Do Right to Try Laws Undermine the FDA'S Authority? An Examination of the Consequences of Unlimited Access to Unapproved Drugs

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 420-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie M. Kase
Keyword(s):  
Unlimited Access ◽  
Right To Try Laws

ATM Withdrawal Restriction and Customer Retention: A Case with Students and Pensioners

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajat Deb ◽  
Anirima Datta
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Graduate Students ◽  
Financial Planning ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Sampling Techniques ◽  
Unlimited Access ◽  
Major Factors

Objectives: The present study seeks to examine the perception of the graduate students and pensioners of some selected localities of Kolkata about the importance of ATMs as a branch surrogate, impact of the ceiling on withdrawals from ATMs, and the strategies to win over the capping for the customers as well as for the banks to retain them. Participants and Data collection: It obtained primary data from 200 respondents consisting of 140 graduate students and 60 pensioners using different non-probability sampling techniques through schedule and personal interviews. Research Methods: Different statistical tests like factor analysis, Mann Whitney U test, students t-test, regression analysis, and descriptive statistics were performed to assess support for the hypotheses. The reliability of the questions and sample adequacy test was also carried out. Through factor analysis, five major factors viz. perceptions about ATM- an avatar for banks, customers satisfaction in ATM services, customers repercussion on capping, financial planning for withdrawals, and strategies for customers to avoid charges and for banks to retain them were extracted. Results: The results of the study suggest that youth prefer to use ATMs which has become indispensable and provide diversified financial services that leads to customers satisfaction, but withdrawing now requires some planning as customers need to visit branches to avoid fees. To retain the customers the banks should encourage the use of more electronic cards and net banking, should not charge for withdrawing own funds, allow them to access even the non-home branch ATMs close to the their locality, should reduce the minimum average floor balance to enjoy free unlimited access of home bank ATMs and keep currency of higher denomination to reduce the number of transactions.

scholarly journals PSI-20 Public perceptions of problematic equine industry sectors and management scenarios

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 263-264
Author(s):  
Kelly Melvin ◽  
Jennie L Ivey ◽  
Liesel G Schneider ◽  
Peter Krawczel
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Management Scenarios ◽  
The Public ◽  
Management Scenario ◽  
Unlimited Access ◽  
Horse Industry ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Access To Food ◽  
Equine Industry

Abstract The equine industry is highly variable with many different sectors and management practices. To determine how the public views common management practices and discipline-specific areas of the equine industry, an online study was distributed via email and social media over a 6-week period to U.S. residents over the age of 18 (n = 1,372). Survey questions included demographics, industry connection, definition of welfare and equine classification. Respondents were asked to select the most concerning option from a series of management-related scenarios. The production livestock and equine industries were then segmented by species or discipline, respectively, and respondents were asked which sector was most problematic. To analyze the data, frequency tables (Proc FREQ) and multinomial logistic regression (Proc LOGISTIC) were used in SAS 9.4 (Cary, NC) to test the factors associated with likelihood to select a given management scenario from each series (α=0.05). Respondents who were heavily connected to the industry were four times more likely than lightly connected individuals to select that a blanketed horse or unblanketed horse in 30°F weather with unlimited access to food and water equally presented no concern than to say that a blanketed or unblanketed horse in 30°F weather with unlimited access to food and water and were concerning (OR= 4.09; 95%CL: 2.08,8.04). Of the 1,244 respondents who answered, 563 (45%) said that the gaited horse industry is the most problematic equine industry compared to the racing industry (41%) and stock horse industry (8.7%). Understanding how the public perceives the various animal industries and management scenarios in relation to an individual’s connection to the industry, classification of equines and welfare definition is important to assess and improve educational intervention strategies.

