scholarly journals Cross talk between physical activity and appetite control: does physical activity stimulate appetite?

2003 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 651-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Blundell ◽  
R. J. Stubbs ◽  
D. A. Hughes ◽  
S. Whybrow ◽  
N. A. King
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Weight Control ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Exact Nature ◽  
Appetite Control ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Impact

Physical activity has the potential to modulate appetite control by improving the sensitivity of the physiological satiety signalling system, by adjusting macronutrient preferences or food choices and by altering the hedonic response to food. There is evidence for all these actions. Concerning the impact of physical activity on energy balance, there exists a belief that physical activity drives up hunger and increases food intake, thereby rendering it futile as a method of weight control. There is, however, no evidence for such an immediate or automatic effect. Short (1–2 d)-term and medium (7–16 d)-term studies demonstrate that men and women can tolerate substantial negative energy balances of ≤4MJ energy cost/d when performing physical activity programmes. Consequently, the immediate effect of taking up exercise is weight loss (although this outcome is sometimes difficult to assess due to changes in body composition or fluid compartmentalization). However, subsequently food intake begins to increase in order to provide compensation for about 30% of the energy expended in activity. This compensation (up to 16 d) is partial and incomplete. Moreover, subjects separate into compensators and non-compensators. The exact nature of these differences in compensation and whether it is actually reflective of non-compliance with protocols is yet to be determined. Some subjects (men and women) performing activity with a cost of ≤4 MJ/d for 14 d, show no change in daily energy intake. Conversely, it can be demonstrated that when active individuals are forced into a sedentary routine food intake does not decrease to a lower level to match the reduced energy expenditure. Consequently, this situation creates a substantial positive energy balance accompanied by weight gain. The next stage is to further characterize the compensators and non-compensators, and to identify the mechanisms (physiological or behavioural) that are responsible for the rate of compensation and its limits.

scholarly journals Appetite Control Is Improved by Acute Increases in Energy Turnover at Different Levels of Energy Balance

2019 ◽  
Vol 104 (10) ◽  
pp. 4481-4491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franziska A Hägele ◽  
Franziska Büsing ◽  
Alessa Nas ◽  
Mario Hasler ◽  
Manfred J Müller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Caloric Restriction ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Weight Control ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Zero Energy ◽  
Appetite Control ◽  
Energy Turnover ◽  
Ad Libitum

Abstract Background Weight control is hypothesized to be improved when physical activity and energy intake are both high [high energy turnover (ET)]. Objective The impact of three levels of ET on short-term appetite control is therefore investigated at fixed levels of energy balance. Design In a randomized crossover trial, 16 healthy adults (25.1 ± 3.9 y of age; body mass index, 24.0 ± 3.2 kg/m2) spent three daylong protocols for four times in a metabolic chamber. Four conditions of energy balance (ad libitum energy intake, zero energy balance, −25% caloric restriction, and +25% overfeeding) were each performed at three levels of ET (PAL 1.3 low, 1.6 medium, and 1.8 high ET; by walking on a treadmill). Levels of appetite hormones ghrelin, GLP-1, and insulin (total area under the curve) were measured during 14 hours. Subjective appetite ratings were assessed by visual analog scales. Results Compared with high ET, low ET led to decreased GLP-1 (at all energy balance conditions: P < 0.001) and increased ghrelin concentrations (caloric restriction and overfeeding: P < 0.001), which was consistent with higher feelings of hunger (zero energy balance: P < 0.001) and desire to eat (all energy balance conditions: P < 0.05) and a positive energy balance during ad libitum intake (+17.5%; P < 0.001). Conclusion Appetite is regulated more effectively at a high level of ET, whereas overeating and consequently weight gain are likely to occur at low levels of ET. In contrast to the prevailing concept of body weight control, the positive impact of physical activity is independent from burning up more calories and is explained by improved appetite sensations.

scholarly journals Murine neuronatin deficiency is associated with a hypervariable food intake and bimodal obesity

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Cimino ◽  
Debra Rimmington ◽  
Y. C. Loraine Tung ◽  
Katherine Lawler ◽  
Pierre Larraufie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Chow Diet ◽  
Chromatin Regulator ◽  
Positive Energy Balance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Deficient Mice

