The Philosophy of Ambivalence: Sandra Harding on The Science Question in Feminism

Author(s):  
Alison Wylie

In the past three decades scholars in virtually every humanistic and social scientific research discipline, and in some natural sciences (especially the life sciences), have drawn attention to quite striking instances of gender bias in the modes of practice and theorizing typical of traditional fields of research. They generally begin by identifying explicit androcentric biases in definitions of the subject domains appropriate to specific scientific fields. Their primary targets, in this connection, have been research that leaves women out altogether (e.g., anthropological research that has arbitrarily and, as it turns out, falsely characterized subsistence systems and political structures exclusively in terms of male activities; [see Slocum 1975]), research that ignores women’s contributions or victimization (e.g., in the definition of literary or artistic canons and historical traditions), and research that conceptualizes its subject, male or female, human or non-human, in explicitly gender biased terms (e.g., models of animal behaviour that project onto it the gender-specific attributes of particular human societies and models of human psychological development that take exclusively male patterns of development as the norm and characterize distinctive female patterns as ‘deviant’; see Harraway 1978 and Gilligan 1982, respectively).

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-242
Author(s):  
K. Galiyeva ◽  
◽  
S. Isakova ◽  

The article is devoted to the definition of concept in modern linguistics. Various points of view and definitions of the basic concepts are considered: "concept", "conceptual sphere", "content". The aim of the article is to describe and explain such a complex unit as a concept from the point of view of linguistics. The object of research is studied in its various manifestations, the combination of verbal and nonverbal means of information expression in the conceptual sphere is revealed. the relevance of this topic is due to the need for a detailed consideration of the concept of concept based on the works of prominent scientists and linguists. Researchers treat the concept as a cognitive, psycholinguistic, linguocultural, cultural and linguistic phenomenon. The concept is an umbrella term because it "covers" the subject areas of several scientific fields: primarily cognitive psychology and cognitive linguistics.


Legal Studies ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aoife O'Donoghue

In the pantheon of approaches open to participants in the pacific settlement of disputes, good offices holds a noteworthy place. The evolution of good offices over the past century is concurrent with a trend of considerable transformation within international law, including – amongst other changes – a move away from a state-led legal order, including in good offices following the emergence of the heads of international organisations as its prime users, and a process of legalisation and specialisation within the subject that has entirely altered its character. These changes have led to a redefinition of good offices that stresses the actor carrying out the role above the form that it takes. To accompany these changes in practice, there is a need for a transformation in the legal analysis and definition of good offices. One potential option in achieving this end is Bell'slex pacificatoria. If good offices is to continue to play a significant role in the settlement of violent conflicts, a fully developed legal analysis is necessary to grasp both its historical development and its potential future role.


1953 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 354-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. F. Cook ◽  
R. F. Heizer

It is now over half a century since Carnot (1893) published his pioneer work dealing with the chemical analysis of fossil bone. In the intervening decades the problem has been investigated by occasional students who have approached the field from different directions. Recently interest in chemical methods has been intensified and the attention of archaeologists has been brought to a focus by the attempt of Oakley (1951) to utilize the fluorine content of human bones as a criterion of age. Also during the past few years a joint project has been pursued by the Departments of Anthropology and Physiology at the University of California (Berkeley) through the generosity of the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research. Thus a considerable effort has been expended, and a reasonable volume of results are on record, with reference to the chemical changes which occur in fossil bone. At the present time it appears that a general survey of this work is in order, together with an appraisal of its value as a tool for the archaeologist and palaeontologist. Fairly comprehensive listings of published works on the subject of bone fossilization occur in Heizer (1950, 1952).


1957 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Werner Jaeger

Philosophy, in general, moves in a sphere of abstraction, and its statements claim to be necessary and of universal validity. The reader therefore expects them to appeal directly to his reason, and he does not normally reflect much on the time and historical conditions that determined what the philosopher took for granted. It is only in this age of historical consciousness that we have come to appreciate these factors more readily, and the great thinkers of the past appear to us more or less closely related to the culture of their age. The writings of Plato and Aristotle in particular are for us an inexhaustible source of information about Greek society and civilisation. This is true also in regard to the relation of Greek philosophy to the science of its time, and this is of special importance for our understanding. That relation can be traced throughout Aristotle's logical, physical, and metaphysical works; but the influence of other sciences and arts is no less evident in his ethics. In this paper I propose to examine the numerous references to medicine that occur in the Nicomachean Ethics. They are mostly concerned with the question of the best method of treating this subject. The problem of the right method is always of the utmost importance for Aristotle. The discussion of it begins on the first page of the Ethics, where he tries to give a definition of the subject of this course of lectures and attributes it to a philosophical discipline that he calls ‘politics’. He does so in agreement with the Platonic tradition. We can trace it back to one of the dialogues of Plato's first period, the Gorgias, in which the Platonic Socrates for the first time pronounces his postulate of a new kind of philosophy, the object of which ought to be the care of the human soul (φυχῆς θεραπεία). He assigns this supreme task to ‘political art’, even though it does not fulfil this function at present.


