Plant genetic resources in crop improvement

2004 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. I. G. Haussmann ◽  
H. K. Parzies ◽  
T. Presterl ◽  
Z. Su?i? ◽  
T. Miedaner
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Crop Improvement

scholarly journals 654 The Role of Plant Genetic Resources in Safeguarding Global Carrying Capacity

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 511A-511
Author(s):  
Peter Bretting
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Timber Species ◽  
Minor Crops ◽  
Minor Crop ◽  
Improvement Programs

Plants provide humans with food, fiber, feed, ornamentals, industrial products, medicine, shelter, and fuel. As vegetation, they maintain global environmental integrity and the carrying capacity for all life. From an anthropocentric perspective, plants serve as genetic resources (PGR) for sustaining the growing human population. Research on PGR can provide basic knowledge for crop improvement or environmental management that enables renewable, sustainable production of the preceding necessities. PGR also provide the raw material for increasing yield and end product's quality, while requiring fewer inputs (water, nutrients, agrichemicals, etc.). The staples of life—30 or so major grain, oilseed, fiber, and timber species—comprise the “thin green line” vital to human survival, either directly, or through trade and income generation. Many crop genebanks worldwide focus on conserving germplasm of these staples as a shield against genetic vulnerability that may endanger economies and humanity on an international scale. Fewer genebanks and crop improvement programs conserve and develop “minor crops,” so called because of their lesser economic value or restricted cultivation globally. Yet, these minor crops, many categorized as horticultural, may be key to human carrying capacity—especially in geographically or economically marginal zones. The USDA/ARS National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) contains a great number and diversity of minor crop germplasm. The NPGS, other genebanks, and minor crop breeding programs scattered throughout the world, help safeguard human global carrying capacity by providing the raw genetic material and genetic improvement infrastructure requisite for producing superior minor crops. The latter may represent the best hope for developing new varieties and crops, new crop rotations, and new renewable products that in the future may enhance producer profitability or even ensure producer and consumer survival.

scholarly journals MOBILIZATION OF PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES FROM THE TERRITORIES OF INDONESIA, SRI LANKA (CEYLON) AND NEPAL

2019 ◽  
Vol 180 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. P. Loskutova ◽  
T. M. Ozerskaya
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Plant Resources ◽  
Plant Exploration ◽  
Scientific Institutions ◽  
Collecting Mission ◽  
Germplasm Accessions

The article is dedicated to the mobilization of plant genetic resources from the territories of Indonesia, Sri Lanka (Ceylon) and Nepal to VIR’s collection by means of collecting explorations, germplasm requests and the exchange of accessions. The first, the longest and the only pre-war expedition to Indonesia and Ceylon was undertaken by Prof. V. V. Markovich; it lasted three years (1926–1928). He explored Java, Singapore and Ceylon, where he collected 772 germplasm samples. In 1957, D. V. Ter-Avanesyan, who worked as an agricultural attaché at the USSR Embassy in India, familiarized himself in every detail with plant resources and agriculture in Nepal. The late 1960s were marked by intensification of plant genetic resources introduction and new opportunities to organize regular collecting missions. In the period from 1960 to 1991, there were five plant exploration trips to Indonesia, Sri Lanka (Ceylon) and Nepal. In 1960, D. V. Ter-Avanesyan visited scientific institutions in Java, got acquainted with the main trends in agriculture, and collected 302 plant samples. In 1974, A. G. Lyakhovkin took part in a specialized collecting mission launched to study and collect wild forms and cultivars of rice and various other crops from Nepal. The team visited 16 experiment stations and farms and collected 1170 accessions. In 1985, an expedition team led by E. F. Molchanov collected and studied wild and cultivated forms of subtropical plants in Sri Lanka. The team visited 5 institutes and experiment stations, 3 botanical gardens, and collected 370 accessions. In 1988, another collecting team led by L. A. Burmistrov, whose task was to study the system of nation-wide projects on crop improvement, traveled over four provinces, visited 11 scientific and academic institutions of Nepal, and collected 766 germplasm samples. The last collecting trip to Indonesia was led by N. G. Musatenko in 1991. The team collected 95 varieties and wild forms. In total, the Institute’s collecting and exploration activities in Indonesia, Sri Lanka (Ceylon) and Nepal added 3496 accessions to its collections. In addition to direct collecting in Indonesia, Sri Lanka (Ceylon) and Nepal, VIR has always been replenishing its holdings by seed requests. During the whole pre-war period, from 1925 through 1941, 256 germplasm accessions were added. All in all, from 1948 through 2018, 104 accessions were introduced from Indonesia, Sri Lanka (Ceylon) and Nepal. The greatest number of accessions received by the Institute represented groat crops (over 1400), followed by wheat and barley (458), and industrial crops (627). In total, during the whole period of its existence, the Institute has mobilized 3843 accessions, representing 377 plant species.

