SMAD4 protein is decreased in the dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices in schizophrenia

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Andrew S. Gibbons ◽  
Daniel Hoyer ◽  
Brian Dean
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Smad4 Protein ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal

scholarly journals The Role of Primate Prefrontal Cortex in Bias and Shift Between Visual Dimensions

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farshad A Mansouri ◽  
Mark J Buckley ◽  
Daniel J Fehring ◽  
Keiji Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Attentional Processes ◽  
Prefrontal Cortical ◽  
Frontopolar Cortex ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
Visual Cortical ◽  
Bilateral Lesions

Abstract Imaging and neural activity recording studies have shown activation in the primate prefrontal cortex when shifting attention between visual dimensions is necessary to achieve goals. A fundamental unanswered question is whether representations of these dimensions emerge from top-down attentional processes mediated by prefrontal regions or from bottom-up processes within visual cortical regions. We hypothesized a causative link between prefrontal cortical regions and dimension-based behavior. In large cohorts of humans and macaque monkeys, performing the same attention shifting task, we found that both species successfully shifted between visual dimensions, but both species also showed a significant behavioral advantage/bias to a particular dimension; however, these biases were in opposite directions in humans (bias to color) versus monkeys (bias to shape). Monkeys’ bias remained after selective bilateral lesions within the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), frontopolar cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), or superior, lateral prefrontal cortex. However, lesions within certain regions (ACC, DLPFC, or OFC) impaired monkeys’ ability to shift between these dimensions. We conclude that goal-directed processing of a particular dimension for the executive control of behavior depends on the integrity of prefrontal cortex; however, representation of competing dimensions and bias toward them does not depend on top-down prefrontal-mediated processes.

Effects of unilateral deactivations of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex on saccadic eye movements

2014 ◽  
Vol 111 (4) ◽  
pp. 787-803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Koval ◽  
R. Matthew Hutchison ◽  
Stephen G. Lomber ◽  
Stefan Everling
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Single Neuron Recording

The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) have both been implicated in the cognitive control of saccadic eye movements by single neuron recording studies in nonhuman primates and functional imaging studies in humans, but their relative roles remain unclear. Here, we reversibly deactivated either dlPFC or ACC subregions in macaque monkeys while the animals performed randomly interleaved pro- and antisaccades. In addition, we explored the whole-brain functional connectivity of these two regions by applying a seed-based resting-state functional MRI analysis in a separate cohort of monkeys. We found that unilateral dlPFC deactivation had stronger behavioral effects on saccades than unilateral ACC deactivation, and that the dlPFC displayed stronger functional connectivity with frontoparietal areas than the ACC. We suggest that the dlPFC plays a more prominent role in the preparation of pro- and antisaccades than the ACC.

scholarly journals Correlation between Traits of Emotion-Based Impulsivity and Intrinsic Default-Mode Network Activity

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jizheng Zhao ◽  
Dardo Tomasi ◽  
Corinde E. Wiers ◽  
Ehsan Shokri-Kojori ◽  
Şükrü B. Demiral ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Posterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Network Activity ◽  
High Risk Behaviors ◽  
Posterior Cingulate ◽  
Healthy Humans ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal

Negative urgency (NU) and positive urgency (PU) are implicated in several high-risk behaviors, such as eating disorders, substance use disorders, and nonsuicidal self-injury behavior. The current study aimed to explore the possible link between trait of urgency and brain activity at rest. We assessed the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) of the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signal in 85 healthy volunteers. Trait urgency measures were related to ALFF in the lateral orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, ventral and dorsal medial frontal cortex, anterior cingulate, and posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus. In addition, trait urgency measures showed significant correlations with the functional connectivity of the posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus seed with the thalamus and midbrain region. These findings suggest an association between intrinsic brain activity and impulsive behaviors in healthy humans.

scholarly journals SNAP-25a/b Isoform Levels in Human Brain Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate Cortex

