scholarly journals Under- and overreporting of energy is related to obesity, lifestyle factors and food group intakes in Jamaican adults

2004 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle A Mendez ◽  
Suzanne Wynter ◽  
Rainford Wilks ◽  
Terrence Forrester
Keyword(s):  
Food Group ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Healthy Foods ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Multinomial Models ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Obese Subjects ◽  
Industrialised Countries

AbstractObjective:Research in industrialised countries has documented a high prevalence of underreported energy intakes associated with characteristics such as obesity. This paper examines the prevalence, patterns and impact of energy under- and overreporting on diet–obesity relationships in a middle-income developing country.Design:A 70-item food-frequency questionnaire was used. Underreporters had reported energy intakes < 1.35 × basal metabolic rate (BMR), overreporters > 2.4 × BMR. Multinomial models were used to identify characteristics associated with implausible reporting. Intakes were compared across reporting groups to assess evidence of bias. Associations between diet and obesity were compared with and without adjustment for implausible reporting.Setting:Spanish Town, neighbouring the capital city of Kingston, Jamaica.Subjects:Eight hundred and ninety-one Jamaican adults, aged 25–75 years, were randomly recruited.Results:More women than men (38.6% vs. 22.5%) underreported, but more men overreported energy (23.7% vs. 16.0%). Underreporting was positively associated with obesity, special diets, smoking and age; age was inversely associated with overreporting. Underreporters estimated lower energy from potentially socially undesirable food groups (e.g. snacks) and higher intakes of ‘healthy’ foods (e.g. fruit) than did plausible reporters. For some of these food groups, significant differences in intakes among normal-weight versus obese subjects observed among plausible reporters were absent when implausible reporters were included. In models of food group–obesity associations, adjusting for implausible energy yielded more credible results that more closely resembled findings in plausible reporters.Conclusions:Energy under- and overreporting are highly prevalent in Jamaica. Adjusting for implausible reporting may help to reduce bias in diet–health outcome associations.

scholarly journals Healthiness of foods on promotional flyers of fast-food outlets located within Accra-based shopping malls

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 51-61
Author(s):  
Patience Tsrah ◽  
Wilhemina Quarpong ◽  
Amos Laar
Keyword(s):  
Fast Food ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Shopping Malls ◽  
Healthy Foods ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Food Outlets ◽  
Purchasing Behaviour

Background It is argued, rather controversially, that shopping malls and fast food outlets promote unhealthy foods more heavily than healthy ones. Promotional flyers are one of many strategies usually deployed to influence purchasing behaviours. We aimed to assess the healthiness of foods on promotional flyers of food outlets located within shopping malls in Ghana’s capital city, Accra. Methods We conducted a content analysis of promotional flyers obtained from all fast food outlets located within Accra-based shopping malls. Food promotions on flyers (n=32) were sampled using a composite week sampling technique. Collected via mystery shopping, all promoted foods were evaluated for healthiness. Healthy foods/food groups were defined as products which help prevent diet-related non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Results All (100%) of the foods (n=79) on the promoted flyers were unhealthy–comprising high sodium/saturated fats (n=36), high sodium exclusively (n=40) and high in added sugar foods (n=3). These unhealthy foods were greatly discounted (average percentage discount was 27.5%). This price benefit (54.0%) and puffery size (34.0%) were the major claims associated with the promoted foods. Conclusions Our data show that food outlets within Accra-based shopping malls promote via flyers unhealthy food items that are greatly discounted. This strategy may influence purchasing behaviour and consumption. The causal relationship between the promotion of unhealthy foods and NCDs deserves evaluation in Ghana.

scholarly journals Comparison of cluster and principal component analysis techniques to derive dietary patterns in Irish adults

2008 ◽  
Vol 101 (4) ◽  
pp. 598-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Áine P. Hearty ◽  
Michael J. Gibney
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Food Group ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Healthy Foods ◽  
Percentage Contribution ◽  
Group Variable

