level of feeding; at the higher level the values were 80 and 71 % in the Dorsets and significantly lower, 77 and 69 %, in the Corriedales. Metabolizable energy was 83 � 0.3 % of digestible energy at the low intake and 86 � 0.5 % at the high intake in both breeds. It averaged 11.7 �. 0.07 MJ/kg feed dry matter, being 0.2 MJ/kg more at the low than at the high intake and, in the latter case only, 0.3 MJ/kg more in the Dorsets than in the Corriedales. At the low and high levels of feeding respectively, the fleece gained 0.18-0.16 MJ and 0.93-0.89 g nitrogen daily in the Dorsets compared with 0.31-0.34 MJ and 1.65-1.81 g nitrogen daily in the Corriedales. The corresponding average daily retentions in the body were 1.74-2.46 MJ and 1.80-3.49 g nitrogen in the Dorsets and 1.34-2.08 MJ and 1.25-3.07 g nitrogen in the Corriedales. Thus body growth accounted for 91-94% of the energy retention and 6640% of the nitrogen retention in the Dorsets, but only 81-86 % and 43-63 % respectively in the Corriedales. The composition of weight gain was the same in both breeds and 15-20% of the energy stored in the body was in protein. It is estimated that the marginal efficiency of use of metabolizable energy was 31-34% for body growth and 16-19% for wool growth. It is concluded that, given a high protein diet, animals with a strong propensity to grow wool diverted an appreciable amount of metabolizable energy from body growth to wool production, thereby restricting deposition of both fat and protein.

Energy requirements and responses: a UK perspective

1995 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 31-41
Author(s):  
C. K. Reynolds ◽  
D. E. Beever
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Body Tissue ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Nutrient Metabolism ◽  
Nutrient Partitioning ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Milk Market

AbstractOngoing improvements in the genetic merit of United Kingdom (UK) dairy cows as well as changes in the national milk market will increase awareness of and provide focus on the importance of balanced nutrition, particularly with respect to energy and protein. Within the UK, energy is rationed according to the metabolizable energy (ME) scheme, proposed in the 1960s and implemented in the late 1970s. Whilst a significant improvement over previous rationing systems, deficiencies in the scheme have been identified. These relate to an inability to predict animal response including the importance of nutritionally induced changes in milk composition, and to represent adequately body tissue mobilization in early lactation and the control of nutrient partitioning during the phase of tissue repletion. Some of these issues are addressed in this paper. These include the problems likely to occur in formulating rations for dairy cows producing in excess of 50 kg milk per day during significant parts of the lactation, which leads to an appraisal of some of the concepts embodied in the current ME system. By reference to appropriate experimentation, the importance of recognizing the nutrient composition of ME as well as the significance of nutrient metabolism in the portal drained viscera and the liver is established. The rôle of added fat within the diet is discussed, whilst the quantitative importance of mobilized body tissue to whole body energy metabolism and the interaction between specific nutrients is recognized. Finally, it is concluded that a complete revision of the ME system is unlikely at this stage and therefore it will be prudent to deploy available resource to modify the existing ME model in line with some of the inconsistencies and weaknesses that have been identified.

scholarly journals PROTEIN METABOLISM AND EXCHANGE AS INFLUENCED BY CONSTRICTION OF THE VENA CAVA

1948 ◽  
Vol 87 (6) ◽  
pp. 457-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank W. McKee ◽  
Paul R. Schloerb ◽  
John A. Schilling ◽  
Garson H. Tishkoff ◽  
George H. Whipple
Keyword(s):  
Ascitic Fluid ◽  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Protein Output

Constriction of inferior vena cava above the diaphragm is used to produce experimental ascites in the dog. This type of experimental ascites drains the body protein reserves, reduces the level of circulating plasma proteins, and in effect is an internal plasmapheresis. As the ascitic fluid is withdrawn and the proteins measured, we observe a production of ascitic protein (80–90 gm. per week) comparable to that removed by plasmapheresis (bleeding and replacement of red cells in saline). High protein diet tends to decrease the ascites but the protein content of the ascitic fluid may increase. Sodium chloride increases notably the volume of the ascites which accumulates and the total ascitic protein output increases. Sodium-free salt mixtures have a negative influence. High protein diet low in sodium salts gives minimal ascitic accumulation under these conditions. The question of circulation of the ascitic fluid is raised—how rapid is the absorption and the related accumulation?

