The April Uprising: How a Nonviolent Struggle Explains the Transformation of Armed Conflict in Nepal

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 85-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.B. Subedi ◽  
Prakash Bhattarai
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Structural Transformation ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Conflict Transformation ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Common Enemy

A plethora of literature explains how armed conflicts terminate in nonviolent political settlements. However, little is known about how and why nonviolence functions as a mechanism of conflict transformation. Using the case study of the 2006 April Uprising (Jana Andolan II) in Nepal, this paper shows how the nonviolent struggle was a vehicle for the termination of the armed conflict that ravaged the country for a decade (1996–2006). The collaboration between the Seven Party Alliance (SPA) and the Communist Party of Nepal Maoist (CPNM), erstwhile enemies, led to nonviolent collective action, driven by the convergence of interests of these two key actors towards fighting a common enemy: the royal Palace. The paper argues that the nonviolent struggle also transformed strategies, attitudes and behaviour of key actors, including the CPNM, which ultimately transformed conflict issues into peace issues and induced structural changes in the long run. Thus the processes of actor transformation, issue transformation and structural transformation catalysed by the April Uprising explain why and how the nonviolent struggle functioned as a catalyst for the termination of the armed conflict.

scholarly journals INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION DURING ARMED CONFLICT CASE STUDY: ISRAEL-LEBANON CONFLICT

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Arie Afriansyah
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Environment Protection ◽  
International Environment ◽  
State Liability

AbstrakDuring the last decade many armed conflicts were occurred between nationsor states. From that situation initially people just have interests throughhuman who been victim more than environment destructions that had beenaffected. Furthermore since those environment defects have influencedthrough human living then triggered awareness toward worst effect of thewar. The author by this article does configure how by conflict between Israeland Lebanon (Hezbollah) have shaped bad affects not only to local but alsoregionally through the environment. Under that elaboration then willexamine how to resolve the conflict under international law and also toascertain state liability through environment destruction what was ensued

Half-Widows: Invisible Victims of the Enforced Disappearances and Their Status in Kashmir

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-221
Author(s):  
Kislay Kumar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Qualitative Case Study ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Psychological Problems ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Case Study Approach ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Study Approach

The disappearance of young men in on-going armed conflict over the last 3 decades in Kashmir has given birth to a new identity to the women. This identity is called half-widows. The term, half-widows, signifies those women whose husbands have disappeared in armed conflict but are not declared dead yet. Men are directly involved in the armed conflicts and are the direct victims of it, but women are the ones who have been going through all the consequences of armed conflict. This article contextualizes the phenomenon of enforced disappearance in Kashmir and its grave consequences on women. Based on the qualitative case-study approach, 15 half-widows were interviewed in 2017 to examine their social, economic and psychological problems. Information from secondary sources was also incorporated.

The Effect of Armed Conflict on Savings Rates: International Evidence from 1980 to 2015

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Torres-Garcia ◽  
Martin Vanegas-Arias ◽  
Laura Builes-Aristizabal
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Growth Theory ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Intertemporal Preferences ◽  
Conflict Duration ◽  
Saving Rates ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Savings Rates

AbstractEconomic growth theory highlights the importance of saving rates to explain the long-run economic performance of economies. While economic theory has provided an analytical and empirical framework to understand the determinants of saving rates, one of the limitations is that it excludes from the analysis the potential effects of armed conflict and political instability, although it has been demonstrated that such situations can affect intertemporal preferences in terms of consumption and saving. Using a sample of 55 countries with/without conflict from 1980 to 2015, we analyze whether aggregate savings rates are negatively correlated with the existence, intensity, and duration of an armed conflict. The results indicate that countries that have suffered some type of conflict exhibit a saving rate 2.7% lower on average than the rate exhibited by countries that have not suffered such conflict. Additionally, if there is a high-intensity conflict, the saving rates decreases 2.5% more relative to countries that experience low-intensity conflict. Finally, we found a nonlinear relationship between saving rates and conflict duration, suggesting that the impact of conflict on savings decreases with time. These results extend the literature on the effects of armed conflicts on the long-run economic growth.

scholarly journals Bureaucratic Tax-Seeking: The Danish Waste Tax

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrik Christoffersen ◽  
Gert Tinggaard Svendsen
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Resource Model ◽  
Fixed Price ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Perverse Incentives ◽  
Price Approach ◽  
Bureaucratic Institutions ◽  
Fiscal Pressure