AbstractNeuronatin (Nnat) has previously been reported to be part of a network of imprinted genes downstream of the chromatin regulator Trim28. Disruption of Trim28 or of members of this network, including neuronatin, results in an unusual phenotype of a bimodal body weight. To better characterise this variability, we examined the key contributors to energy balance in Nnat+/−p mice that carry a paternal null allele and do not express Nnat. Consistent with our previous studies, Nnat deficient mice on chow diet displayed a bimodal body weight phenotype with more than 30% of Nnat+/−p mice developing obesity. In response to both a 45% high fat diet and exposure to thermoneutrality (30 °C) Nnat deficient mice maintained the hypervariable body weight phenotype. Within a calorimetry system, food intake in Nnat+/−p mice was hypervariable, with some mice consuming more than twice the intake seen in wild type littermates. A hyperphagic response was also seen in Nnat+/−p mice in a second, non-home cage environment. An expected correlation between body weight and energy expenditure was seen, but corrections for the effects of positive energy balance and body weight greatly diminished the effect of neuronatin deficiency on energy expenditure. Male and female Nnat+/−p mice displayed subtle distinctions in the degree of variance body weight phenotype and food intake and further sexual dimorphism was reflected in different patterns of hypothalamic gene expression in Nnat+/−p mice. Loss of the imprinted gene Nnat is associated with a highly variable food intake, with the impact of this phenotype varying between genetically identical individuals.

Peripheral and Central Glucocorticoid Signaling Contributes to Positive Energy Balance in Rats

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (06) ◽  
pp. 472-479
Author(s):  
Tássia Borba ◽  
Lígia Galindo ◽  
Kelli Ferraz-Pereira ◽  
Raquel da Silva Aragão ◽  
Ana Toscano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Glucocorticoid Receptors ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Obesity Epidemic ◽  
Routes Of Administration ◽  
Glucocorticoid Signaling ◽  
Positive Energy Balance

AbstractThe obesity epidemic has been the target of several studies to understand its etiology. The pathophysiological processes that take to obesity generally relate to the rupture of energy balance. This imbalance can result from environmental and/or endogenous events. Among the endogenous events, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which promotes stress response via glucocorticoid activity, is considered a modulator of energy balance. However, it remains controversial whether the increase in plasma levels of glucocorticoids results in a positive or negative energy balance. Furthermore, there are no studies comparing different routes of administration of glucocorticoids in this context. Here, we investigated the effects of intraperitoneal (i.p.) or intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of a specific agonist for glucocorticoid receptors on food intake and energy expenditure in rats. Sixty-day old rats were treated with i.p. or i.c.v. dexamethasone. Food intake and satiety were evaluated, as well as locomotor activity in order to determine energy expenditure. Both i.p. and i.c.v. dexamethasone increased food intake and decreased energy expenditure. Moreover, i.c.v. dexamethasone delayed the onset of satiety. Together, these results confirm that central glucocorticoid signaling promotes a positive energy balance and supports the role of the glucocorticoid system as the underlying cause of psychological stress-induced obesity.

Orexin activation precedes increased NPY expression, hyperphagia, and metabolic changes in response to sleep deprivation

2010 ◽  
Vol 298 (3) ◽  
pp. E726-E734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo José Forcina Martins ◽  
Marina Soares Marques ◽  
Sergio Tufik ◽  
Vânia D'Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Weight Control ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Mrna Levels

Several pieces of evidence support that sleep duration plays a role in body weight control. Nevertheless, it has been assumed that, after the identification of orexins (hypocretins), the molecular basis of the interaction between sleep and energy homeostasis has been provided. However, no study has verified the relationship between neuropeptide Y (NPY) and orexin changes during hyperphagia induced by sleep deprivation. In the current study we aimed to establish the time course of changes in metabolite, endocrine, and hypothalamic neuropeptide expression of Wistar rats sleep deprived by the platform method for a distinct period (from 24 to 96 h) or sleep restricted for 21 days (SR-21d). Despite changes in the stress hormones, we found no changes in food intake and body weight in the SR-21d group. However, sleep-deprived rats had a 25–35% increase in their food intake from 72 h accompanied by slight weight loss. Such changes were associated with increased hypothalamus mRNA levels of prepro-orexin (PPO) at 24 h followed by NPY at 48 h of sleep deprivation. Conversely, sleep recovery reduced the expression of both PPO and NPY, which rapidly brought the animals to a hypophagic condition. Our data also support that sleep deprivation rapidly increases energy expenditure and therefore leads to a negative energy balance and a reduction in liver glycogen and serum triacylglycerol levels despite the hyperphagia. Interestingly, such changes were associated with increased serum levels of glucagon, corticosterone, and norepinephrine, but no effects on leptin, insulin, or ghrelin were observed. In conclusion, orexin activation accounts for the myriad changes induced by sleep deprivation, especially the hyperphagia induced under stress and a negative energy balance.

