scholarly journals Suitability of the Limit Dose in Evaluating Reproductive Toxicity of Substances and Preparations

2007 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Schneider ◽  
Jan Oltmanns ◽  
Rainer Van Gelder ◽  
Thomas Gebel
Keyword(s):  
Human Exposure ◽  
Reproductive Toxicity ◽  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Occupational Exposures ◽  
Exposure Data ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Reproductive Toxicants ◽  
Dose Levels ◽  
Concentration Limits

An oral dose of 1000 mg/kg body weight/day is mentioned in Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and European Union (EU) guidelines as a default maximum dose in limit tests for studies on reproductive toxicity. This paper investigated whether upper range human exposure data from the workplace are supportive of this limit dose as an upper limit of possible human exposure. To this end, published exposure data as well as data from the database MEGA of the German “Berufsgenossenschaften” were evaluated. These data indicate that exposure concentrations in the range of 500 to 2000 mg/m3 (time-weighted averages) can be considered high human exposures to volatile compounds. Inhalation exposure to aerosols and dermal exposure result in lower dose levels. By applying suitable extrapolation factors, it was concluded that occupational exposures up to 325 mg/m3 can reliably be assessed with limit tests using a dose level of 1000 mg/kg/day. The limit dose has been proposed for use in the EU as a starting point to derive specific concentration limits for hazard classification of preparations containing reproductive toxicants, with the objective to consider the potency of the substances. This analysis shows that for some groups of chemicals, instead of the limit dose, the putative maximum levels of human exposure should be taken into account when deriving concentration limits for the classification of preparations. Furthermore, possible deviations from a linear correlation between concentration in the preparation and exposure should be considered.

Chemometric Analysis for the Classification of some Groups of Drugs with Divergent Pharmacological Activity on the Basis of some Chromatographic and Molecular Modeling Parameters

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-137
Author(s):  
Jolanta Stasiak ◽  
Marcin Koba ◽  
Marcin Gackowski ◽  
Tomasz Baczek
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Pharmacological Activity ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Cardiovascular Drugs ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Analgesic Drugs ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Chromatographic Parameters

Aim and Objective: In this study, chemometric methods as correlation analysis, cluster analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA), and factor analysis (FA) have been used to reduce the number of chromatographic parameters (logk/logkw) and various (e.g., 0D, 1D, 2D, 3D) structural descriptors for three different groups of drugs, such as 12 analgesic drugs, 11 cardiovascular drugs and 36 “other” compounds and especially to choose the most important data of them. Material and Methods: All chemometric analyses have been carried out, graphically presented and also discussed for each group of drugs. At first, compounds’ structural and chromatographic parameters were correlated. The best results of correlation analysis were as follows: correlation coefficients like R = 0.93, R = 0.88, R = 0.91 for cardiac medications, analgesic drugs, and 36 “other” compounds, respectively. Next, part of molecular and HPLC experimental data from each group of drugs were submitted to FA/PCA and CA techniques. Results: Almost all results obtained by FA or PCA, and total data variance, from all analyzed parameters (experimental and calculated) were explained by first two/three factors: 84.28%, 76.38 %, 69.71% for cardiovascular drugs, for analgesic drugs and for 36 “other” compounds, respectively. Compounds clustering by CA method had similar characteristic as those obtained by FA/PCA. In our paper, statistical classification of mentioned drugs performed has been widely characterized and discussed in case of their molecular structure and pharmacological activity. Conclusion: Proposed QSAR strategy of reduced number of parameters could be useful starting point for further statistical analysis as well as support for designing new drugs and predicting their possible activity.

scholarly journals Exceptional nonrelativistic effective field theories with enhanced symmetries

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomáš Brauner
Keyword(s):  
Effective Field Theories ◽  
Explicit Construction ◽  
Effective Field ◽  
Field Theories ◽  
Relativistic Case ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Higher Power ◽  
Mere Presence ◽  
Spatial Rotations

Abstract We initiate the classification of nonrelativistic effective field theories (EFTs) for Nambu-Goldstone (NG) bosons, possessing a set of redundant, coordinate-dependent symmetries. Similarly to the relativistic case, such EFTs are natural candidates for “exceptional” theories, whose scattering amplitudes feature an enhanced soft limit, that is, scale with a higher power of momentum at long wavelengths than expected based on the mere presence of Adler’s zero. The starting point of our framework is the assumption of invariance under spacetime translations and spatial rotations. The setup is nevertheless general enough to accommodate a variety of nontrivial kinematical algebras, including the Poincaré, Galilei (or Bargmann) and Carroll algebras. Our main result is an explicit construction of the nonrelativistic versions of two infinite classes of exceptional theories: the multi-Galileon and the multi-flavor Dirac-Born-Infeld (DBI) theories. In both cases, we uncover novel Wess-Zumino terms, not present in their relativistic counterparts, realizing nontrivially the shift symmetries acting on the NG fields. We demonstrate how the symmetries of the Galileon and DBI theories can be made compatible with a nonrelativistic, quadratic dispersion relation of (some of) the NG modes.