Morphological diversity in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) germplasm accessions

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 232-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunjeet Kumar ◽  
B. L. Meena ◽  
Ranjan Kar ◽  
Shailesh K. Tiwari ◽  
K. K. Gangopadhyay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Solanum Melongena ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
National Bureau ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Improvement Programme

Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) is an important solanaceous vegetable in many countries of Asia and Africa. It is a good source of minerals and vitamins in the tropical diets. Assessment of genetic resources is the starting point of any crop improvement programme. In India, the National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources is the nodal institute for management of germplasm resources of crop plants and holds more than 2500 accessions of brinjal in its genebank. In the present study, morphological diversity in a set of 622 accessions, comprising 543 accessions from indigenous sources and 79 accessions of exotic origin, was assessed. Wide range of variations for 31 descriptors, 13 quantitative and 18 qualitative, were recorded. The wide regional variations for plant, flower and fruit descriptors revealed enough scope for improvement of yield characters by selection. The genetic differences among the landraces are potentially relevant to breeding programmes in that the variability created through hybridization of the contrasting forms could be exploited.

scholarly journals Unbalanced historical phenotypic data from seed regeneration of a barley ex situ collection

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Y. Gonzalez ◽  
Stephan Weise ◽  
Yusheng Zhao ◽  
Norman Philipp ◽  
Daniel Arend ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Phenotypic Data ◽  
Seed Regeneration

Abstract The scarce knowledge on phenotypic characterization restricts the usage of genetic diversity of plant genetic resources in research and breeding. We describe original and ready-to-use processed data for approximately 60% of ~22,000 barley accessions hosted at the Federal ex situ Genebank for Agricultural and Horticultural Plant Species. The dataset gathers records for three traits with agronomic relevance: flowering time, plant height and thousand grain weight. This information was collected for seven decades for winter and spring barley during the seed regeneration routine. The curated data represent a source for research on genetics and genomics of adaptive and yield related traits in cereals due to the importance of barley as model organism. This data could be used to predict the performance of non-phenotyped individuals in other collections through genomic prediction. Moreover, the dataset empowers the utilization of phenotypic diversity of genetic resources for crop improvement.

scholarly journals Plant genetic resources management and pre-breeding in genomics era

2019 ◽  
Vol 79 (01S) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuldeep Singh ◽  
Sandeep Kumar ◽  
S. Raj Kumar ◽  
Mohar Singh ◽  
Kavita Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Complex Traits ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Breeding Cycle ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Genetic Resources Management ◽  
Genomic Tools ◽  
Improvement Programs

Plant Genetic Resources (PGR) conserved in gene bank provides genetic variability for efficient utilization in breeding programmes. Pre-breeding is required for broadening the genetic base of the crop through identification of useful traits in un-adapted materials and transfer them into better adapted ones for further breeding. So, pre-breeding is a promising alternative (due to use of un-adapted materials) to link genetic resources and breeding programs. Utilization of PGR in crop improvement programmes including prebreeding have been very limited. Advances in genomics have provided us with high-quality reference genomes, sequencing and re-sequencing platforms with reduced cost, marker and QTL assisted selection, genomic selection and population level genotyping platforms. Further, genome editing tools like, CRISPR/Cas9 and its latest modification base editing technology can be used to generate target specific mutants and are important for establishing gene functions with respect to their phenotypes through developing knockout mutations. These new genomic tools can be used to generate, analyse and manipulate the genetic variability for designing cultivars with the desired traits. The genomic tools has not only accelerated the utilization of PGR but also assisted pre-breeding through rapid selection of trait-specific germplasm, reduced periods in breeding cycle for confirming gene of interest in intermediate material and validation of transfer of gene of interest in the cultivated gene pool. In crops, where limited genetic and genomic resources are available, pre-breeding becomes very challenging. We can say that genomics assisted utilization of PGR and prebreeding has accelerated the pace of introgression of complex traits in different crop cultivars.and yield plateau has already been achieved in these cultivars (Chen et al. 2014a). Under these circumstances, use of Plant Genetic Resources (PGR) in crop improvement programs provides an avenue to solve the problem.

