scholarly journals Effecting dietary change

2004 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 537-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley J. Adamson ◽  
John C. Mathers
Keyword(s):  
Policy Development ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Dietary Change ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Uk

A world epidemic of diet-related chronic disease is currently being faced. In the UK incidence of obesity alone has tripled in the last 20 years and this trend is predicted to continue. Consensus exists for the urgent need for a change in diet and other lifestyle factors and for the direction and targets for this change. The evidence for how this change can be achieved is less certain. It has been established that disease processes begin in childhood. Recent evidence indicates that dietary habits too are established in childhood but that these habits are amenable to change. While establishing a healthy lifestyle in childhood is paramount, interventions have the potential to promote positive change throughout the life course. Success in reversing current trends in diet-related disease will depend on commitment from legislators, health professionals, industry and individuals, and this collaboration must seek to address not only the food choices of the individual but also the environment that influences such choices. Recent public health policy development in England, if fully supported and implemented, is a positive move towards this goal. Evidence for effective strategies to promote dietary change at the individual level is emerging and three reviews of this evidence are discussed. In addition, three recent dietary intervention studies, in three different settings and with different methods and aims, are presented to illustrate methods of effecting dietary change. Further work is required on what factors influence the eating behaviour and physical activity of individuals. There is a need for further theory-based research on which to develop more effective strategies to enable individuals to adopt healthier lifestyles.

Caring communities and caring societies

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Traolach S. Brugha
Keyword(s):  
Policy Development ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
Adults With Autism ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Population Information ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Caring Communities ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Epidemiological Information

Starting from the population perspective, this chapter builds on what we have learnt at the individual level. It reflects on epidemiological information and its implications for society beyond 1:1 clinical practice, towards policy development. Wider stakeholders are considered, in addition to policy developers, planning, commissioning, provider services, and businesses. Working from policy to practice implies the need for cross-sectoral approaches, governmentally co-ordinated and supported. It asks how a society, or a region, or district uses population information in the interests of adults with autism and their carers, and the services that are expected to identify and meet their needs. Population needs assessment is considered in terms of prevalence, and the proportion with met and with unmet need. The importance of information to monitor the effects of policy implementation, including surveillance, is also explained. Policy initiatives are considered in a variety of different nations—the UK, the USA, and European Union.

Novel and Practical Approaches to Manage Diet-induced Metabolic Disorders: Part-I

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (39) ◽  
pp. 4953-4954
Author(s):  
Mallikarjuna Korivi ◽  
Betty Revon Liu
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Successful Management ◽  
Exercise Interventions ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Dietary Strategies ◽  
Global Health Problem

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) which is caused by poor dietary habits and sedentary behavior is a serious global health problem. MetS is a cluster of risk factors, represented by central obesity, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. In the 21st century, MetS and associated comorbidities, including obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, are the major threats to human health. Practical dietary strategies, nutritional bioactive compounds and a healthy lifestyle are claimed to be efficient in the management of one or more components of MetS. Nevertheless successful management of MetS and commodities is still a major concern. Since hyperglycemia, inflammation and redox imbalance are intrinsically involved in the progression of MetS comorbidities, finding effective strategies that precisely target these systems is highly warranted. In this scenario, pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches with or without dietary patterns, phytochemicals or exercise interventions are the practical strategies to combat MetS and associated diseases. However, designing and prescribing of optimal nutritional patterns and exercise regimens remains a big challenge to achieve the maximum beneficial effects. This thematic issue addressed the concerns and provided practical strategies to overcome the malady of MetS in the modern world.

The NHS diabetic eye screening programme

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 596-599
Author(s):  
Ian Peate
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Young Person ◽  
Screening Process ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Eye Screening ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Diabetic Eye Screening ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Uk

The NHS diabetic eye screening (DES) programme is one of the young person and adult NHS population screening programmes that are available in the UK. The various NHS screening programmes identify those people who appear healthy, but could be at increased risk of a disease or condition. Screening is not the same as diagnosis and there will always be a possibility of some false positive and false negative results. This article in the series provides the reader with details about the DES programme. A brief overview of the anatomy of the eye is provided and the screening process is described. The healthcare assistant and assistant practitioner (HCA and AP) have a key role to play in encouraging and emphasising the importance of screening, as well as helping the individual maintain a healthy lifestyle.

scholarly journals Academic neurosurgery in the UK: present and future directions

2019 ◽  
Vol 95 (1128) ◽  
pp. 524-530
Author(s):  
Mueez Waqar ◽  
Benjamin M Davies ◽  
Rasheed Zakaria ◽  
Damiano G Barone ◽  
Angelos G Kolias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Research ◽  
Basic Science ◽  
Academic Training ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
International Standing ◽  
Personal Accounts ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Uk