Het nieuwe werk ontrafeld. Over Bricks, Bytes and Behavior

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Business Case ◽  
Wordt Door ◽  
Zijn Voor ◽  
Unlimited Access ◽  
Sociale Media ◽  
And Behavior

Richtte het managementdenken in de jaren ’80 van de vorige eeuw zich op de Nieuwe Organisatie en in de jaren ’90 op de Nieuwe Werknemer, het eerste decennium van de 21ste eeuw staat in het teken van het Nieuwe Werken. Daar zit een zekere logica in: de opkomst van een nieuw type organisatie en een nieuw type werknemer vormt volgens de spraakmakende managementdenkers een sterke stimulans voor ingrijpende veranderingen in de werksituatie en de arbeidsrelaties. Voeg daarbij de concurrentie om schaars talent en het Nieuwe Werken wordt een pure noodzaak voor iedere organisatie die bij de tijd wil blijven.Vervolgens rijzen vragen. Hoe staat het op dit moment met de verspreiding van het nieuwe werken? Is er een duidelijke ‘business case’ voor het Nieuwe Werken? Bestaan er ‘best practices’ waar nog wat aarzelende organisaties een voorbeeld aan kunnen nemen? Bestaan er wellicht bij management en werknemers ook weerstanden en met wat voor veranderingsstrategie kunnen deze worden overwonnen? Zulke vragen liggen ten grondslag aan deze studie, die in opdracht van de Stichting Management Studies is verricht. Het antwoord wordt behalve via een literatuurstudie gezocht door middel van casestudies bij 21 organisaties (waaronder veel IT-bedrijven en financiële dienstverleners maar ook enkele departementen) die zich naar horen zeggen op het Nieuwe Werken gestort hebben en die dus als koplopers beschouwd worden. Daaruit blijkt duidelijk de praktische insteek van deze studie. In hoeverre is zij ook vanuit een meer wetenschappelijk gezichtspunt van belang?Het antwoord op die vraag begint met een heldere omschrijving van het Nieuwe Werken. Die is in het boek te vinden. Het gaat om een configuratie van vier werkprincipes: tijd- en plaatsonafhankelijk werken (en dus kantoren die geen vaste werkplekken meer bieden, maar meer ontmoetingsplaats worden); sturen op resultaat, als uitvloeisel van de grotere autonomie van individuen en teams; vrije toegang tot en vrij gebruik van kennis, ervaringen en ideeën (in- en extern) waarbij ook de nieuwe sociale internetmedia (Hyves, LinkedIn, Facebook etc.) worden ingezet en ten slotte flexibele arbeidsrelaties (werkverhoudingen en contractvormen).Aan de hand van deze vier dimensies bekijken de auteurs de casestudies… en komen dan een nogal weerbarstige praktijk tegen, die meer gekenmerkt wordt door dilemma’s en tegenstrijdigheden dan door een innige omhelzing van het Nieuwe Werken in zijn geheel. Dat blijkt al uit de aanleidingen die de organisaties noemen om met nieuwe werkvormen aan de slag te gaan. Er leven vaak hooggespannen verwachtingen met betrekking tot de opbrengsten: prestatieverbetering, meer betrokkenheid van medewerkers, een beter imago bij medewerkers en cliënten, versterking van innovatiekracht. Maar de initiatieven die veel organisaties in feite nemen zijn toch vooral gericht op kostenbesparing, op korte termijn financiële resultaten dus.Zo lijkt het principe van tijd- en plaatsonafhankelijk werken niet alleen maar populair omdat werknemers dat in toenemende mate verwachten, maar ook omdat het tot fikse besparingen op kantoorkosten leidt. Tegelijkertijd worstelen veel organisaties ook met de opvatting dat lang niet alle