scholarly journals A CONTROL LIST FOR THE SYSTEMATIC IDENTIFICATION OF DISTURBANCE FACTORS

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 51-60
Author(s):  
Peter Welzbacher ◽  
Gunnar Vorwerk-Handing ◽  
Eckhard Kirchner
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Product Development ◽  
Model Theory ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Product Development Process ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Disturbance Factor ◽  
Systematic Identification

AbstractThe importance of considering disturbance factors in the product development process is often emphasized as one of the key factors to a functional and secure product. However, there is only a small number of tools to support the developer in the identification of disturbance factors and none of them yet ensures that the majority of occurring disturbance factors is considered. Thus, it is the aim of this contribution to provide a tool in form of a control list for the systematic identification of disturbance factors. At the beginning of this contribution, the terms “disturbance factor” and “uncertainty” are defined based on a literature review and different approaches for the classification of uncertainty are presented. Subsequently, the fundamentals of multipole based model theory are outlined. Moreover, a first approach in terms of a control list for a systematic identification of disturbance factors is discussed. Based on the discussed approach and taking the identified weaknesses as a starting point, a control list is presented that combines the existing basic concept of the control list with the fundamentals of multipole based model theory.

One-generation reproduction toxicity study of Dithane M-45 (mancozeb) and lead acetate

2002 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Várnagy ◽  
P. Budai ◽  
E. Molnár ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Lead Acetate ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Reproductive Toxicity ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Body Weight Increase ◽  
Dose Levels

The reproductive toxicity of lead acetate and of a fungicide formulation (Dithane M-45) containing 80% mancozeb was studied on rats. Lead acetate was applied in the feed in the following dose groups: control, 1,000, 5,000 and 10,000 mg/kg of diet. The three treatment groups received, in addition to the above doses of lead acetate, 4,500 mg/kg Dithane M-45 in the diet. The method was based on the OECD Guideline for Testing of Chemicals No. 415 (1981). Clinical symptoms and mortality were not found in the parent generation. The body weight of female animals decreased significantly before the pregnancy period. This tendency was also seen in males after the combination treatment. At the two high dose levels a remarkable body weight increase was seen in the female animals during the lactation period. As a result of treatment, decreased body weight of offspring was measured during the lactation period. No gross pathological changes were seen. Histological examination showed general tubulonephrosis in the experimental animals. It can be established that the administration of Dithane M-45 did not enhance the reproductive toxicity of lead acetate.

Business process model patterns: state-of-the-art, research classification and taxonomy

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 972-994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Fellmann ◽  
Agnes Koschmider ◽  
Ralf Laue ◽  
Andreas Schoknecht ◽  
Arthur Vetter
Keyword(s):  
Business Process ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Pattern Language ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Business Process Model ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Research Classification

Purpose Patterns have proven to be useful for documenting general reusable solutions to a commonly occurring problem. In recent years, several different business process management (BPM)-related patterns have been published. Despite the large number of publications on this subject, there is no work that provides a comprehensive overview and categorization of the published business process model patterns. The purpose of this paper is to close this gap by providing a taxonomy of patterns as well as a classification of 89 research works. Design/methodology/approach The authors analyzed 280 research articles following a structured iterative procedure inspired by the method for taxonomy development from Nickerson et al. (2013). Using deductive and inductive reasoning processes embedded in concurrent as well as joint research activities, the authors created a taxonomy of patterns as well as a classification of 89 research works. Findings In general, the findings extend the current understanding of BPM patterns. The authors identify pattern categories that are highly populated with research works as well as categories that have received far less attention such as risk and security, the ecological perspective and process architecture. Further, the analysis shows that there is not yet an overarching pattern language for business process model patterns. The insights can be used as starting point for developing such a pattern language. Originality/value Up to now, no comprehensive pattern taxonomy and research classification exists. The taxonomy and classification are useful for searching pattern works which is also supported by an accompanying website complementing the work. In regard to future research and publications on patterns, the authors derive recommendations regarding the content and structure of pattern publications.