Academic neurosurgery encompasses basic science and clinical research efforts to better understand and treat diseases of relevance to neurosurgical practice, with the overall aim of improving treatment and outcome for patients. In this article, we provide an overview of the current and future directions of British academic neurosurgery. Training pathways are considered together with personal accounts of experiences of structured integrated clinical academic training and unstructured academic training. Life as an academic consultant is also described. Funding is explored, for the specialty as a whole and at the individual level. UK academic neurosurgical organisations are highlighted. Finally, the UK’s international standing is considered.

scholarly journals Achieving radical change

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 428-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noel Hyndman ◽  
Mariannunziata Liguori
Keyword(s):  
Performance Management ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
Practice Variation ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Incremental Change ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Perceived Outcomes

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to focus on strategies and “spoken discourses” used to construct legitimation around change at the individual level. Comparing changes in financial accounting, budgeting and performance management at two government levels (Westminster and Scotland), it explores the use of legitimation strategies in the implementation of accounting change and its perceived outcomes. Design/methodology/approach Drawing on semi-structured interviews, six legitimation/delegitimation strategies are used to code the transcribed data. Patterns with the perceived outcomes of change are explored. Findings Changes introduced to enhance “rational” decision making are often received as pushed by some source of authority. Regardless of the interviewees’ background and level, the results suggest that for radical accounting change to embed, it is necessary for it to be perceived as rational, rather than merely driven by authorisation-based pressures. Conversely, incremental change is associated with modest legitimation via rationalisation and delegitimation based on pathos and rationalisation. Research limitations/implications The study deals with actors’ legitimation strategies and perceptions of change. These may not correspond to actual substantial change. Taken-for-granted ideas often remain “under the radar”, therefore care must be taken in interpreting the results. The focus of the empirical study is on the UK, therefore conclusions are restricted to this context. Originality/value Existing studies struggle to explain organisations’ heterogeneity and practice variation; this study sheds light on how individual legitimation, which may lead to different organisational results, occurs. Differences in how actors interpret changes may be based on their position (central vs devolved administration) and on their ownership of the changes.

scholarly journals Genome-health nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics: nutritional requirements or ‘nutriomes’ for chromosomal stability and telomere maintenance at the individual level

2008 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Bull ◽  
Michael Fenech
Keyword(s):  
Research Field ◽  
Telomere Maintenance ◽  
Health Maintenance ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Chromosomal Stability ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Health Clinics ◽  
Genome Damage ◽  
Health Strategy ◽  
The Individual

It is becoming increasingly evident that (a) risk for developmental and degenerative disease increases with more DNA damage, which in turn is dependent on nutritional status, and (b) the optimal concentration of micronutrients for prevention of genome damage is also dependent on genetic polymorphisms that alter the function of genes involved directly or indirectly in the uptake and metabolism of micronutrients required for DNA repair and DNA replication. The development of dietary patterns, functional foods and supplements that are designed to improve genome-health maintenance in individuals with specific genetic backgrounds may provide an important contribution to an optimum health strategy based on the diagnosis and individualised nutritional prevention of genome damage, i.e. genome health clinics. The present review summarises some of the recent knowledge relating to micronutrients that are associated with chromosomal stability and provides some initial insights into the likely nutritional factors that may be expected to have an impact on the maintenance of telomeres. It is evident that developing effective strategies for defining nutrient doses and combinations or ‘nutriomes’ for genome-health maintenance at the individual level is essential for further progress in this research field.

scholarly journals Job separation rates of immigrants and natives in the UK during the Great Recession

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (7) ◽  
pp. 1036-1054
Author(s):  
Dafni Papoutsaki
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
The Business Cycle ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Uk

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the probability of job separations of immigrants and natives in the UK before and during the economic crisis of 2008. Design/methodology/approach A mixed proportional hazard duration model with a semi-parametric piecewise constant baseline hazard is used on a data sample of inflows into employment. Findings It is found that the crisis increased the probability of exits to unemployment for all groups, while immigrants from the new countries of the European Union seemed to have the lowest hazard towards unemployment even after controlling for their demographic and labour market characteristics. More specifically, even when we account for the fact that they tend to cluster in jobs that are most vulnerable to the business cycle, they are still less likely to exit dependent employment than natives. However, this migrant group is adversely affected by the crisis the most. Research limitations/implications Possible implications of out-migration of the lower performers are discussed. Originality/value This paper makes use of the panel element of the UK Quarterly Labour Force Survey, and uses duration analysis on the individual level to assess the labour market outcomes of natives and immigrants in the UK.

