Nationalism, Sports and Gender in Finnish Sports Journalism in the Early Twentieth Century

2001 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 357-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mervi Tervo
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Sports Journalism ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
And Gender

A Homosocial Priesthood of All Believers: Laity and Gender in Interwar Sweden

2019 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 440-464
Author(s):  
Martin Nykvist
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Church Of Sweden ◽  
Priesthood Of All Believers ◽  
Gender Differentiation ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Church Life ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Church

Around the turn of the twentieth century, there was a growing concern within the Church of Sweden that the church was, to a too large extent, managed by the clergy alone. In an attempt to give the laity a more active and influential role in the Church of Sweden, the Brethren of the Church was established in 1918. Since it was only possible for men to become members, the organization simultaneously addressed a different issue: the view that women had become a much too salient group in church life. This process was described by the Brethren and similar groups as a “feminization” of the church, a phrasing which later came to be used by historians and theologians to explain changes in Western Christianity in the nineteenth century. In other words, the Brethren considered questions of gender vital to their endeavor to create a church in which the laity held a more prominent position. This article analyzes how the perceived feminization and its assumed connection to secularization caused enhanced attempts to uphold and strengthen gender differentiation in the Church of Sweden in the early twentieth century. By analyzing an all-male lay organization, the importance of homosociality in the construction of Christian masculinities will also be discussed.

Edna St. Vincent Millay and Anne Sexton: The Disruption of Domestic Bliss

2004 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
ARTEMIS MICHAILIDOU
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
New Woman ◽  
American Poetry ◽  
Anne Sexton ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The New Woman ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Second Wave

Popular perceptions of Edna St. Vincent Millay do not generally see her as a poet interested in so-called “domestic poetry.” On the contrary, Millay is most commonly described as the female embodiment of the rebellious spirit that marked the 1920s, the “New Woman” of early twentieth-century feminism. Until the late 1970s, the subject of domesticity seemed incompatible with the celebrated images of Millay's “progressiveness,” “rebelliousness,” or “originality.” But then again, by the 1970s Millay was no longer seen as particularly rebellious or original, and the fact that she had also contributed to the tradition of domestic poetry was not to her advantage. Domesticity may have been an important issue for second-wave feminists, but it was discussed rather selectively and, outside feminist circles, Millay was hardly ever mentioned by literary critics. The taint of “traditionalism” did not help Millay's cause, and the poet's lifelong exploration of sexuality, femininity and gender stereotypes was somehow not enough to generate sophisticated critical analyses. Since Millay seemed to be a largely traditional poet and a “politically incorrect” feminist model, second-wave feminists preferred to focus on other figures, classified as more modern and more overtly subversive. Scholarly recognition of Millay's significance within the canon of modern American poetry did not really begin until the 1990s.

scholarly journals Thrifty Trustees, Curriculum Clashes, and Gender Disparities: Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Barriers in Education in Rural Renfrew County

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua C. Blank
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Rural Teachers ◽  
Barriers To Education ◽  
Gender Barriers ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The One

As several scholars contend, there is a paucity of material on the lives of thousands of rural teachers who taught in one-room Ontario schools and helped to build late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century rural communities. This article enriches the discourse on Canadian schooling by closely studying the life of one rural teacher, Elizabeth (Etmanski) Shalla, and several of her descendants by giving a glimpse into the one-room schoolhouse of yesteryear. More specifically, their first-hand experiences, as well as those of community members in western Renfrew County, sheds new light on geographical barriers to education and jurisdictional struggles between trustees and school inspectors and adds to the discourse on gender barriers and financial disparities in the struggle to obtain an, and maintain a life in, education on the rural Ontario frontier.

Invoking ‘Hindu’ Ayurveda: Communalisation of the late colonial Ayurvedic discourse

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 411-426
Author(s):  
Saurav Kumar Rai
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
North India ◽  
Social Culture ◽  
Healing System ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Cow Protection

The late nineteenth and early twentieth century in India witnessed a tremendous growth of vernacular Ayurvedic tracts, journals, pamphlets and public polemics. Incidentally, the consequent Ayurvedic discourse was not merely about the medical aspects of the Ayurvedic healing system. Rather, a careful reading of these published materials on Ayurveda throws immense light on the ongoing debates about sociocultural and religious processes. Interestingly, the social culture manifested by the early twentieth century Ayurvedic discourse was highly communalist, casteist, and gender-and class-biased in its content. In this regard, the present article explores how, in the era of communal polarisation, healing systems acquired religious identities. For example, from the 1920s onwards the cause of Ayurveda was promulgated by many vaids (Ayurvedic practitioners) and publicists by linking it with the broader agenda of ‘Hindu’ revivalism and the consolidation of a ‘Hindu’ religious, cultural and national identity. That is why issues like ‘Hindi prachar’, ‘cow protection’ and the cause of ‘Hindu education’ often formed the subject of vaid campaigns throughout North India. Related to this was the demonisation of ‘Muslim rule’ in India from the apparent perspective of health in the Ayurvedic discourse of the time. Simultaneously, this article argues that this communalisation of the Ayurvedic discourse, besides creating external religious boundaries, also unleashed hegemonic upper-caste and -class ideas that served to homogenise the community internally as well.