functies geschikt zijn voor telewerken (hoewel de grens steeds meer verruimd lijkt te worden) en de wens dat medewerkers een bepaalde minimumtijd op kantoor doorbrengen. Sturen op resultaat is al langer aan een opmars bezig, maar vereist vooral van het middenmanagement een andere instelling en stijl van leidinggeven. De meeste organisaties moeten toegeven dat er heel wat komt kijken om de middenmanagers zover te krijgen. Wellicht het meest heikele punt is het principe van de onbeperkte toegang tot kennis en ervaring (‘Unlimited access and connectivity’, het klinkt zo mooi), waarbij de medewerkers zich met behulp van de nieuwe sociale media ook buiten de organisatie kunnen begeven. Kennismanagement is binnen de organisatie met de nieuwe digitale hulpmiddelen in een stroomversnelling geraakt, maar het vrij verkeer van informatiestromen tussen organisatie en omgeving stuit vanuit het oogpunt van het interne systeembeheer en de wens/noodzaak om vertrouwelijke gegevens te beschermen vaak op grenzen. Zo ontstaan ‘dilemma’s die niet altijd zijn weg te organiseren’ (p. 90). Bij de uitwerking van het principe van flexibele arbeidsrelaties (opnieuw een populair onderdeel) gaat het in eerste instantie om individualisering van de arbeidsverhoudingen en daarnaast om het loslaten van beperkende functieomschrijvingen, zodat een bredere inzetbaarheid mogelijk wordt. Maar het in beleidskringen onder de naam employability populaire idee dat ook de externe mobiliteit groter zou moeten worden vinden we juist niet terug, behalve natuurlijk voor de (oudere?) medewerkers die de nieuwe situatie niet aankunnen en van wie ‘afscheid genomen moet worden’.De conclusie is dat er van een integrale introductie van het Nieuwe Werken meestal geen sprake is. Het proces verloopt selectief: sommige principes worden toegepast (in meer of minder mate), andere niet en bovendien komen ook lang niet alle medewerkers ervoor in aanmerking. Wat dat betreft lijkt het met het Nieuwe Werken niet anders te gaan dan met alle ‘nieuwe’ organisatieconcepten die in de afgelopen decennia gelanceerd zijn. Een andere conclusie is dat elementen van het ‘oude werken’ nog steeds functioneel zijn. ‘Voor veel organisaties blijkt een mix tussen “oud” en “nieuw” de beste oplossing’ (p. 147).De auteurs bieden dus een nuchter en realistisch beeld van de praktijk. Natuurlijk houden zij de moed bij de lezer erin: de vele initiatieven wijzen er volgens hen op dat er toch echt wat nieuws aan de hand is. De boot mag vooral niet gemist worden. Maar in eerste instantie grijpen de organisaties vooral naar de ‘bricks’ (de nieuwe kantoren) en de ‘bytes’ (de digitale hulpmiddelen) die snelle resultaten beloven. De hooggespannen verwachtingen ten aanzien van de opbrengsten zijn echter afhankelijk van ‘behavior’, (veranderingen in) mentaliteit en gedrag van managers en medewerkers. Dat is een zaak van lange adem en verhoudt zich slecht met het kortetermijndenken dat zo prominent aanwezig is.Mijn conclusie is dus dat het boek voor de lezers van TvA zeker de moeite waard is. Vanuit wetenschappelijk gezichtspunt blijft er wel wat te wensen over, met name op het gebied van de systematische presentatie van de resultaten en de verantwoording van de gevolgde aanpak. Daar staat tegenover dat het boek via beknopte casebeschrijvingen mooie inkijkjes biedt in een aantal interessante organisaties, vlot geschreven en zeer fraai vormgegeven is.

