scholarly journals The rise and fall of dietetics and of nutrition science, 4000 BCE–2000 CE

2005 ◽  
Vol 8 (6a) ◽  
pp. 701-705 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Cannon
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Nutrition Science ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
History Of ◽  
Twenty First Century

AbstractObjectiveTo outline the history of dietetics since its beginnings in recorded history, and of nutrition science in its first phase beginning in the mid-nineteenth century and then its second phase in the second half of the twentieth century.MethodThree narrative overviews: of dietetics from its beginnings until after the end of the mediaeval and then Renaissance periods in Europe; of nutrition science in its first phase from its beginnings in the mid-nineteenth century until the middle of the twentieth century, with reasons for its rise; and of nutrition science in its second phase in the second half of the twentieth century, with reasons for its decline.ConclusionsIn its third phase in the twenty-first century, the new nutrition science should regain much of the vision and scope of its preceding disciplines.

Marry Me?

Love, Inc. ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 83-112
Author(s):  
Laurie Essig
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
The Real ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Real Change ◽  
History Of ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Diamond Ring

Getting engaged now requires more emotional and financial resources than ever before. Here Essig traces the history of engagements from the birth of companionate marriages in the nineteenth century to the invention of rituals like the bended knee and fetish items like the diamond ring in the early twentieth century. But the real change happened at the beginning of the twenty-first century, as engagements became “spectacular,” requiring not just highly staged events but also highly produced videos and images that could then be disseminated to the larger world.

History of Recording Demotic Epigraphy

2020 ◽  
pp. 491-507
Author(s):  
Jan Moje
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Late Period ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
Rosetta Stone ◽  
Roman Egypt ◽  
History Of ◽  
Twenty First Century

This chapter gives an overview of the history of recording and publishing epigraphic sources in Demotic language and script from the Late Period to Greco-Roman Egypt (seventh century bce to third century ce), for example, on stelae, offering tables, coffins, or votive gifts. The history of editing such texts and objects spans over two hundred years. Here, the important steps and pioneering publications on Demotic epigraphy are examined. They start from the beginning of the nineteenth century, when Napoleon’s expedition to Egypt found the Rosetta stone, until the twenty-first century.

Random Pandemic Perambulations: A Brief History of Literary Walks in the Age of Corona

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 187-207
Author(s):  
Peter Arnds
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Oriented Movement ◽  
Twenty First Century

This article focuses on the concept of randomness as the absence of goal-oriented movement in literary walks. The literature of walking displays the happenstance of adventure as one of the great antidotes to our inane, highly technologized, digitalized twenty-first-century lifestyle. In the end, however, such randomness may reveal itself as not so random after all, as the purpose of the journey, its inherent telos, discloses itself while travelling or in hindsight. This article provides brief glimpses into the history of literary walks to examine this tension between apparent randomness and the non-random. By drawing on a range of cultural theories and theorizations of travel and especially of walking, I look at literary foot travel in the nineteenth century, the Romantics and American Transcendentalists, some great adventure hikes in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, and the urban and rural flâneur. In doing so the article does not lose sight of the question of how we can instrumentalize the literature of walking for life during the current pandemic.

The significance of aesthetic landscape appreciation to modern geotourism provision

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Hose
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Lake District ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
English Lake District ◽  
European Engagement ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Nineteeth Century

Many of the stakeholders involved in modern geotourism provision lack awareness of how the concept essentially ermeged, developed and was defined in Europe. Such stakeholders are unaware of how many of the modern approaches to landscape promotion and interpretation actually have nineteeth century antecedents. Similarly, many of the apparently modern threats to, and issues around, the protection of wild and fragile landscapes and geoconservation of specific geosites also first emerged in the ninetheeth century; the solutions that were developed to address those threats and issues were first applied in the early twentieth century and were subsequently much refined by the opening of the twenty-first century. However, the European engagement with wild and fragile landscapes as places to be appreciated and explored began much earlier than the nineteenth century and can be traced back to Renaissance times. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a summary consideration of this rather neglected aspect of geotourism, initially by considering its modern recognition and definitions and then by examining the English Lake District (with further examples from Britain and Australia available at the website) as a particular case study along with examples.

Gay Affections

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerard P. Loughlin
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Gay Identity ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Gay Identities

This chapter considers how gay identities—and so gay affections—were formed in the course of the twentieth century, building on the late nineteenth-century invention of the ‘homosexual’. It also considers earlier construals of same-sex affections and the people who had them, the soft men and hard women of the first century and the sodomites of the eleventh. It thus sketches a history of continuities and discontinuities, of overlapping identities and emotional possibilities. The chapter resists the assumption that gay identity and experience can be reduced to anything less than the multitude of gay people, and that as Christians they have to give an account of themselves in a way that heterosexual Christians do not. The chapter warns against thinking gay identity undone in Christ.