scholarly journals The influence of physical activity on appetite control: an experimental system to understand the relationship between exercise-induced energy expenditure and energy intake

2011 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillipa Caudwell ◽  
Catherine Gibbons ◽  
Mark Hopkins ◽  
Erik Naslund ◽  
Neil King ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Weight Regulation ◽  
Gut Peptides ◽  
Appetite Control ◽  
Obese People ◽  
Experimental Platform ◽  
The Impact

Investigations of the impact of physical activity on appetite control have the potential to throw light on the understanding of energy balance and therefore, upon body weight regulation and the development of obesity. Given the complexity of the landscape influencing weight regulation, research strategies should reflect this complexity. We have developed a research approach based on the concept of the psychobiological system (multi-level measurement and analysis) and an experimental platform that respects the operations of an adaptive regulating biological system. It is important that both sides of the energy balance equation (activity and diet) receive similar detailed levels of analysis. The experimental platform uses realistic and fully supervised levels of physical activity, medium-term (not acute) interventions, measurement of body composition, energy metabolism (indirect calorimetry), satiety physiology (gut peptides), homeostatic and hedonic processes of appetite control, non-exercise activity, obese adult participants and both genders. This research approach has shown that the impact of physical activity on appetite control is characterised by large individual differences. Changes in body composition, waist circumference and health benefits are more meaningful than changes in weight. Further, we are realising that the acute effects do not predict what will happen in the longer term. The psychobiological systems approach offers a strategy for simultaneously investigating biological and behavioural processes relevant to understanding obese people and how obesity can be managed. This experimental platform provides opportunities for industry to examine the impact of foods under scientifically controlled conditions relevant to the real world.

Effects of increased energy intake and/or physical activity on energy expenditure in young healthy men

1994 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 366-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. I. Goran ◽  
J. Calles-Escandon ◽  
E. T. Poehlman ◽  
M. O'Connell ◽  
E. Danforth
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Flux ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Positive Energy Balance

This study was designed to examine effects of alterations in energy balance on adaptive changes in components of total energy expenditure (TEE). Nineteen young healthy males were studied during a 10-day sedentary energy balance baseline period and then randomly assigned to one of four 10-day treatment groups: 1) no change in energy intake (EI) or physical activity (PA; energy balance at low energy flux), 2) EI increased by 50% with no change in PA (positive energy balance), 3) TEE increased by 50% by increasing PA, matched by a 50% increase in EI (energy balance at high energy flux), and 4) TEE increased by 50% by increasing PA with no change in EI (negative energy balance). TEE was measured with doubly labeled water, resting metabolic rate (RMR) by indirect calorimetry, and thermic response to feeding (TEF) by indirect calorimetry; energy expenditure of physical activity (EEPA) was estimated by subtracting RMR, TEF, and prescribed PA from TEE. TEE was significantly increased by PA (by design) but not EI. There was a significant main effect of intake and a significant intake-by-activity interaction for changes in RMR. In post hoc analysis, RMR was significantly increased during positive energy balance and energy balance at high energy flux relative to change in RMR when energy balance was maintained at low energy flux. A significant increase in RMR was also noted during negative energy balance after adjustment for change in fat-free mass. There was no significant difference in change in RMR among the three treatment groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Physical activity and body functionality: implications for obesity prevention and treatment

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelo Tremblay ◽  
Fanny Therrien
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Obesity Prevention ◽  
Healthy Diet ◽  
Physical Work ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
The Impact

Physical activity promotes metabolic adaptations that improve body functionality and contribute to the prevention of some diseases. With respect to energy and fat balance, physical activity facilitates the equilibrium between energy intake and expenditure as well as between fat intake and fat oxidation. When combined with a healthy diet that favors satiety with a reduced energy intake, exercise can induce a substantial mass loss in obese individuals. However, even the impact of an exemplary lifestyle does not seem to have the potential to decrease body mass in obese individuals down to the mass range of lean people. Up to now, we have not been able to induce mass changes exceeding 12%–15% initial body mass in obese male subjects under tolerable exercise and dietary habits, and this moderate success was accompanied by modifications in appetite and energy expenditure susceptible to compromise subsequent mass stability. As described in this paper, many environmental factors can influence energy balance and the ability to lose body fat in response to a healthy diet and (or) physical activity program. Particular attention is given to preliminary data obtained in our laboratory that suggest that knowledge-based work does not favor the same potential mass reducing effects as physical work. In fact, the acute effects of knowledge-based work suggest that this work modality may be rather susceptible to promote a more pronounced positive energy balance compared with what we may expect from a sedentary relaxing activity. This is problematic for obesity prevention in the future since knowledge-based work now represents the main working modality in a context of modernity.