2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-35
Author(s):  
Priju Varghese

Marriage is a topic that has been dealt by Hollywood since the beginning of motion pictures. Even though the subject of marriage seems to be banal, there is a wide diversity in how people lead their married lives. Factors such as culture, religion, education, and history have major influences on the perception and definition of marriage. Hollywood, which has always been deft to notice the evolution in marriage, has accurately portrayed them through the use of movies. Through this paper, the researcher intends to chart the development in the concept of marriage through cinema over the past century.


2020 ◽  
pp. 49-66
Author(s):  
Zrinka Božić Blanuša

Thanks to the work of Pascale Casanova, Franco Moretti, David Damrosch and many others, over the past two decades, the concept of world literature has once again become the subject of thorough examination within the field of literary studies, especially in relation to cosmopolitanism and globalization. When it comes to the study of individual national literatures and specific regional contexts, as well as to the definition of comparative literature as a discipline, debates regarding its background, its reach and limitations could not be ignored. World literature thus appears as a heterogenous entity – always manifesting in different contexts in different forms – consistently in dialogical exchange with specificities of a particular literature and culture. Instead of discussing the problematic relation between centre and periphery or criticizing the idea of global literary and cultural canon, the avant-garde as an international and global phenomenon that appears even more radically on the so-called periphery is what is of primary interest to me. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that avant-garde (in its various forms and radical expressions) simultaneously challenges art as an institution and introduces the idea of a decentred geography of world literature.


Author(s):  
V. S. Lazarev

Introduction. In the first part of the article, an attempt was made to trace some of the evolution of the concept of a “document”, which is now understood as any material object that can be used to obtain the information necessary for a person. In the second part, assuming that such an interpretation of the concept of a “document” is fruitful for possible reconsideration of viewpoints on the objects of bibliometrics, scientometrics and informetrics, a number of definitions of the objects of these three “metrices” have been examined with a speculative “inlining” the new meaning of the term “document” to the definitions of objects.Materials and methods. Comparative analysis of the viewpoints of the objects of bibliometrics, scientometrics and informetrics that were expressed in some examples of definitions of these scientific fields; speculative “inlining” the new meaning of the term “document” in them; consideration the meanings of the objects of “metrices” altered as a result of the mentioned “inlining”.Results. It is shown how noticeably the understanding of the objects of bibliometrics, scientometrics and informetrics can be revised as the result of the use of the updated “broad” interpretation of the concept of a “document” and how much the interpretations of the objects of bibliometrics, scientometrics and informetrics can be even closer in their meanings than previously was recognized.Discussion and conclusion. Such a comparative analysis of the objects of the “metrices” might be helpful for identifying both similarities and differences among bibliometrics, scientometrics and informetrics. This is important, since the awareness of them is an obvious starting point for the mutual enrichment of “metrices” with knowledge and concepts. A more complete and detailed analysis of representations of the objects of the “metrices” in comparison with the updated “broad” interpretation of the concept of the “document”, as well as a comparison of the methodological components of “metrices” is the subject of further research.


