Mortality in British vegetarians

AbstractObjective:To compare the mortality of British vegetarians and non-vegetarians.Design:Analysis of original data from two prospective studies each including a large proportion of vegetarians – the Oxford Vegetarian Study and the Health Food Shoppers Study. Standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) compared with the population of England and Wales were calculated from deaths before age 90 for vegetarians and non-vegetarians in each study. Death rate ratios (DRRs) for vegetarians compared with non-vegetarians within each study were calculated for each of 14 major causes of death.Setting:UK.Subjects:Twenty-one thousand men and women aged 16–89 years at recruitment, including more than 8000 vegetarians.Results:SMRs for all causes of death were significantly below the reference level of 100 in both studies: 52 (95% confidence interval (CI) 49–56) based on 1131 deaths in the Oxford Vegetarian Study and 59 (57–61) based on 2346 deaths in the Health Food Shoppers Study. For all causes of death, the DRR for vegetarians compared with non-vegetarians was close to one in both studies: 1.01 (95% CI 0.89–1.14) in the Oxford Vegetarian Study, 1.03 (0.95–1.13) in the Health Food Shoppers Study.Conclusions:British vegetarians have low mortality compared with the general population. Their death rates are similar to those of comparable non-vegetarians, suggesting that much of this benefit may be attributed to non-dietary lifestyle factors such as a low prevalence of smoking and a generally high socio-economic status, or to aspects of the diet other than the avoidance of meat and fish.

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Socio-Economic Status and Peritonitis in Australian Non-Indigenous Peritoneal Dialysis Patients

Peritoneal Dialysis International ◽

10.3747/pdi.2013.00004 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 35 (4) ◽

pp. 450-459 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Wen Tang ◽

Blair Grace ◽

Stephen P. McDonald ◽

Carmel M. Hawley ◽

Sunil V. Badve ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Peritoneal Dialysis ◽

Economic Status ◽

Mixed Effects ◽

Economic Resources ◽

Economic Disadvantage ◽

Socio Economic Status ◽

Economic Indexes ◽

Incident Rate ◽

Rate Ratios ◽

The Relationship

♦BackgroundThe aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between socio-economic status (SES) and peritoneal dialysis (PD)-related peritonitis.♦MethodsAssociations between area SES and peritonitis risk and outcomes were examined in all non-indigenous patients who received PD in Australia between 1 October 2003 and 31 December 2010 (peritonitis outcomes). SES was assessed by deciles of postcode-based Australian Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA), including Index of Relative Socio-economic Disadvantage (IRSD), Index of Relative Socio-economic Advantage and Disadvantage (IRSAD), Index of Economic Resources (IER) and Index of Education and Occupation (IEO).♦Results7,417 patients were included in the present study. Mixed-effects Poisson regression demonstrated that incident rate ratios for peritonitis were generally lower in the higher SEIFA-based deciles compared with the reference (decile 1), although the reductions were only statistically significant in some deciles (IRSAD deciles 2 and 4 – 9; IRSD deciles 4 – 6; IER deciles 4 and 6; IEO deciles 3 and 6). Mixed-effects logistic regression showed that lower probabilities of hospitalization were predicted by relatively higher SES, and lower probabilities of peritonitis-associated death were predicted by less SES disadvantage status and greater access to economic resources. No association was observed between SES and the risks of peritonitis cure, catheter removal and permanent hemodialysis (HD) transfer.♦ConclusionsIn Australia, where there is universal free healthcare, higher SES was associated with lower risks of peritonitis-associated hospitalization and death, and a lower risk of peritonitis in some categories.

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Socio-economic inequalities in mortality persist into old age in New Zealand: study of all 65 years plus, 2001–04

Ageing and Society ◽

10.1017/s0144686x12001195 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 34 (6) ◽

pp. 911-929 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

SANTOSH JATRANA ◽

TONY BLAKELY

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Old Age ◽

Economic Status ◽

Adult Mortality ◽

Housing Tenure ◽

Mortality Data ◽

Individual Level ◽

Socio Economic Status ◽

Relative Risks ◽

Rate Ratios

ABSTRACTA number of studies have explored the relationship between socio-economic status and mortality, although these have mostly been based on the working-age population, despite the fact that the burden of mortality is highest in older people. Using Poisson regression on linked New Zealand census and mortality data (2001–04, 1.3 million person years) with a comprehensive set of socio-economic indicators (education, income, car access, housing tenure, neighourhood deprivation), we examined the association of socio-economic characteristics and older adult mortality (65+ years) in New Zealand. We found that socio-economic mortality gradients persist into old age. Substantial relative risks of mortality were observed for all socio-economic factors, except housing tenure. Most relative risk associations decreased in strength with ageing [e.g. most deprived compared to least deprived rate ratio for males reducing from 1.40 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.28–1.53) for 65–74-year-olds to 1.13 (CI 1.00–1.28) for 85 + -year-olds], except for income and education among women where the rate ratios changed little with increasing age. This suggests individual-level measures of socio-economic status are more closely related to mortality in older women than older men. Comparing across genders, the only statistically significantly different association between men and women was for a weaker association for women for car access.