‘Asceticising’ Monastic Families: Ascetic Genealogies, Property Feuds and Anglo-Hindu Law in Late Colonial India

2009 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 1039-1083 ◽  
Author(s):  
MALAVIKA KASTURI
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Colonial India ◽  
Sacred Spaces ◽  
Northern India ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Legal Discourses ◽  
Sexuality And Gender ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
And Gender

AbstractThis paper examines a fundamental premise of Anglo-Hindu law on succession between 1860 and 1940, that kinship was emblematic of secular modes of living, to analyse its implications for the assertion of masculinity within ascetic orders in northern India. Legal discourses engaged with rights to succession within ascetic orders, by functioning on the assumption that the renunciatory life of ascetics was antithetical to sexuality and domesticity. This institutionalization of law, that defined asceticism and fixed ascetic masculinities within a legal frame, occurred with the consent of ascetic orders concerned with the ownership and distribution of property, even though sexuality and gender played a central role in shaping relationships within sacred spaces. Myriad ties embracing the language of kinship shaped ascetic orders. Bonds of sentiment and sexual attachment over-lapped with, sustained, and produced the bonds tying spiritual preceptors to their disciples. Relationships within ascetic families, consisting of men, their female companions, children and relatives, along with their attendant obligations were validated through rights of ownership and inheritance to property. Taking advantage of Anglo-Hindu law by the early twentieth century, ascetic orders sought to ‘purify’ their genealogies through the medium of property disputes fought in colonial courts. By manipulating the legal meanings ascribed to asceticism, masculinity and renunciation, these orders effaced unwanted members from their orders with varying degrees of success, especially women and children.

“Spectacles in Color”: The Primitive Drag of Langston Hughes

PMLA ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. 798-816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam See
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Langston Hughes ◽  
Down Low ◽  
Gender Differentiation ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Literary Histories ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Universe

The chapter “Spectacles in Color” in Langston Hughes's first autobiography, The Big Sea (1940), envisions modernist Harlem culture as a drag performance and offers a useful rubric for understanding Hughes's The Weary Blues (1926), a lyric history of that culture whose poems characteristically cross gender, sexual, racial, and even formal lines. The Weary Blues employs a low-down, or nature-based, and down-low, or queer, aesthetic of racial and gender crossing that I term “primitive drag,” an aesthetic that ironically coincides with the stereotypes of African Americans and queers that were propagated by early-twentieth-century sexological science and degeneration theory: namely, that blacks and queers were unnatural and degenerate because they, unlike whites and heterosexuals, exhibited a lack of racial and gender differentiation. Disidentifying with those stereotypes, the primitive drag in The Weary Blues depicts queer feeling as natural and nature as queer, thus offering a productive paradox for rethinking literary histories of modernism and theories of sexuality by the rather Darwinian notion that “the nature of the universe,” as Hughes calls it, is always subject to change, or queering.

scholarly journals Girls’ Gymnastics in the Service of the Nation: Educationalisation, Gender and Swedish Gymnastics in the Mid-Nineteenth Century

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-69
Author(s):  
Johannes Westberg
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Physical Education ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
And Gender

In the nineteenth and early twentieth century, Swedish gymnastics won a large following across the world. Employing the concepts of educationalisation and gender, I will explore how the physical education of girls was conceptualised and justified in the Swedish system during the latter half of the nineteenth century. Focusing on the publications of Anton Santesson (1825–1892), who was one of the main authors on girls’ gymnastics in Sweden, I will show how girls’ gymnastics was conceptualised as a response to a social, cultural and physical crisis, which was perceived as partly stemming from the detrimental effects of education on girls’ bodies and minds. Girls’ gymnastics was thus construed as vital to the future of the Swedish nation. While men and manliness remained fundamental to the strength of the nation, girls’ gymnastics was vital to women’s rearing of boys and thus instrumental to the development of masculinity in men.

Imperial Authority, Locality, and Gender: The Political Dynamics of Poetry Anthology Compilation in Qing and Early Republican China (1767–1919)

NAN Nü ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-78
Author(s):  
Xiaorong Li
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
Literary Production ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Imperial Authority ◽  
Political Dynamics ◽  
Female Authors ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Early Republican ◽  
And Gender

Abstract This article examines two groups of poetry anthologies created in honor of specific locales. The first group, from the late eighteenth to mid-nineteenth century, contains works predominately by men hailing from a specific locale. The second group, from the nineteenth to early twentieth century, comprises poetry anthologies exclusively devoted to women also from specific localities. By tracing connections among the various anthologies, this article aims to identify the defining cultural and political factors in their creation and to reveal the political dynamics of literary production on various levels: 1) the prestigious or canonical collections which acted as models or even counter-models; 2) the continuum and tension between “our dynasty” (the empire) and “our locality”; 3) the promotion of female authors at both the dynastic and local levels; 4) the participation by some early-twentieth century anthologists in the National Learning Movement. These findings demonstrate the importance of studying the creation of poetry anthologies in China’s recent past toward understanding the politics of literary production or cultural initiatives.

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