Disability and the History of Eugenics

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Rembis
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Lively Debate ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries ◽  
Twenty First Century

Eugenics is central to the history of disability in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Recently, scholars in a number of disciplines have debated whether the biopolitical regime that emerged in the waning decades of the twentieth century can be called “eugenic.” Some scholars claim that although distinctions can be made between an “old” eugenics (1860s–1950s) and a “new” eugenics (1960s–present), the basic tenets of eugenics have endured. Other scholars, Nikolas Rose being the most prominent among them, assert that the biopolitics at the turn of the twenty-first century is significantly different from the “old” eugenics and must be analyzed on its own terms. The question of whether one can write a “long” history of eugenics has animated a lively debate among historians. When viewed through the lens of disability, important continuities emerge between the history of eugenics and the current biopolitical regime.

Lack and Excess / Zero and One

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-71
Author(s):  
Dominik Finkelde ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Dialectical Materialism ◽  
First Century ◽  
Bertrand Russell ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Twenty First Century

How can a set throw itself into itself and remain a set and an element of itself at the same time? This is obviously impossible, as Bertrand Russell has prominently shown. One simply cannot pick a trash can up and throw it into itself. Now, Hegel and Badiou, but also the anti-Hegelian W. Benjamin, take different positions on the subject when they refer time and again to versions of “concrete universality” as an oxymoronic structure that touches ontologically upon their theoretical as well as their practical philosophies. The article tries to show how the philosophers affirm the mentioned paradox as central for the understanding of Dialectical Materialism in its classical (nineteenth-century) as well as in its modern (twentieth-century) and contemporary (twenty-first-century) understanding.

scholarly journals Avatars de Raphaël Hythlodée, ou l'influence de l'Utopie de Thomas More dans le roman portugais contemporain

Moreana ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (Number 209) (1) ◽  
pp. 61-78
Author(s):  
José Eduardo Reis
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Complex Traits ◽  
First Century ◽  
Thomas More ◽  
Western Literature ◽  
Cultural System ◽  
History Of ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Representative Work ◽  
The Ideal

The history of the literary reception of Thomas More's Utopia in Portugal has been a tale of omissions, censorships and deferred translations that highlight a flaw within the Portuguese cultural system. Indeed, it is somewhat ironic that such a representative work of both Western literature and thought, historically associated with the opening of the world's geographical horizons, and which ascribed to a Portuguese sailor, Raphael Hythloday, the discovery of an ideal place, was first translated into Portuguese only in the second half of the twentieth century. However, the first decade of the twenty-first century seems to bode a more auspicious literary fortune for More's Utopia within the Portuguese literary idiom: not only has an edition of More's work finally been translated from the original Latin, but also two novels were published in 2004, A lenda de Martim Regos, by Pedro Canais, and Rafael, by Manuel Alegre. In the context of both books' plots, they rewrite the complex traits of the character of the Portuguese sailor and discoverer of the ideal island. The same reinvention of the character of Raphael had already been attempted, in 1998, by José V. de Pina Martins in his long dialogic Morean narrative, Utopia III. In this essay, I will focus both on the documental sources related to Portuguese culture that are at the root of More's Utopia and on some relevant aspects of the reception of the character of Raphael Hythloday within the aforementioned novels.

Conspiracy Theories in U.S. History

2018 ◽  
pp. 285-297
Author(s):  
Kathryn S. Olmstead
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Early Republic ◽  
First Century ◽  
Conspiracy Theories ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
The U.S

Although many Americans believe that conspiratorial thinking is reaching new heights in the twenty-first century, conspiracy theories have been commonplace throughout U.S. history. In the colonial and early republic eras, Americans feared that Catholics, Jews, Masons, Indians, and African Americans were plotting against them. In the nineteenth century they added international bankers, rich businessmen, and Mormons to the list of potential conspirators. In the twentieth century, conspiracy theories continued to evolve, and many Americans began to suspect the U.S. government itself of plotting against them. These theories gained more credibility after the revelation of real government conspiracies, notably CIA assassination plots, the Watergate scandal, and the Iran–-Contra affair.

scholarly journals Making the Most of Capital in the Twenty-First Century

2015 ◽  
Vol 70 (01) ◽  
pp. 21-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter H. Lindert
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
The Political ◽  
Historical Evolution ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
History Of ◽  
Democratic System ◽  
Political Responses ◽  
Twenty First Century

Abstracts Thomas Piketty’s monumental Capital in the Twenty-First Century has transported us to a higher understanding of the historical evolution of inequality. This essay attempts to inventory the different avenues of research, more or less promising, that scholars might usefully pursue when building on his work. The most important path to follow is the history of inequalities in income that Piketty and his team have flagged up so well, supported by the book’s history of the great shocks of the twentieth century and the political responses that they elicited. Less promising is the book’s emphasis on wealth, capital, and the rate of return. The best predictions of future inequality can be achieved by merging Piketty and his team’s history of those who hold the top 10 percent of income with works dedicated to the history of inequality within the lower 90 percent. It is also necessary to integrate other scholarship that has demonstrated that the sort of democratic system Piketty calls for would have positive effects on growth.

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