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Widening inequalities in premature mortality in Australia, 2006-16

Australian Population Studies ◽

10.37970/aps.v4i1.62 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 37-56 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tim Adair ◽

Alan Lopez

Keyword(s):

Life Expectancy ◽

Economic Status ◽

Premature Mortality ◽

Death Registration ◽

Death Rates ◽

Capital Cities ◽

Socio Economic Status ◽

Registration Data ◽

Over Time

Background Increases in Australia’s life expectancy have slowed since 2003. Within this context, it is important to analyse whether socio-economic and geographic inequalities in premature mortality have changed in recent years. Aim The aim is to measure the extent of and change in inequalities in premature mortality (under 75 years) by area socio-economic status and remoteness in Australia from 2006-16. Data and methods This study uses Australian death registration data from 2006-16. We identify area socio-economic quintile (Q1 lowest to Q5 highest) and remoteness (major cities, inner regional, outer regional/ remote/very remote) for each decedent. Age-standardised death rates (ASDR) at ages 35-74 and 0-34 years are calculated and smoothed over time. Results ASDR decline at ages 35-74 years has slowed markedly, and from 2011-16 Q1 ASDRs stagnated. The Q1:Q5 ASDR ratio for females rose from 2011-16 for males (1.97 to 2.11) and females (1.78 to 1.98), and also widened in the Q2:Q5 and Q3:Q5 comparisons for females. ASDRs outside major cities stagnated from 2011-16 and inequalities compared with major cities widened to be 40% higher in 2016. ASDR declines at 0-34 years were quicker than for 35-74 years and inequalities widened slightly. Conclusions Slowing declines in premature mortality in Australia are accompanied by substantial and widening socioeconomic and geographic inequalities. Without reductions in mortality in lower socio-economic groups and outside capital cities, future life expectancy growth in Australia will likely be hampered.

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Psychoses, ethnicity and socio-economic status

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.bp.107.041566 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 193 (1) ◽

pp. 18-24 ◽

Cited By ~ 98

Author(s):

J. B. Kirkbride ◽

D. Barker ◽

F. Cowden ◽

R. Stamps ◽

M. Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Psychotic Disorders ◽

Economic Status ◽

Population Based ◽

First Episode ◽

Prodromal Phase ◽

Black African ◽

Affective Psychoses ◽

Socio Economic Status ◽

Black Caribbean ◽

Rate Ratios

BackgroundConsistent observation of raised rates of psychoses among Black and minority ethnic (BME) groups may possibly be explained by their lower socio-economic statusAimsTo test whether risk for psychoses remained elevated in BME populations compared with the White British, after adjustment for age, gender and current socio-economic statusMethodPopulation-based study of first-episode DSM–IV psychotic disorders, in individuals aged 18–64 years, in East London over 2 yearsResultsAll BME groups had elevated rates of a psychotic disorder after adjustment for age, gender and socio-economic status. For schizophrenia, risk was elevated for people of Black Caribbean (incidence rate ratios (IRR)=3.1, 95% CI 2.1–4.5) and Black African (IRR=2.6, 95% CI 1.8–3.8) origin, and for Pakistani (IRR=3.1, 95% CI 1.2–8.1) and Bangladeshi (IRR=2.3, 95% CI 1.1–4.7) women. Mixed White and Black Caribbean (IRR=7.7, 95% CI 3.2–18.8) and White Other (IRR=2.1, 95% CI 1.2–3.8) groups had elevated rates of affective psychoses (and other non-affective psychoses)ConclusionsElevated rates of psychoses in BME groups could not be explained by socio-economic status, even though current socio-economic status may have overestimated the effect of this confounder given potential misclassification as a result of downward social drift in the prodromal phase of psychosis. Our findings extended to all BME groups and psychotic disorders, though heterogeneity remains

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Socio-economic status inequality and major causes of death in adults: A 5-year follow-up study in rural Vietnam

Public Health ◽

10.1016/j.puhe.2006.03.003 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 120 (6) ◽

pp. 497-504 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Dao Lan Huong ◽

Hoang Van Minh ◽

Urban Janlert ◽

Do Duc Van ◽

Peter Byass

Keyword(s):

Causes Of Death ◽

Economic Status ◽

Socio Economic Status ◽

Follow Up Study ◽

Status Inequality

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The influence of federal health care policy reforms on the use of private health insurance in disadvantaged groups

Australian Health Review ◽

10.1071/ah060241 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 241 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rachael Moorin ◽

C D'Arcy J Holman

Keyword(s):