We suggest that when individual ministries are able to add differentiated green taxation on top of traditional taxation, the result is over-taxation. This is so for two reasons. Firstly, budget maximisation leads to overwhelming fiscal pressure because bureaucracies are competing for resources just like fishermen or hunters (here named ‘bureaucratic tax-seeking’). Secondly, the absence of a strong and fully informed ‘troop leader’, i.e. overall budget co-ordinator, prevents the rational co-ordination of collective action. Taxing citizens or firms may then be likened to harvesting rents from a natural resource and we therefore apply a common-pool resource model. These suggestions are confirmed by a case study of the Danish waste tax with its fixed price approach and perverse incentives compared to that of achieving environmental target levels in a cost-minimising way. Thus, we recommend that bureaucratic institutions should coordinate their tax-seeking efforts to maximise budgets in the long run and that the ministries that collect green tax revenues should not be allowed to control these revenues. Furthermore, our results dictate that the postulated effects arising from green tax intervention need to be demonstrated.

scholarly journals Impact of post-disaster government policy on reconstruction: A case study of post-earthquake Christchurch, New Zealand

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-193
Author(s):  
Niransha Rodrigo ◽  
◽  
Suzanne Wilkinson ◽  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Public Involvement ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Government ◽  
The City ◽  
Post Disaster

The New Zealand government, following the Canterbury earthquakes 2010-2011, adopted new ways to rebuild the city. Given an opportunity to find solutions to pre-existing issues in the city, the government was keen to rebuild faster and better. The blueprint that was finalised mid-2012, had 17 anchor projects to lead its rebuilding efforts along with governance and legislative changes to facilitate rebuilding. Drawing on past literature using the case study of Canterbury earthquakes 2010-2011, this paper first reviews the rebuilding process in Christchurch. 14 face to face interviews were held with those involved in and subjected to these governance and structural changes. The study suggests the complex post-disaster environment limit the effectiveness of the imposed changes. Rebuilding efforts were hindered by the absence of a proper legislative framework, the ambiguity in defining roles and responsibilities of recovery agents, the time-pressure to rebuild resulting in hasty planning, limited public involvement in rebuilding and the lack of strategic relevance to ensure the outcomes are accepted by the public and fit with the city’s image in the long run. It is recommended that future research focuses on implications of post-disaster rebuilding practices on the wider community, businesses, and the government.

scholarly journals The Protection of Medical Officers in the Armed Conficts; Case Study of Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-164
Author(s):  
Mahfud Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Geneva Convention ◽  
Medical Personnel ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
International Humanitarian Law ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Good Communication ◽  
National Regulation ◽  
Syrian Conflict

International Humanitarian Law (HHI) has regulated provisions regarding the protection of medical personnel in a conflict, whether an international, non-international armed conflict or an internationalized armed conflict. These categories of various types of armed conflict are also part of the legality of the emergence of humanitarian intervention by medical personnel in an armed conflict. A form of medical care for parties who are either directly or indirectly involved in an armed conflict. In the Indonesian context, the provisions regulating separately the protection of medical personnel in armed conflict have not been regulated separately. However, considering that Indonesia has ratified the 1949 Geneva Convention, the convention can be considered as the official Indonesian national regulation on the protection of medical personnel in armed conflict. In this article, it is demonstrated that there were still many violations, especially against the purpose of war, which made medical officers and medical buildings in an armed conflict a military target, such as in the Syrian conflict, as well as domestic Indonesia such as Aceh and Papua. Several factors have led to the fall of medical personnel in various armed conflicts (both horizontal and vertical) in Indonesia, among others are: (a) The parties to an armed conflict are not aware of the provisions of the principles of international humanitarian law. (b) The parties are suspicious of the neutrality of the medical personnel, as well as (c) Not having a good communication system between the conflicting parties and medical personnel.