The effect of plane of nutrition on the body composition of two breeds of wearier sheep fed a high protein diet

1982 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. W. Searle ◽  
N. McC. Graham ◽  
J. B. Donnelly
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Protein ◽  
The Other ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Castrate Male ◽  
Body Component ◽  
The Relationship

SUMMARYCorriedale and Dorset Horn castrate male (wether) lambs reared at pasture were weaned at 19 kg live weight (LW), brought indoors and fed a high protein diet such that half of each group grew at ca. 200 g/day and the other half at ca. 100 g/day. Animals were slaughtered at 25 and 30 kg LW and chemical composition (protein, fat, energy, water and ash) of the body determined. The relationship between each body component and shorn empty-body weight was examined by regression analysis.Within levels of feeding the results were similar in the two breeds. When comparisons were made between feeding levels, the slower-growing animals contained more fat, energy and ash than the faster-growing group, less water, but similar amounts of protein at any given empty-body weight.

scholarly journals Pengembangan pangan fungsional berbasis tepung okara dan tepung beras hitam (Oryza sativa L. indica) sebagai makanan selingan bagi remaja obesitas

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-57
Author(s):  
Ni Wayan Lisa Adiari ◽  
Ida Bagus Agung Yogeswara ◽  
I Made Wisnu Adhi Putra
Keyword(s):  
Functional Food ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Rice Flour ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Nutritional Content ◽  
Black Rice ◽  
Quality Test ◽  
Obese Adolescent

Background : Obesity is an excessive build up of fat in the body thus causing weight far above normal and it can improve the risk of degenerative dissease. Increasing food consumption of high protein, fiber and antioxidants could  solve obesity problem. Soyabean milk waste product (okara) has high protein content but low economic value. Black rice flour has high antosianin, antioxidan and fiber. Functional food with main composition okara and black rice flour could  be an alternative as a  functional food for this matter.Objective : To investigate right formulation of snack bar based on nutritional content and  sensory caracteristic for obese adolescent.Methods : This type of research is an experimental study using Complete Randomized Design with three treatments (Formula I, II, and III) and performed two replications (duplo). Nutritional value data between group  was analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) while sensory characteristic were tested by calculating hedonic quality test score.Result : Statistical analysis of nutritional content showed there were significantly different between group (p<0.05), but for antioxidants and phenolics levels and analysis of the sensory quality test were not significantly different (p>0.05). Formula I was most preferred and favored by the panelists with energy content 125.64 g, 9.89% water, 3.13% ash, 19.6% protein, 12.41% fat, 45.07% Carbohydrate, 16.44% total sugar, 15.58 % crude fiber, 208.35 mg/L GAEAC antioxidant, 1.01 mg/100 g anthocyanin and 61.05 mg/100 GAE phenolic.Conclusion : Formula I was the most preferred snack bar by panelist. This formula recommended for obese adolescent.

scholarly journals Protein and energy metabolism of lactating Granadina goats

1990 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Aguilera ◽  
C. Prieto ◽  
J. FonollÁ
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Total N ◽  
Lactating Goats ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Body Energy

Twelve goats of the Granadina breed in mid- and late lactation were used in two consecutive years to determine their protein and energy requirements for lactation. The animals were individually fed on diets based on pelleted lucerne (Medicago sativa) hay and barley. A total of six balance experiments were carried out. Gas exchange was measured using open-circuit respiration chambers. Milk yield ranged widely from 0.649 to 1.742 kg/d in the first year and from 0.222 to 1.989 kg/d in the second year, a steady decline in milk output being observed as lactation progressed. Milk composition remained rather constant during the midstage of lactation, with an average content (/kg milk) for total solids, total nitrogen, fat and gross energy of 149.7 g, 5.39 g, 58.8 g and 3.59 MJ respectively. Total endogenous N, endogenous urinary N and maintenance requirement for N in lactating goats were estimated to be 244, 218 mg N/kg body-weight (W)0.75 per d and 478 mg total N/kg W0.75 per d respectively from regression equations. A constant efficiency of use of dietary N for milk N plus retained N of 51.0 % was found. By regressing milk energy plus apparent body energy retention or loss on metabolizable energy (ME) intake, the maintenance energy requirement was estimated to be 401 kJ ME/kg W0.79 per d. When estimating the corrected milk yield as milk energy +(0.84 x negative energy retention) +(1.05 x positive energy retention), regression analysis indicated that the overall efficiency of use of ME for lactation was 66.7%. Also, from a plot of apparent body energy retention v milk energy yield, both expressed as a percentage of ME intake above maintenance, the efficiency with which ME was used to promote energy retention in the body during lactation was calculated to be 0.907 times that for milk secretion.