The aims of the present study were to examine and compare dietary patterns in adults using cluster and factor analyses and to examine the format of the dietary variables on the pattern solutions (i.e. expressed as grams/day (g/d) of each food group or as the percentage contribution to total energy intake). Food intake data were derived from the North/South Ireland Food Consumption Survey 1997–9, which was a randomised cross-sectional study of 7 d recorded food and nutrient intakes of a representative sample of 1379 Irish adults aged 18–64 years. Cluster analysis was performed using thek-means algorithm and principal component analysis (PCA) was used to extract dietary factors. Food data were reduced to thirty-three food groups. For cluster analysis, the most suitable format of the food-group variable was found to be the percentage contribution to energy intake, which produced six clusters: ‘Traditional Irish’; ‘Continental’; ‘Unhealthy foods’; ‘Light-meal foods & low-fat milk’; ‘Healthy foods’; ‘Wholemeal bread & desserts’. For PCA, food groups in the format of g/d were found to be the most suitable format, and this revealed four dietary patterns: ‘Unhealthy foods & high alcohol’; ‘Traditional Irish’; ‘Healthy foods’; ‘Sweet convenience foods & low alcohol’. In summary, cluster and PCA identified similar dietary patterns when presented with the same dataset. However, the two dietary pattern methods required a different format of the food-group variable, and the most appropriate format of the input variable should be considered in future studies.

Nutrient density and affordability of foods in Brazil by food group and degree of processing

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Kennya Beatriz Siqueira ◽  
Cristiano AV Borges ◽  
Mirella L Binoti ◽  
Amanda F Pilati ◽  
Paulo HF da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Systems ◽  
Food Group ◽  
Food Prices ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
Vegetables And Fruits ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Objective: Affordable nutrition refers to the relation between nutrient density of foods and their monetary cost. There are limited data on affordable nutrition in low- and middle-income countries. The present study aimed to develop a nutrient density score and nutrient affordability metrics for 377 most consumed foods in Brazil. Design: The foods were aggregated into seven major food groups and four NOVA food categories. Nutrient composition data were obtained from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Food prices were obtained from retailer websites and were converted to prices per 100 g and 418 kJ. The Nutrient Rich Food (NRF8.2) score was based on protein, fiber, vitamins A, C and E, Ca, Fe and K. Nutrients to limit were sugar and Na. Affordability was measured as kcal/R$ and nutrients/R$. Results: Grains, fats and sweets were more energy dense and had lower NRF8.2 scores than dairy, vegetables and fruits. Grains, fats and sweets were the lowest cost sources of energy. Vegetables and fruits, beans, nuts and seeds and eggs and dairy were the lowest cost sources of multiple nutrients. Ultra-processed foods (48 % of total) had higher energy density and lower NRF8.2 scores than did unprocessed foods. In Brazil, fruits, vegetables and dairy products offered the most nutrients per real. Conclusions: Analysis of the relationship between nutrient density of foods and their cost can help identify locally available foods that are nutrient rich, affordable and culturally acceptable. Achieving high nutrient density at an affordable cost should be the goal of Brazil’s food systems.

scholarly journals What to expect from the price of healthy and unhealthy foods over time? The case from Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 579-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuella Gomes Maia ◽  
Camila Mendes dos Passos ◽  
Renata Bertazzi Levy ◽  
Ana Paula Bortoletto Martins ◽  
Laís Amaral Mais ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Group ◽  
Food Prices ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Processed Foods ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Healthy Foods ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Fractional Polynomial ◽  
National Estimates ◽  
Over Time