Understanding the Outcomes of Climate Change Campaigns in the Australian Environmental Movement

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Robyn Gulliver ◽  
Kelly S. Fielding ◽  
Winnifred Louis
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Collective Action ◽  
Environmental Advocacy ◽  
Personal Support ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Collective Response ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Advocacy Network ◽  
Australian Climate

Climate change is a global problem requiring a collective response. Grassroots advocacy has been an important element in propelling this collective response, often through the mechanism of campaigns. However, it is not clear whether the climate change campaigns organized by the environmental advocacy groups are successful in achieving their goals, nor the degree to which other benefits may accrue to groups who run them. To investigate this further, we report a case study of the Australian climate change advocacy sector. Three methods were used to gather data to inform this case study: content analysis of climate change organizations’ websites, analysis of website text relating to campaign outcomes, and interviews with climate change campaigners. Findings demonstrate that climate change advocacy is diverse and achieving substantial successes such as the development of climate change-related legislation and divestment commitments from a range of organizations. The data also highlights additional benefits of campaigning such as gaining access to political power and increasing groups’ financial and volunteer resources. The successful outcomes of campaigns were influenced by the ability of groups to sustain strong personal support networks, use skills and resources available across the wider environmental advocacy network, and form consensus around shared strategic values. Communicating the successes of climate change advocacy could help mobilize collective action to address climate change. As such, this case study of the Australian climate change movement is relevant for both academics focusing on social movements and collective action and advocacy-focused practitioners, philanthropists, and non-governmental organizations.

St. Petersburg industrial policy: Determining the factors of structural changes in industry through Shift-Share Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 909-939
Author(s):  
M.V. Dement'ev
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Policy ◽  
Structural Transformation ◽  
Mechanical Engineering ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Factor Analyses ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Positive Results

Subject. This article examines the theoretical and practical aspects of the implementation of industrial policy and the structural transformation of the manufacturing industry in St. Petersburg. Objectives. The article aims to justify the priority of the industry-based approach to industrial policy in St. Petersburg and determine its effectiveness by highlighting the factors of structural transformation of the city's manufacturing industry using the Shift-Share Analysis method. Methods. For the study, I used logical, statistical, and factor analyses. Results. Based on shift-share analysis, the study highlights positive results of industrial policy in the development of certain industries in St. Petersburg, as well as those industries that require further development of urban industrial policy. Conclusions. Despite the fact that the industry of St. Petersburg as a whole has become more stable, problems in the development of mechanical engineering and production of computers, electronic and optical products have not yet been solved.

Современный образ войны и проблема ее трасформации

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
D. A. Abgadzhava ◽  
A. S. Vlaskina
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Social Progress ◽  
The Political ◽  
Military Conflict ◽  
The Past ◽  
Advanced Technologies ◽  
The Social ◽  
Political Boundaries ◽  
Modern War

War is an essential part of the social reality inherent in all stages of human development: from the primitive communal system to the present, where advanced technologies and social progress prevail. However, these characteristics do not make our society more peaceful, on the contrary, according to recent research and reality, now the number of wars and armed conflicts have increased, and most of the conflicts have a pronounced local intra-state character. Thus, wars in the classical sense of them go back to the past, giving way to military and armed conflicts. Now the number of soldiers and the big army doesn’t show the opponents strength. What is more important is the fact that people can use technology, the ideological and informational base to win the war. According to the history, «weak» opponent can be more successful in conflict if he has greater cohesion and ideological unity. Modern wars have already transcended the political boundaries of states, under the pressure of certain trends, they are transformed into transnational wars, that based on privatization, commercialization and obtaining revenue. Thus, the present paper will show a difference in understanding of terms such as «war», «military conflict» and «armed conflict». And also the auteurs will tell about the image of modern war and forecasts for its future transformation.

International Criminalization of Offences Relating to Cultural Property

2019 ◽  
pp. 18-24
Author(s):  
Danil Sergeev
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Hague Convention ◽  
Cultural Property ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Cultural Value ◽  
Direct Connection ◽  
International Protection ◽  
International Instruments

The article evaluates current conditions of international criminalization of offences relating to cultural property and makes a brief historical review of developing international protection of cultural property and elaborating a corresponding notion. Having analyzed the international instruments, the author concludes that offences relating to cultural property may include deliberate seizure, appropriation, demolition as well as any other forms of destruction or damage to objects and items protected under the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict committed during international and non-international armed conflicts. These offences do not include such possible acts toward universal cultural values committed either beyond any armed conflict or without direct connection with it. Taking the examples of destruction of Buddhas of Bamiyan, Nimrud, Palmyra, and mausoleums of Timbuktu, the author states that international criminalization of offences relating to cultural property is insufficient, because it does not encompass such cases when objects or items of cultural value are damaged or destroyed under the control of national administrations or with their knowledge.

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