The Strange Allure of State “Right-to-Try” Laws

2014 ◽  
Vol 174 (12) ◽  
pp. 1885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia J. Zettler ◽  
Henry T. Greely
Keyword(s):  
Right To Try Laws

scholarly journals Social Exhibitionism on the Internet as a New Risky Behaviour Demonstrated by Polish Youth

2020 ◽  
pp. 89-101
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Borzucka-Sitkiewicz ◽  
Karina Leksy
Keyword(s):  
Private Information ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Risky Behaviour ◽  
Self Presentation ◽  
The Public ◽  
Upper Secondary ◽  
Unlimited Access ◽  
Upper Secondary Schools

The technological progress and unlimited access to media create new possibilities of self-presentation in the public domain nowadays, especially for the young generation. The article presents a part of a broader research project which was aimed at defining the characteristics of behaviors shown in cyberspace by Polish students of upper-secondary schools and also at determining potential social and health consequences of such behaviors. The chosen fragment of the study mainly focuses on those actions that were considered as a sign of social exhibitionism on the Internet, such as uploading photos and videos, sharing private information about oneself and informing about current activity. The research was conducted in accordance with a quantity paradigm. It was of diagnostic and verification nature and a method of diagnostic survey with the use of questionnaires was applied.

scholarly journals Бесхозяйственность и хищения колхозно-кооперативной собственности в колхозах Башкирии в конце 1960-х – первой половине 1980-х гг. как системное явление

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-487
Author(s):  
Narkas V. Akhmadieva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
National Archive ◽  
Republic Of Bashkortostan ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Unlimited Access ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Material Values ◽  
Economic Crimes ◽  
Party State ◽  
Collective Farms

Introduction. The late 1960s and the first half of the 1980s saw a significant growth of the tendency for mismanagement and misappropriation of socialist property in the kolkhozes (collective farms) of Bashkiria. Such forms of antisocial and criminal behavior of the citizens appears to be a relevant subject. The aim of the present article is to analyze the issues of mismanagement and theft of socialist property in the kolkhozes of Bashkiria in the late 1960s — the first half of the 1980s. In this aspect, several lines of research have been identified: i) to analyze the forms of illegal use of funds and of material values of the farms, examining the phenomena in their dynamics; ii) to examine the work of the control and auditing bodies in the farms; and iii) to analyze a complex of measures taken by the party, state, and other supervisory bodies to counter the growth of economic crimes in kolkhozes. Sources. The archival documents from the National Archive of the Republic of Bashkortostan help to draw a detailed picture of the dynamics in the growth of mismanagement and stealing of collective farm property in Bashkiria, as well as of measures taken to counter these negative phenomena. Methods. The thematic chronological research method proved to be relevant for the analysis and identification of the issues related to the preservation of social property in the farms of Bashkiria, as well as of measures taken by the authorities to stop the facts of misappropriation and mismanagement. The principles of objectivity and historicism applied to a concrete historical situation made it possible to draw a non-partisan picture of the period in question. Results. The research has shown that during the period under study criminal mismanagement in the region took place in many collective farms, accompanied by numerous thefts of socialist property and this happened despite measures taken by the authorities. These crimes were often committed by representatives of the economic nomenclature, who had unlimited access to resources. Conclusion. Between the late 1960s and mid-1980s, the thefts of socialist property and mismanagement events in the collective farms of Bashkiria acquired an intractable systemic character, fostering antisocial sentiments in the rural section and society at large.

scholarly journals Parasitic wasps do not lack lipogenesis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joachim Ruther ◽  
Lorena Prager ◽  
Tamara Pokorny
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Parasitic Wasps ◽  
Primary Metabolites ◽  
De Novo Biosynthesis ◽  
Fat Reserves ◽  
Lipid Mass ◽  
Unlimited Access ◽  
Eleven Species

Fatty acids are crucial primary metabolites for virtually any creature on earth. Therefore, most organisms do not rely exclusively on nutritional supply with fatty acids but have the ability to synthesize fatty acids and triacylglycerides de novo from carbohydrates, a process called lipogenesis. The ubiquity of lipogenesis has been questioned by a series of studies reporting that many parasitic wasps (parasitoids) do not accumulate lipid mass despite having unlimited access to sugar. This has been interpreted as an evolutionary metabolic trait loss in parasitoids. Here, we demonstrate de novo biosynthesis of fatty acids from 13C-labeled α-D-glucose in eleven species of parasitoids from six families. We furthermore show with the model organism Nasonia vitripennis that lipogenesis occurs even when lipid reserves are still intact, but relative 13C-incorporation rates increase in females with widely depleted fat reserves. Therefore, we conclude that the presumed "lack of lipogenesis" in parasitoids needs to be re-evaluated.