AbstractObjective:To measure change in price of food groups over time (1995–2030) in Brazil, considering the Brazilian Dietary Guidelines’ recommendations.Design:Data from the Household Budget Survey (2008–2009 HBS) and the National System of Consumer Price Indexes (NSCPI) were used to create a data set containing monthly prices for the foods and beverages most consumed in the country (n 102), from January 1995 to December 2017. Data on price of foods and beverages from 2008–2009 HBS (referring to January 2009) were used to calculate real price over time using the monthly variation in prices from NSCPI. All prices were deflated to December 2017. Foods and beverages were classified following the Brazilian Dietary Guidelines’ recommendations. The monthly price for each food group and subgroup was used to analyse changes in prices from 1995 to 2017 and to forecast prices up to 2030 using fractional polynomial models.Setting:Brazil.Participants:National estimates of foods and beverages purchased for Brazil.Results:In 1995, ultra-processed foods were the most expensive group (R$ 6·51/kg), followed by processed foods (R$ 6·44/kg), then unprocessed or minimally processed foods and culinary ingredients (R$ 3·45/kg). Since the early 2000s, the price of ultra-processed foods underwent successive reductions, becoming cheaper than processed foods and reducing the distance between it and the price of the other group. Forecasts indicate that unhealthy foods will become cheaper than healthy foods in 2026.Conclusions:Food prices in Brazil have changed unfavourably considering the Brazilian Dietary Guidelines’ recommendations. This may imply a decrease in the quality of the population’s diet.

scholarly journals Economic evaluation of a web-based menu planning intervention to improve childcare service adherence with dietary guidelines.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penny Reeves ◽  
Kim Edmunds ◽  
Zoe Szewczyk ◽  
Alice Grady ◽  
Sze Lin Yoong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Group ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Healthy Foods ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Usual Practice ◽  
Menu Planning ◽  
Relative Value ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Planning Intervention

Abstract Background Despite the known benefits of healthy eating in childhood, few Australian childcare services provide food that is consistent with dietary guidelines. The effectiveness of a web-based menu planning intervention to increase childcare service provision of healthy foods, and decrease provision of discretionary foods in long daycare centres in Australia was assessed in a randomised controlled trial. Here we consider the costs, consequences, cost-effectiveness and budget impact of the intervention using data collected within the trial. Methods The prospective trial-based economic evaluation involved 54 childcare services across New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Services were randomised to a 12-month intervention or usual care. The intervention involved access to a web-based menu planning and decision support tool, and online resources. Effectiveness measures included: mean number of food groups, overall menu and individual food group compliance with dietary guidelines, and mean servings of food groups at 12 months. Costs (reported in $AUD, 2017/18) were evaluated from both health sector and societal perspectives. The direct cost to support uptake of the intervention was calculated, as were costs to each childcare centres. The incremental cost of the intervention was calculated as the net difference in the cost to undertake menu planning and review plus the direct cost of the intervention. Incremental cost–effectiveness ratios (ICERs) including uncertainty intervals, were estimated for differences in costs and effects between intervention and control groups. A relative value index was calculated to determine overall value for money. Results Over the 12 months of the trial, we calculated a difference in cost between usual practice and intervention groups of -$482 (95% UI -$859, -$56). While the measured increase in menu and food group compliance within the trial did not reach statistical significance, there were significant improvements in mean servings of fruit and discretionary food, represented in the cost-consequence analysis. The calculated relative value index of 1.1 suggests that the intervention returns acceptable value for money for the outcomes generated. Conclusion Compared to usual practice, web-based programs may offer an efficient and sustainable alternative for childcare centres to improve the provision of healthy foods to children in their care. Trial Registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12616000974404

scholarly journals Nutritional Deprivation Index is negatively associated with socio-economic factors in Paraguayan households

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vit Bubak ◽  
Matteo Cellamare ◽  
Marta Sanabria
Keyword(s):  
Household Survey ◽  
Multidimensional Poverty ◽  
Food Group ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Poverty Measurement ◽  
Deprivation Index ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Nutritional Deprivation

Abstract The present study aimed to examine the nutritional deprivation of Paraguayan households (measured as households' access to diverse diets) and investigate the association between nutritional deprivation and socio-economic characteristics in a large sample. An extension of Alkire–Foster methodology, a technique widely employed in multidimensional poverty measurement, was used to calculate both the incidence and intensity of nutritional deprivation. The resulting Nutritional Deprivation Index allows us to consider minimum food group requirements that vary by food groups as well as by individual characteristics such as age, sex and activity level. Applying the methodology to a nationally representative sample of households from the 2011–2012 Income and Expenditures Household Survey, the study found that about two in every three Paraguayan households (67 %) were inadequately nourished in at least four (of the total of six) food groups. Although no significant differences were found between rural and urban households, the incidence of multi-dimensionally deprived households generally decreased as income increased. Logistic regression results showed that nutritional deprivation decreased as household income and mother's education increased and increased with household size. Our study concludes that the majority of Paraguayan households is significantly nutritionally deprived across most food groups and suggests that strategies are needed to improve their access to diverse diets, especially among its lower- and middle-income segments.