scholarly journals Cabo Verde’s Poaceae Flora: A Reservoir of Crop Wild Relatives Diversity for Crop Improvement

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanézia Rocha ◽  
Maria C. Duarte ◽  
Silvia Catarino ◽  
Ivani Duarte ◽  
Maria M. Romeiras
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Foxtail Millet ◽  
Crop Wild Relatives ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Eragrostis Tef ◽  
Cabo Verde

Africa is home to important centers of origin and diversity of crop wild relatives (CWR), including many species adapted to adverse agroecological conditions, namely drought and poor soils. Plant genetic resources from Cabo Verde Islands have been poorly explored for their potential to supplement the genetic pool of cultivated species. In this paper we identify Cabo Verde’s CWR from the Poaceae family and provide a checklist of priority CWR taxa, highlighting those of particular conservation concern and the areas which should be the focus of the most intensive conservation efforts in these islands. Our results revealed that Cabo Verde archipelago is an important center of CWR diversity of West African crop millets, namely fonio (e.g., white fonio, Digitaria exilis, and black fonio, Digitaria iburua) and other African millets [e.g., pearl millet (Cenchrus americanus = Pennisetum glaucum), teff millet (Eragrostis tef), finger millet (Eleusine coracana), barnyard millet (Echinochloa colona), proso millet (Panicum miliaceum), and foxtail millet (Setaria italica)], which represent a diverse group of cereal crops, and important components in agriculture and food security of this country. Also, hotspot areas of diversity for in situ conservation were identified in Cabo Verde, as well as several populations occurring under extreme habitats conditions that are well adapted to drylands and poor soils. The evaluation of their potential for new ecologically important adaptive characteristics associated with tolerance to abiotic stresses is discussed. The survey of international Germplasm Banks revealed that very few accessions from Cabo Verde are conserved, contributing to the loss of genetic diversity of plant genetic resources in this archipelago. Particularly, the diversity of millets and the associated indigenous knowledge are critical for the food security and cultural identity of many poor farmers in Cabo Verde.

scholarly journals Germplasm Conservation as a Key for Food Security

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (VIII) ◽  
pp. 462-464
Author(s):  
M. K. Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
National Level ◽  
Germplasm Conservation ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
National Bureau ◽  
Germplasm Exchange ◽  
Food And Nutritional Security

Security of any country as well as the whole world can be ensure through the conservation of germplasm since they are genetic resources that can be used to prolong a population of an organism. Plant genetic resources (PGR) are the foundation of agriculture as well as food and nutritional security. The ICAR-NBPGR is key institution at national level for management of PGR in India under Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi. India being rich in both flora and fauna germplasm diversity also have challenge of protecting its natural heritage. At the same time, we also have mutually beneficial strategies for germplasm exchange with other countries. The National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR) activities include PGR exploration, collection, exchange, characteri- zation, evaluation, conservation and documentation. It also perform the responsibility to carry out quarantine of all imported PGR. NBPGR collects and acquires germplasm from various sources, conserves it in the Genebank, characterizes and evaluates it for different traits and provides ready material for breeders to develop varieties for farmers. At present, the National Genebank conserves more than 0.45 million accessions. NBPGR is responsible for identifying trait-specific pre-adapted climate resilient genotypes, promising material with disease resistance and quality traits which the breeders use for various crop improvement programmes. The prime focus area of research of NBPGR at present is is on characterization of ex situ conserved germplasm and detailed evaluation of prioritized crops for enhanced utilization. identification of novel genes and alleles for enhanced utilization of PGR; identification and deployment of germplasm/landraces.

scholarly journals GiPS: Genomics-informed parent selection uncovers the breeding value of wheat genetic resources

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert W. Schulthess ◽  
Sandip M. Kale ◽  
Fang Liu ◽  
Yusheng Zhao ◽  
Norman Philipp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Yellow Rust ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Parent Selection ◽  
Genetic Profiles ◽  
Multiple Field

The great efforts spent in the maintenance of past diversity in genebanks are rationalized by the potential role of plant genetic resources in future crop improvement: a concept whose practical implementation has fallen short of expectations. Here, we implement genomics-informed parent selection to expedite pre-breeding without discriminating against non-adapted germplasm. We collect dense genetic profiles for a large winter wheat collection and evaluate grain yield and resistance to yellow rust in representative coresets. Genomic prediction within and across genebanks identified the best parents for PGR x elite derived crosses that outyielded current elite cultivars in multiple field trials.

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