scholarly journals Metaplasticity in the ventral pallidum as a potential marker for the development of diet-induced obesity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shani Gendelis ◽  
Dorrit Inbar ◽  
Kineret Inbar ◽  
Shanee Mesner ◽  
Yonatan M. Kupchik
Keyword(s):  
Major Change ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Ventral Pallidum ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Inhibitory Input ◽  
Palatable Food ◽  
Diet Induced Obesity ◽  
Potential Marker ◽  
Unlimited Access ◽  
Patch Clamp Electrophysiology

AbstractA major driver of obesity is the increasing palatability of processed foods. Although reward circuits promote the consumption of palatable food their involvement in obesity remains unclear. The ventral pallidum (VP) is a key hub in the reward system that encodes the hedonic aspects of palatable food consumption and participates in various proposed feeding circuits. However, there is still no evidence for its involvement in developing diet-induced obesity. Here we examine, using male C57bl6/J mice and patch-clamp electrophysiology, how chronic high-fat-high-sugar (HFHS) diet changes the physiology of the VP and whether mice that gain the most weight differ in their VP physiology from others. We found that 10-12 weeks of HFHS diet hyperpolarized and decreased the firing rate of VP neurons without a major change in synaptic inhibitory input. Within the HFHS group, obesity-prone (OP, top 33% weight gainers) mice had a more hyperpolarized VP with longer latency to fire action potentials upon depolarization compared to obesity-resistant (OR, bottom 33% weight gainers) mice. OP mice also showed synaptic potentiation of inhibitory inputs both at the millisecond and minute ranges. Moreover, we found that the tendency to potentiate the inhibitory inputs to the VP might exist in overeating mice even before exposure to HFHS, thus making it a potential property of being an overeater. These data point to the VP as a critical player in obesity and suggest that hyperpolarized membrane potential of, and potentiated inhibitory inputs to, VP neurons may play a significant role in promoting overeating of palatable food.Significance statementIn modern world, where highly-palatable food is readily available, overeating is often driven by motivational, rather than metabolic, needs. It is thus conceivable that reward circuits differ between obese and normal-weight individuals. But is such difference, if it exists, innate or develops with overeating? Here we reveal synaptic properties in the ventral pallidum, a central hub of reward circuits, that differ between mice that gain the most and the least weight when given unlimited access to highly-palatable food. We show that these synaptic differences exist also without exposure to palatable food, potentially making them innate properties that render some more susceptible than others to overeat. Thus, the propensity to overeat may have a strong innate component embedded in reward circuits.

The Production and Export of Hides and Skins in Colonial Northern Nigeria, 1900–1945

1992 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Adebayo
Keyword(s):  
Economic History ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Northern Nigeria ◽  
Double Standards ◽  
Colonial State ◽  
British Rule ◽  
Merchant Capital ◽  
True Position ◽  
Unlimited Access

Despite the seeming abundance of writings on the topic, the depth and breadth of the British raw materials trade with Africa is yet to be fully appreciated. There are commodities, such as cassava starch, animal and dairy products and other less prominent crops, whose exploitation under colonial rule has not been studied; and, with regard to the organization of the export trade, the relationship between the colonial state and metropolitan (industrial and merchant) capital has not been adequately defined. This paper examines the organization of the production and export of hides and skins in colonial Northern Nigeria both to fill a gap in the literature on colonial economic history and to raise questions about the true position of the colonial state vis-à-vis metropolitan capital. Relying on primary source materials, it confirms the importance of hides and skins as a commodity of the pre-colonial caravan trade; and shows that, upon the establishment of British rule over Northern Nigeria, the volume of production and export increased, reaching new and unprecedented peaks during the world wars. Colonialism had a tremendous impact on the hides and skins industry of Northern Nigeria. The colonial state forced the producers to adopt new procedures in flaying, trimming and drying hides and skins, and extended rules of control of markets, minimum standards and compulsory inspection to the industry. In the enforcement of these rules, the state practised double standards, treating African producers and European merchant companies differently. Finally, on the strength of the evidence from the controversy over export duties and railway freight charges, the paper agrees that European merchants and industrialists had unlimited access to, and sometimes prevailed on, the colonial state; but argues that the latter had autonomy in the taking of crucial decisions affecting the economy and commerce of the colony.

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