scholarly journals Economic evaluation of a web-based menu planning intervention to improve childcare service adherence with dietary guidelines

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Penny Reeves ◽  
Kim Edmunds ◽  
Zoe Szewczyk ◽  
Alice Grady ◽  
Sze Lin Yoong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Group ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Healthy Foods ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Usual Practice ◽  
Menu Planning ◽  
Relative Value ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Planning Intervention

Abstract Background Despite the known benefits of healthy eating in childhood, few Australian childcare services provide food that is consistent with dietary guidelines. The effectiveness of a web-based menu planning intervention to increase childcare service provision of healthy foods and decrease provision of discretionary foods in long day-care services in Australia was assessed in a randomised controlled trial. Here we consider the costs, consequences, cost-effectiveness and budget impact of the intervention using data collected within the trial. Methods The prospective trial-based economic evaluation involved 54 childcare services across New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Services were randomised to a 12-month intervention or usual care. The intervention involved access to a web-based menu planning and decision support tool and online resources. Effectiveness measures included mean number of food groups, overall menu and individual food group compliance with dietary guidelines, and mean servings of food groups at 12 months. Costs (reported in $AUD, 2017/18) were evaluated from both health sector and societal perspectives. The direct cost to support uptake of the intervention was calculated, as were costs to each childcare service. The incremental cost of the intervention was calculated as the net difference in the cost to undertake menu planning and review plus the direct cost of the intervention. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) including uncertainty intervals were estimated for differences in costs and effects between intervention and control groups. A relative value index was calculated to determine overall value for money. Results Over the 12 months of the trial, we calculated a difference in cost between usual practice and intervention groups of − $482 (95% UI − $859, − $56). While the measured increase in menu and food group compliance within the trial did not reach statistical significance, there were significant improvements in mean servings of fruit and discretionary food, represented in the cost-consequence analysis. The calculated relative value index of 1.1 suggests that the intervention returns acceptable value for money for the outcomes generated. Conclusion Compared to usual practice, web-based programmes may offer an efficient and sustainable alternative for childcare services to improve the provision of healthy foods to children in their care. Trial registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12616000974404

scholarly journals Where are the low-calorie sweeteners? An analysis of the presence and types of low-calorie sweeteners in packaged foods sold in Brazil from food labelling

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (03) ◽  
pp. 447-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiza dos Santos Figueiredo ◽  
Tailane Scapin ◽  
Ana Carolina Fernandes ◽  
Rossana Pacheco da Costa Proença
Keyword(s):  
Food Group ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Low Calorie ◽  
Brazil Current ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Packaged Foods ◽  
Packaged Food ◽  
Milk And Dairy Products

AbstractObjectiveStudies have shown that consumption of low-calorie sweeteners (LCS) may be associated with harmful health effects. The current study investigated the presence and types of LCS added to packaged foods.DesignCross-sectional study analysing the presence and types of LCS in the ingredients lists of packaged foods sold at a major Brazilian supermarket. To identify types of LCS allowed for use in foods in Brazil, current legislation was consulted. Data were organised and analysed through descriptive statistics, presenting simple and relative frequencies of LCS presence categorised by food group.SettingSupermarket in Florianópolis, southern Brazil.SubjectsPackaged food products (n4539) from eight food groups.ResultsOne or more LCS were found in 602 (13·3 %) of the packaged foods analysed. There were 1329 citations of LCS among these foods, with a mean of 2·2 sweeteners per food. Groups with the highest frequency of foods containing LCS were: products with energy derived from carbohydrates and fats (25·0 %); milk and dairy products (11·7 %); bakery products, cereals, legumes, roots and tubers (11·2 %); and fruits, juices, nectars and fruit drinks (8·3 %).ConclusionsThere was high prevalence of packaged foods with LCS, especially in food groups that form the basis of the Brazilian diet. The study was the first to extensively analyse the presence and types of LCS in packaged foods available for sale in a Brazilian supermarket and can be useful to monitor the use of LCS in these foods, as well as to support future changes in legislation to label sugars.