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 220-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter M. Thompson ◽  
Dianne A. Cruz ◽  
Elizabeth A. Fucich ◽  
Dianna Y. Olukotun ◽  
Masami Takahashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal

scholarly journals Altered Long- and Short-Range Functional Connectivity in Patients with Betel Quid Dependence: A Resting-State Functional MRI Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 1626-1636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Liu ◽  
Jianjun Li ◽  
Zhiqiang Zhang ◽  
Qiang Xu ◽  
Guangming Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Short Range ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Betel Quid ◽  
Posterior Lobe ◽  
Functional Connectivity Density ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
The Right ◽  
Mri Study

Objective: Addiction is a chronic relapsing brain disease. Brain structural abnormalities may constitute an abnormal neural network that underlies the risk of drug dependence. We hypothesized that individuals with Betel Quid Dependence (BQD) have functional connectivity alterations that can be described by long- and short-range functional connectivity density(FCD) maps. Methods: We tested this hypothesis using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from subjects of the Han ethnic group in Hainan, China. Here, we examined BQD individuals (n = 33) and age-, sex-, and education-matched healthy controls (HCs) (n = 32) in a rs-fMRI study to observe FCD alterations associated with the severity of BQD. Results: Compared with HCs, long-range FCD was decreased in the right anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and increased in the left cerebellum posterior lobe (CPL) and bilateral inferior parietal lobule (IPL) in the BQD group. Short-range FCD was reduced in the right ACC and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), and increased in the left CPL. The short-range FCD alteration in the right ACC displayed a negative correlation with the Betel Quid Dependence Scale (BQDS) (r=-0.432, P=0.012), and the long-range FCD alteration of left IPL showed a positive correlation with the duration of BQD(r=0.519, P=0.002) in BQD individuals. Conclusions: fMRI revealed differences in long- and short- range FCD in BQD individuals, and these alterations might be due to BQ chewing, BQ dependency, or risk factors for developing BQD.

scholarly journals Frontolimbic brain volume abnormalities in bipolar disorder with suicide attempts

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mbemba Jabbi ◽  
Wade Weber ◽  
Jeffrey Welge ◽  
Fabiano Nery ◽  
Maxwell Tallman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Suicide Attempt ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
The United States ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Type I ◽  
Brain Volumes ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal

ABSTRACTOver 2.3 million people in the United States live with bipolar disorder. Sixty percent of those with a bipolar disorder diagnosis attempt suicide at least once in their lifetime, and up to 19% die by suicide. However, the neurobiology of suicide attempts in bipolar disorder remains unclear. Here, we studied the neuroanatomical basis for suicide attempt history in bipolar disorder by measuring gray matter volumes (GMV) to identify differences in brain-volumes in 121 participants with bipolar disorder type I, and healthy participants (n=40). The bipolar group consisted of individuals with suicide attempt history (n=23) and no suicide attempt history (n=58). All participants completed behavioral/diagnostic assessments and MRI measures of GMV. We focused on a predefined frontolimbic circuitry in bipolar disorder versus (vs.) healthy to first identify diagnostic GMV markers and to specifically identify markers for suicide attempt history. We found reduced GMV markers for bipolar diagnosis (i.e., bipolar<healthy) in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices (DLPFC). Our observed frontolimbic GMV abnormalities were associated with suicide attempt history and measures of individual variations in current suicidal ideation at the time of scanning. These results identified a frontolimbic-GMV marker for bipolar diagnosis and suicidal behavioral risk tendencies.HighlightsSuicide is a major health problem especially in bipolar disorder but the neurobiological basis for suicide attempts remains obscure. We identified an anterior cingulate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortical volume correlate for suicide attempt history and suicidal ideation and thereby demonstrates a convergent brain marker for suicidal behaviors.

scholarly journals Connectivity changes in major depressive disorder after rTMS: a review of functional and structural connectivity data

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Schiena ◽  
G. Franco ◽  
A. Boscutti ◽  
G. Delvecchio ◽  
E. Maggioni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Structural Connectivity ◽  
Unipolar Depression ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Antidepressant Effect ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal

Abstract Aims In the search for effective therapeutic strategies for depression, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) emerged as a non-invasive, promising treatment. This is because the antidepressant effect of rTMS might be related to neuronal plasticity mechanisms possibly reverting connectivity alterations often observed in depression. Therefore, in this review, we aimed at providing an overview of the findings reported by studies investigating functional and structural connectivity changes after rTMS in depression. Methods A bibliographic search was conducted on PubMed, including studies that used unilateral, excitatory (⩾10 Hz) rTMS treatment targeted on the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in unipolar depressed patients. Results The majority of the results showed significant TMS-induced changes in functional connectivity (FC) between areas important for emotion regulation, including the DLPFC and the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex, and among regions that are part of the major resting-state networks, such as the Default Mode Network, the Salience Networks and the Central Executive Network. Finally, in diffusion tensor imaging studies, it has been reported that rTMS appeared to increase fractional anisotropy in the frontal lobe. Limitations The small sample size, the heterogeneity of the rTMS stimulation parameters, the concomitant use of psychotropic drugs might have limited the generalisability of the results. Conclusions Overall, rTMS treatment induces structural and FC changes in brain regions and networks implicated in the pathogenesis of unipolar depression. However, whether these changes underlie the antidepressant effect of rTMS still needs to be clarified.

Creativity of the Dream and Sleep State

2019 ◽  
pp. 124-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Stickgold
Keyword(s):  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Creative Process ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Sleep State ◽  
Creative Processes ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Full Speed ◽  
Stored Information ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Brain

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is a stage of sleep that evolved in part to provide a privileged time in each day when the brain is disconnected from sensory input and freed of intentional, directed thought. The neurochemistry and neurophysiology of the brain during REM sleep is optimized for the exploration of normally ignored connections and associations within the brain’s vast repertoire of stored information. This includes changes in the activity of dorsolateral prefrontal, anterior cingulate, and medial orbital frontal cortices and the hippocampus, and reductions in norepinephrine and increases in acetylcholine in the cortex. This exploration of normally weak associations is critical to the creative process, and REM sleep can thus be considered a period of unbridled creativity. Much of this creative process is reflected in the content of dreams. Even without waking dream recall, changes within associative networks produced by the brain mechanisms of dream construction can leave these brain networks—and the individual—primed for reactivation at a later time, leading to the “discovery” of creative insights. Some, but not all, of these brain changes are also seen during periods of quiet rest with activation of the default mode network (DMN). When active, this network can likewise provide a state of enhanced creativity. Nevertheless, REM sleep and dreaming provide a protected two hours every day when creative processes run at full speed.

Regional cerebral perfusion correlates with anxiety in neuropsychiatric SLE: evidence for a mechanism distinct from depression

Lupus ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (14) ◽  
pp. 1678-1689 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Papadaki ◽  
E Kavroulakis ◽  
G Bertsias ◽  
A Fanouriakis ◽  
D Karageorgou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Cerebral Blood Volume ◽  
Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Depression Symptomatology

The study examined the hypothesis that hypoperfusion in brain areas known to be involved in emotional disturbances in primary psychiatric disorders is also linked to emotional difficulties in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and that these are not secondary to the physical and social burden incurred by the disease. Nineteen SLE patients without overt neuropsychiatric manifestations (non-NPSLE), 31 NPSLE patients, and 23 healthy controls were examined. Dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI was used and cerebral blood flow and cerebral blood volume values were estimated in six manually selected regions of interest of brain regions suspected to play a role in anxiety and depression (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, hippocampi, caudate nuclei and putamen). NPSLE patients reported high rates of anxiety and depression symptomatology. Significantly reduced cerebral blood flow and cerebral blood volume values were detected in the NPSLE group compared to healthy controls in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, bilaterally. Within the NPSLE group, anxiety symptomatology was significantly associated with lower perfusion in frontostriatal regions and in the right anterior cingulate gyrus. Importantly, the latter associations appeared to be specific to anxiety symptoms, as they persisted after controlling for depression symptomatology and independent of the presence of visible lesions on conventional MRI. In conclusion, hypoperfusion in specific limbic and frontostriatal regions is associated with more severe anxiety symptoms in the context of widespread haemodynamic disturbances in NPSLE.

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