scholarly journals Photoperiod effects on gene expression for hypothalamic appetite-regulating peptides and food intake in the ram

2003 ◽  
Vol 284 (1) ◽  
pp. R101-R115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iain J. Clarke ◽  
Alexandra Rao ◽  
Yves Chilliard ◽  
Carole Delavaud ◽  
Gerald A. Lincoln
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Leptin Receptor ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Positive Energy Balance ◽  
Plasma Leptin

Relationship between voluntary food intake (VFI) and gene expression for appetite-regulating peptides was examined in the brains of Soay rams under contrasting photoperiods. Two groups ( n = 8) were subjected to alternating block long-day (LD) and short-day photoperiods (SD) over a period of 42 wk to entrain long-term cycles in VFI. Five animals from each group were killed 18 wk into LD or SD, and the brains were collected for in situ hybridization studies. VFI was fourfold higher under LD compared with SD. Body weight, abdominal fat, or plasma leptin levels were similar under LD and SD. LD animals were in positive energy balance and sexually inactive, and SD animals were in negative energy balance and sexually active. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA levels were higher in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) under LD, and pro-opiomelanocortin expression was lower under LD. Leptin receptor (Ob-Rb) was higher in the ARC under LD. We conclude that photoperiod-induced increase in VFI correlates with expression of NPY, but not with expression of genes for other putative orexigenic peptides. Ob-Rb gene expression is regulated by photoperiod.

scholarly journals Energy Balance Dynamics: Exercise, Appetite, Diet, and Weight Control

2021 ◽  
pp. 155982762198928
Author(s):  
Monica Kazlausky Esquivel
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Weight Control ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Modest Weight Loss ◽  
Sustained Weight Loss ◽  
Induce Weight Loss ◽  
Balance Dynamics

Individuals seeking to achieve weight loss are encouraged to achieve a negative energy balance, essentially eat less and move more. The complex relationship between energy expenditure and intake is often overlooked, leaving individuals and practitioners underwhelmed by the results of weight loss efforts. Independently, physical activity and diet interventions can yield modest weight loss and when combined have synergistic effects that promote sustained weight loss. Although physical activity benefits appetite suppression, reduces food rewards, and can be considered a gateway to healthy eating, high levels of daily activity are needed to induce weight loss. Diet is an important component to achieving weight loss, and high-protein diets have the potential for supporting weight loss as well. This column will be focused on the benefits of physical activity in reducing body weight, more specifically, the interdependent relationship between dietary intake and physical activity in achieving weight reduction.

scholarly journals A high-protein total diet replacement alters the regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis in healthy, normal-weight adults

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila L. P. Oliveira ◽  
Normand G. Boulé ◽  
Sarah A. Elliott ◽  
Arya M. Sharma ◽  
Mario Siervo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Weight Control ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Total Diet ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Purpose Dietary intake can affect energy homeostasis and influence body weight control. The aim of this study was to compare the impact of high-protein total diet replacement (HP-TDR) versus a control (CON) diet in the regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis in healthy, normal-weight adults. Methods In this acute randomized controlled, cross-over study, participants completed two isocaloric arms: a) HP-TDR: 35% carbohydrate, 40% protein, and 25% fat; b) CON: 55% carbohydrate, 15% protein, and 30% fat. The diets were provided for 32 h while inside a whole-body calorimetry unit. Appetite sensations, appetite-related hormones, and energy metabolism were assessed. Results Forty-three healthy, normal-weight adults (19 females) participated. Appetite sensations did not differ between diets (all p > 0.05). Compared to the CON diet, the change in fasting blood markers during the HP-TDR intervention was smaller for peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY; − 18.9 ± 7.9 pg/mL, p = 0.02) and greater for leptin (1859 ± 652 pg/mL, p = 0.007). Moreover, postprandial levels of glucagon-like peptide 1 (1.62 ± 0.36 pM, p < 0.001) and PYY (31.37 ± 8.05 pg/mL, p < 0.001) were higher in the HP-TDR. Significant correlations were observed between energy balance and satiety (r = − 0.41, p = 0.007), and energy balance and PFC (r = 0.33, p = 0.033) in the HP-TDR. Conclusion Compared to the CON diet, the HP-TDR increased blood levels of anorexigenic hormones. Moreover, females and males responded differently to the intervention in terms of appetite sensations and appetite-related hormones. Trial registration NCT02811276 (retrospectively registered on 16 June 2016) and NCT03565510 (retrospectively registered on 11 June 2018).

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