Author(s):  
Sylwia Sławińska

Abstrakt: Mimo iż temat migracji ludności nie jest tematem nowym (występował już w przeszłości) jest zagadnienie aktualnym, gdyż nieprzerwanie tocząca się wojna w Syrii, niestabilna sytuacja w Afryce oraz we wschodniej części Europy nierzadko zmusza mieszkającą tam ludność do opuszczenia swojego miejsca zamieszkania i ucieczki. W artykule znajdujemy odwołanie do współczesnego kryzysu migracyjnego. Przedstawiono podstawowe terminy z zakresu migracji. W celu odpowiedniego wprowadzenia czytelnika w przedstawianą w artykule tematykę, zostały przytoczone różne definicje pojęcia migrant. Zaprezentowane zostały różnice w pojmowaniu takich pojęć jak: migracja, imigracja, emigracja, reemigracja, deportacja, uchodźstwo, repatriacja. Ukazano podstawowe rodzaje migracji, a także wskazano przyczyny i powody skłaniające migrantów do wyjazdu ze swojego kraju pochodzenia. Opisano migracje jako zjawisko, które jest znane od początków ludzkości nawet powody są podobne. Zmienia się jedynie natężenie zjawiska. Artykuł jest również próbą obalenia mitów związanych z zagrożeniem ze strony migrantów. Przedstawiono obawy jakie pojawiają się przy podejmowaniu decyzji o ewentualnym przyjmowaniu migrantów. Ukazano korzyści i ujemne strony wynikające z przyjmowania migrantów. W dalszej część artykułu zostały przedstawione terminy z zakresu terroryzmu. Autor próbuje ukazać wpływ migracji na zagrożenie terroryzmem i na jego wzrost na kontynencie europejskim. Przedstawiono również główne miejsca emigracji Polaków. W Polsce działają organy i instytucje, których głównym zadaniem jest przeciwdziałanie, zapobieganie oraz zwalczanie terroryzmu. Ukazano przestępstwo o charakterze terrorystycznym definiowane przez polski Kodeks karny. Mam nadzieje, że artykuł chociaż w małym stopniu przyczyni się do przybliżenia społeczeństwu zjawiska współczesnych migracji i terroryzmu. Abstract: Even though, the subject of the migration of population is not a new topic (it appeared in the past), it is still an up-to-date issue because such facts as the war in Syria uninterruptedly taking place, the unstable situation in Africa and in the eastern part of Europe, frequently force the people living there to leave their place of residence and escape. In this article we can find the reference to the contemporary migration crisis. The basic terms concerning migration have been presented. Different definition of the idea ‘migrant’ have been mentioned in order to introduce the reader appropriately to the topic presented in the article. The differences have been presented in understanding such ideas as: migration, immigration, emigration, re-emigration, deportation, refugee status and repatriation. The basic types of migration have been shown and the reasons for making migrants to leave the country of their origin have been indicated. Migration has been described as a phenomenon, which has been known since the beginning of mankind and even the reasons are similar. Only the intensity of this phenomenon is changing. This article is also the attempt to debunk the myths connected with the threatening on the part of migrants. The anxieties, which appear while making decisions about the probable taking the refugees in, have also been presented. In the further part of the article there is a presentation of terms connected with terrorism. The author tries to show the influence of migration on the terrorism threat and the influence on its growth on the European continent. The main places of the emigration of Polish people have also been shown. In Poland there are active authorities and organizations whose main in counteracting, preventing and fighting terrorism. A crime of terrorist character, which is defined by the Polish Penal Code, has been shown. I hope that this article will at least slightly contribute to the process of making the society aware of the phenomenon of contemporary migration and terrorism.


2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. 1031-1039
Author(s):  
Peng Zhou ◽  
Minhui Zhu ◽  
Caiyun Zhang ◽  
Donghui Chen ◽  
Hongliang Zheng

Background: There has been increased interest in the research of proteasome inhibitors for more than two decades. Hotspots in this field are constantly changing. Objective: This study aimed to investigate trends in proteasome inhibitors research from 1992 to 2018 and compare the contributions of such research from different countries and authors. Methods: We used Excel 2013 and VoSviewer to analyze bibliometric data on the subject of proteasome inhibitors, including the number of publications, citations frequency, H-index, and country contributions and hotspots (keywords of popular scientific fields). Results: A total of 3646 articles were included. The USA contributed the largest percentage of articles (1742), with the most citations (90666) and the highest H-index (139). The journal Blood had the most articles. Dana Farber Cancer Institute and Millennium Pharmaceuticals Incorporation were the most contributive institutions. Keywords could be divided into three clusters: Basic experiment, clinical research, and others. Conclusion: The number of proteasome inhibitors articles has been increasing for the past 27 years. The USA made the largest contribution in this field. Recent studies on the topic of “carfilzomib” are relatively new and should be closely followed in proteasome inhibitors research.


1920 ◽  
Vol 14 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 26-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald F. Roxburgh

Every satisfactory definition of law implies a sanction. Some penalty must be imposed upon a law-breaker, to be exacted, in the last resort, by external power. Force, therefore, is vital to law as it is to war, though normally it plays a less obvious part. A felon who is brought up for trial, condemned, and sent to prison, is induced by force, or by the fear of force, to submit to the court and to punishment. The policeman and the warder are the instruments of external power by which he is constrained to obey.Force also supplies the most important incentive for securing obedience to law. It is true, as Maine pointed out, that for every man who keeps the law through conscious fear of punishment, there may be hundreds who do so as it were instinctively, and without a thought on the subject. But while this law-abiding spirit, which is characteristic of large sections of a modern community, owes its origin to a number of causes, perhaps the most potent of all has been the enforcement of law through long ages in the past.


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