scholarly journals ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF NUCLEAR C*-ALGEBRAS

2002 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 168-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARIUS DADARLAT ◽  
SØREN EILERS
Keyword(s):  
Subject Classification ◽  
Unified Approach ◽  
C Algebras ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
K Theory

We employ results from KK-theory, along with quasidiagonality techniques, to obtain wide-ranging classification results for nuclear C*-algebras. Using a new realization of the Cuntz picture of the Kasparov groups we show that two morphisms inducing equal KK-elements are approximately stably unitarily equivalent. Using K-theory with coefficients to associate a partial KK-element to an approximate morphism, our result is generalized to cover such maps. Conversely, we study the problem of lifting a (positive) partial KK-element to an approximate morphism. These results are employed to obtain classification results for certain classes of quasidiagonal C*-algebras introduced by H. Lin, and to reprove the classification of purely infinite simple nuclear C*-algebras of Kirchberg and Phillips. It is our hope that this work can be the starting point of a unified approach to the classification of nuclear C*-algebras.2000 Mathematical Subject Classification: primary 46L35; secondary 19K14, 19K35, 46L80.

scholarly journals NATIONAL BUILDING TYPOLOGY AS A SOURCE FOR AN ADEQUATE REHABILITATION POLICY

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dušan Ignjatović ◽  
Nataša Ćuković Ignjatović ◽  
Milica Jovanović Popović
Keyword(s):  
Housing Stock ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Local Characteristics ◽  
Energy Assessment ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Building Typology ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
Existing Housing ◽  
Adequate Data

Serbia’s Law on Planning and Building has imposed the topics of energy efficiency in building sector, requiring adequate policy making and providing a starting point for improvement of the current situation in this field. Considering the fact that there are more than 3.200.000 housing units without any statistical classification a need arose for establishing a national building typology as a starting point for further decision making and appropriate activities definition regarding the existing housing stock. After joining EU TABULA (Typology Approach for Building Stock Energy Assessment) project, methodologies and approaches of the European countries have been analysed providing a common experience, at the same illustrating a need for identification and classification of local characteristics. In order to obtain adequate data a comprehensive survey has been conducted, providing a starting point for creation of typology. The National Typology has identified typical “model” buildings and defined the levels of improvement ranging from standard (according to the current law) to the low-energy level. The paper explains the methodology, procedures and local characteristics of the process and gives an insight in the activity describing the problems and potentials of the approach.

scholarly journals Peningkatan Pemahaman Mengenai Menstruasi Melalui Penyuluhan Serta Pemeriksaan Golongan Darah Di Usia Dini

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 155
Author(s):  
Sukmawati Syarif ◽  
A. Muflihunna ◽  
Zainal Abidin ◽  
Masdiana Tahir
Keyword(s):  
Primary Schools ◽  
Early Learning ◽  
Reproductive Hormones ◽  
Blood Type ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Character Building ◽  
Level Of Understanding ◽  
Transfusion Complications

Menstruation is a physiological change in a woman's body that occurs periodically and is influenced by reproductive hormones either FSH-Estrogen or LH-Progesterone. In women, this usually occurs every month between teens to menopause, and lasts around 7-28 days. Knowing the characteristics of menstruation early is a very important thing to know because it is an early learning about the reproductive system and their health. Blood type is an inherited antigen on the surface of red blood cells. The two most important types of blood classification to know are the classification of ABO and Rhesus (Rh factor). Blood type examination is an activity that is sometimes overlooked by the community, in this case the needs of the Blood Type are carried out for clinical purposes such as: blood transfusions, preventing transfusion complications, and for pregnant women. According to empirical data obtained in 2017 the level of understanding of menstruation and blood type in primary schools is very low. For this reason, efforts are made to provide education and information as well as checks on children from an early age as a starting point for character building in improving education and knowledge in general and specifically regarding health

scholarly journals Information security - its essence and threats

2018 ◽  
Vol 188 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Estera Pietras
Keyword(s):  
Information Security ◽  
Information Flow ◽  
Data Protection ◽  
Security Systems ◽  
Exchange Of Information ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Effective System ◽  
Business Entities ◽  
Technical Solutions

Due to the exchange of information, organizations are encouraged to create an effective system of information flow that should be monitored on a regular basis in order to minimize the risk of emergence of threats. Due to modern technical solutions of security systems, it is much more possible and accessible than a few years ago. For this purpose, proper identification and classification of threats is necessary. This constitutes the starting point for considering the role and the essence of risk. The article highlights the aspects related to ensuring information security as a whole and data protection- the most important assets of business entities.

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