scholarly journals Choice of influenza vaccine in people over 65 years old. Analysis of reports from international vaccination advisory committees

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Pérez-Rubio ◽  
◽  
José Javier Castrodeza ◽  
José María Eiros
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Influenza Vaccines ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Advisory Committees ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Age Appropriate ◽  
Working Groups ◽  
Flu Vaccine ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Uk

Introduction. Annual recommendations on influenza vaccine use in different countries are developed by influenza-specific working groups within their Immunization Advisory Committees. Adults aged 65 years and over are included in the groups for which vaccination against influenza is particularly recommended due to the morbidity associated. A variety of influenza vaccines are available, some of which boosted immunity, are licensed for use only in this specific age group, where the immune response to traditional influenza vaccines may be suboptimal. We analyze the main annual recommendations on the use of the influenza vaccine issued by advisory committees on immunization for the population over 65 years of age. Material and methods. The latest influenza vaccination guidelines have been selected and the recommendations for people over 65 years of age published by the main vaccination advisory committees have been reviewed. Results. The UK Advisory Committee (JCVI) recommends the use of Quadruvalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccine with Adjuvant (aQIV) or High Dose Quadrivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccine (QIV-HD). The US committee (ACIP) does not express a preference for any type of vaccine. The Australian committee (ATAGI) preferably recommends adjuvanted influenza vaccine. The advisory committees of Canada and Germany (NACI, STIKO) and the European Center for Disease Control (Ecdc) recommend using any of the age-appropriate flu vaccines available, although they bet on the use of inactivated quadrivalent flu vaccine high dose at the individual level for those over 65 years. Conclusion. It is necessary further studies and improvement in their quality that analyze the different vaccines available and their comparability, although the use of reinforced immunity vaccines is generally recommended in the population over 65 years of age.

scholarly journals POSITION OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY DURING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE “HEALTH-CENTRIC” CONCEPT OF HEALTHCARE FUNCTIONING

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iryna Kychko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
State Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Financial Credit ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
Further Development

The article considers available scientific approaches to interpreting the “health-centric” concept of healthcare. A comparative analysis of causes and effects of the concept’s development at the individual, corporate and state levels is conducted. The author’s approach to the implementation of the “health-centric” concept of healthcare, which involves attracting social investments, is put forward. It is proved that the “health-centric” concept of healthcare functioning should be grounded on disease prevention through prophylaxis (promotion of healthy lifestyle, active case finding at the preclinical stage and prevention of their further development). The research arranges criteria, principles, and functions of the implementation of the “health-centric” concept of healthcare the definitions of which are based on general scientific guidelines and fundamental provisions of economic theory and statistical science. The author substantiates that the development and implementation of the “health-centric” concept of healthcare functioning should be performed holistically at the individual, corporate and state levels: at the individual level – by changing awareness of careful attitude to one’s health using educational, information and cultural programs; at the state level – by using administrative, financial-credit tools; at the corporate level – the active introduction of patronage and the mechanisms of corporate social responsibility etc. amidst encouraging responsibility for environmental disturbances. The article proves that system application of the mentioned approaches to the development and functioning of the “health-centric” concept of healthcare is an empirical basis of the proposals for building a sound economic policy aimed at improving health, reducing mortality, advancing living standards of social groups in Ukraine.

scholarly journals Vaccination and Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions: When can the UK relax about COVID-19?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Moore ◽  
Edward M. Hill ◽  
Michael J. Tildesley ◽  
Louise Dyson ◽  
Matt J. Keeling
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Immunisation Programme ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

AbstractThe announcement of efficacious vaccine candidates against SARS-CoV-2 has been met with worldwide acclaim and relief. Many countries already have detailed plans for vaccine targeting based on minimising severe illness, death and healthcare burdens. Normally, relatively simple relationships between epidemiological parameters, vaccine efficacy and vaccine uptake predict the success of any immunisation programme. However, the dynamics of vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 is made more complex by age-dependent factors, changing levels of infection and the potential relaxation of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) as the perceived risk declines. In this study we use an age-structured mathematical model, matched to a range of epidemiological data, to consider the interaction between the UK vaccination programme and future relaxation (or removal) of NPIs. Our predictions highlight the population-level risks of early relaxation leading to a pronounced wave of infections, and the individual-level risk relative to vaccine status. While the novel vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 offer a potential exit strategy for this outbreak, this is highly contingent on the transmission blocking action of the vaccine and the population uptake, both of which need to be carefully monitored as vaccine programmes are rolled out in the UK and other countries.

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