scholarly journals Economic evaluation of a web-based menu planning intervention to improve childcare service adherence with dietary guidelines.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penny Reeves ◽  
Kim Edmunds ◽  
Zoe Szewczyk ◽  
Alice Grady ◽  
Sze Lin Yoong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Group ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Healthy Foods ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Usual Practice ◽  
Menu Planning ◽  
Relative Value ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Planning Intervention

Abstract BackgroundDespite the known benefits of healthy eating in childhood, few Australian childcare services provide food that is consistent with dietary guidelines. The effectiveness of a web-based menu planning intervention to increase childcare service provision of healthy foods and decrease provision of discretionary foods in long day-care services in Australia was assessed in a randomised controlled trial. Here we consider the costs, consequences, cost-effectiveness and budget impact of the intervention using data collected within the trial. MethodsThe prospective trial-based economic evaluation involved 54 childcare services across New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Services were randomised to a 12-month intervention or usual care. The intervention involved access to a web-based menu planning and decision support tool, and online resources. Effectiveness measures included: mean number of food groups, overall menu and individual food group compliance with dietary guidelines, and mean servings of food groups at 12 months. Costs (reported in $AUD, 2017/18) were evaluated from both health sector and societal perspectives. The direct cost to support uptake of the intervention was calculated, as were costs to each childcare service. The incremental cost of the intervention was calculated as the net difference in the cost to undertake menu planning and review plus the direct cost of the intervention. Incremental cost–effectiveness ratios (ICERs) including uncertainty intervals, were estimated for differences in costs and effects between intervention and control groups. A relative value index was calculated to determine overall value for money.ResultsOver the 12 months of the trial, we calculated a difference in cost between usual practice and intervention groups of -$482 (95% UI -$859, -$56). While the measured increase in menu and food group compliance within the trial did not reach statistical significance, there were significant improvements in mean servings of fruit and discretionary food, represented in the cost-consequence analysis. The calculated relative value index of 1.1 suggests that the intervention returns acceptable value for money for the outcomes generated.ConclusionCompared to usual practice, web-based programs may offer an efficient and sustainable alternative for childcare services to improve the provision of healthy foods to children in their care. Trial RegistrationAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12616000974404

Inadequate Dietary Intakes: Among Pregnant Women

2012 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer K. Fowler ◽  
Susan E. Evers ◽  
M. Karen Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Food Group ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Eating Behaviours ◽  
Prenatal Health ◽  
Canadian City ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Health Project

Purpose: Eating behaviours were assessed among pregnant women in a mid-sized Canadian city. Methods: As part of the Prenatal Health Project, we interviewed 2313 pregnant women in London, Ontario. Subjects also completed a food frequency questionnaire. Recruitment took place in ultrasound clinics at 10 to 22 weeks of gestation. The main outcome measures were number of daily servings for each food group, measured against the minimum number recommended by the 2007 Eating Well with Canada’s Food Guide (CFG), the proportion of women consuming the recommended number of servings for each and all of the four food groups, and factors associated with adequate consumption. We also determined the number of servings of “other foods.” Analysis included descriptive statistics and logistic regression, all at p<0.05. Results: A total of 3.5% of women consumed the recommended number of servings for all four food groups; 15.3% did not consume the minimum number of servings of foods for any of the four food groups. Women for whom this was their first pregnancy were less likely to consume the recommended number of servings from all four food groups (odds ratio=0.41; confidence interval=0.23, 0.74). Conclusions: Very few pregnant women consumed food group servings consistent with the 2007 recommendations. Strategies to improve dietary behaviours must focus on the establishment of healthy eating behaviours among women of reproductive age.

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