Health Insurance ◽

Incidence Rate ◽

Rate Ratio ◽

Private Health Insurance ◽

Economic Status ◽

Policy Reforms ◽

Odds Ratios ◽

Socio Economic Status ◽

Incident Rate ◽

Rate Ratios

Objective: To examine changes in the incidence rate ratio of private health insurance (PHI) and Medicare use for episodes of hospitalisation as a function of socio-economic status and accessibility to evaluate the impact of federal health policy reforms. Methods: The WA Data Linkage System was used to extract all hospital morbidity records in Western Australia from 1991, 1996 and 2001. Adjusted odds ratios of PHI use were estimated in each socio-economic and locational accessibility category in each year using logistic regression. The odds ratios were then converted to adjusted incidence rate ratios controlled for population size. Results: In all cases between 1991 and 1996 the adjusted incident rate ratios fell; this was followed by an increase in the adjusted rate ratio in 2001 to levels near those of 1991 in the most accessible? highest socio-economically advantaged group. However in all other groups the increase fell short of the 1991 levels. The magnitude of the shortfall was associated with worsening accessibility or socio-economic status. In addition, significant changes in the within-group differential incident rate ratios were also observed over time. Conclusion: Our study indicates that the recent federal government policies which were aimed at making PHI more affordable to, and therefore more widely used by, lower to middle income earners were successful, lending empirical support for price elasticity of demand for PHI. Our results also indicate that the magnitude of their success varied according to disadvantage, suggesting that this elasticity is variable across both the level and typology of disadvantage.

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Mortality in vegetarians and non-vegetarians: a collaborative analysis of 8300 deaths among 76,000 men and women in five prospective studies

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1079/phn19980006 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 33-41 ◽

Cited By ~ 94

Author(s):

Timothy J Key ◽

Gary E Fraser ◽

Margaret Thorogood ◽

Paul N Appleby ◽

Valerie Beral ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Disease ◽

Ischaemic Heart Disease ◽

Prospective Studies ◽

Death Rate ◽

Causes Of Death ◽

Original Data ◽

Men And Women ◽

Collaborative Analysis ◽

Rate Ratios

AbstractObjective:To compare the mortality rates of vegetarians and non-vegetarians.Design:Collaborative analysis using original data from five prospective studies. Death rate ratios for vegetarians compared to non-vegetarians were calculated for ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, cancers of the stomach, large bowel, lung, breast and prostate, and for all causes of death. All results were adjusted for age, sex and smoking. A random effects model was used to calculate pooled estimates of effect for all studies combined.Setting:USA, UK and Germany.Subjects:76, 172 men and women aged 16–89 years at recruitment. Vegetarians were those who did not eat any meat or fish (n = 27,808). Non-vegetarians were from a similar background to the vegetarians within each study.Results:After a mean of 10.6 years of follow-up there were 8330 deaths before the age of 90 years, including 2264 deaths from ischaemic heart disease. In comparison with non-vegetarians, vegetarians had a 24% reduction in mortality from ischaemic heart disease (death rate ratio 0.76, 95% CI 0.62–0.94). The reduction in mortality among vegetarians varied significantly with age at death: rate ratios for vegetarians compared to non-vegetarians were 0.55 (95% CI 0.35—0.85), 0.69 (95% CI 0.53–0.90) and 0.92 (95% CI 0.73–1.16) for deaths from ischaemic heart disease at ages <65, 65–79 and 80–89 years, respectively. When the non-vegetarians were divided into regular meat eaters (who ate meat at least once a week) and semi-vegetarians (who ate fish only or ate meat less than once a week), the ischaemic heart disease death rate ratios compared to regular meat eaters were 0.78 (95% CI 0.68–0.89) in semi-vegetarians and 0.66 (95% CI 0.53–0.83) in vegetarians (test for trend P<0.001). There were no significant differences between vegetarians and non-vegetarians in mortality from the other causes of death examined.Conclusion:Vegetarians have a lower risk of dying from ischaemic heart disease than non-vegetarians.

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Oral Language Behavior of Older Cerebral Palsied Children

Journal of Speech and Hearing Research ◽

10.1044/jshr.0704.349 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 349-359 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Russell J. Love

Keyword(s):

Oral Language ◽

Economic Status ◽

Educational Background ◽

Socio Economic Status ◽

Language Behavior ◽

Hearing Acuity

A battery of six tests assessing various aspects of receptive and expressive oral language was administered to 27 cerebral palsied children and controls matched on the variables of age, intelligence, sex, race, hearing acuity, socio-economic status, and similarity of educational background. Results indicated only minimal differences between groups. Signs of deviancy in language behavior often attributed to the cerebral palsied were not observed. Although previous investigators have suggested consistent language disturbances in the cerebral palsied, evidence for a disorder of comprehension and formulation of oral symobls was not found.

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