Undernutrition in grazing sheep. I. Changes in the composition of the body, blood, and rumen contents

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 483 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Farrell ◽  
RA Leng ◽  
JL Corbett
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Group A ◽  
Body Energy

Studies were made on three initially similar groups of adult Merino sheep at pasture; each group comprised eight animals of which four each had a rumen cannula. Group A was kept at about the initial mean liveweight of 35 kg; groups B and C were reduced in weight over 14 weeks by restriction of grazing and then held at about 26 and 23 kg respectively for 9 months. Measurements were made at intervals of 4-6 weeks of ruminal concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonia, rumen volume and flow rate of digesta, tritiated water (TOH) space, and blood composition. Haemoglobin concentrations and haematocrit values decreased in the undernourished sheep, but there were no marked changes in blood β-hydroxybutyrate, or lactate, or plasma urea nitrogen. Estimates of body composition from TOH space indicated that sheep in groups B and C lost 51 and 58 Mcal respectively during the first 14 weeks; estimated fat contents were thereafter about 9 and 7% of liveweight. Metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance were calculated from estimated VFA production rates and changes in body energy content. During a 9 month period commencing shortly after shearing and extending into winter, requirements per unit liveweight were about 45% greater for the undernourished groups B and C than for group A.

Mustard cake a substitute for groundnut cake in egg-type and meat-type chick diets

1977 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 759-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. K. Cilly ◽  
G. N. Lodhi ◽  
J. S. Ichhponani
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Groundnut Cake ◽  
True Protein ◽  
Meat Type

SummaryExperiments were made to assess the nutritive value of expeller-proeessed mustard cake (MS) for egg-type and meat-type chicks. Eight samples of MS on average contained 37·2% crude protein, 27·5% true protein, 12·6% available carbohydrate and 2·09 % tannins. The average metabolizable energy content (ME) of eight samples of MS for egg-type and meat-type chicks were 2350 and 2300 kcal/kg respectively. MS in the diet replacing groundnut cake (GN) which formed 30–32 % of the control diets was found to have no effect on growth rate of the chicks of either breed although there was thyroid enlargement. MS was also found not to affect the body composition of the chicks.

Review: Energy partitioning in broiler chickens

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Lopez ◽  
S. Leeson
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Concentration Changes

In commercial nutrition and in research studies, metabolizable energy (ME) is the standard measure of energy used in describing energy requirements and diets for poultry. The provision of dietary energy will influence the intake of all other nutrients. Broilers exhibit an outstanding ability to control their energy intake by adjusting their feed intake as diet energy concentration changes. There is still considerable debate on the accuracy, precision and usefulness of different procedures used for determining ME values of diets and ingredients. ME intake is generally partitioned into energy retained (ER) in body tissues (mainly as fat and protein) and as heat production (HP): ME = HP + ER. There are few reported estimates of HP and its components, fasting heat production (FHP), heat production due to physical activity and the thermic effect of feeding (TEF). Requirements for maintenance (MEm), including major components of FHP and physical activity, are established at around 155 kcal kg BW0.60. We recentlyreported that maintenance requirements for young broilers based on kg BW0.75 were 8% lower than the values estimated using kg BW0.60, and that BW raised to the exponent 0.60, was a more precise estimator. Gross energy retained in the body as fat (TERF) and protein (TERP), together contribute most of the total energy retained (TER) in the body. Efficiency of ME utilization above maintenance varies from 70 to 84% for lipid deposition in adult birds and between 37 and 85% in growing birds. Key words: Energy, broiler, metabolic rate, energy retention

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