scholarly journals Initial training with difficult items does not facilitate category learning

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
CER Edmunds ◽  
Andy J Wills ◽  
Fraser Milton
Keyword(s):  
Category Learning ◽  
False Positive ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Dual System ◽  
System Model ◽  
Initial Training ◽  
Substantial Evidence ◽  
Associative Theory ◽  
Counter Example ◽  
Form Part

In the phenomenon of transfer along a continuum (TAC), initial training on easy items facilitates later learning of a harder discrimination. TAC is a widely replicated cross-species phenomenon that is well predicted by certain kinds of associative theory. A recent report of an approximately opposite phenomenon (i.e., facilitation by initial training on hard items) poses a puzzle for such theories, but is predicted by a dual-system model (COVIS). However, across four experiments, we present substantial evidence that this counterintuitive finding was in error. Rather, the result appears to be a false positive and, as such, should not form part of the evidence base for COVIS nor be considered as a counter-example to the pervasive TAC phenomenon.

scholarly journals Comments and extensions to EFSUMB guidelines on renal interventional ultrasound (INVUS).

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus G. Mohaupt ◽  
Spyridon Arampatzis ◽  
Nathan Atkinson ◽  
Dong Yi ◽  
Xin Wu Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evidence Base ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
European Federation ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Interventional Ultrasound ◽  
Ultrasound Guided ◽  
Substantial Evidence ◽  
Procedural Approach ◽  
Tissue Handling ◽  
Patient Interaction

The substantial evidence base for interventional ultrasound approaches to renal diagnostic sampling and therapeutic access exists. This review comments on the evidence-based recommendations on ultrasound-guided renal access which have been published recently within the framework of Guidelines on Interventional Ultrasound (InVUS) of the European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (EFSUMB) from a clinical practice point of view. Specific aspects of tissue handling and workup, procedural approach and patient interaction are discussed. Indications, contraindications, risk factors and methods to reduce these risks are considered.

Polymyositis and dermatomyositis

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hector Chinoy ◽  
Robert G. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Weakness ◽  
Inflammatory Cell ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Inflammatory Myopathies ◽  
Connective Tissue Disorders ◽  
Antibody Testing ◽  
Muscle Enzymes ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Weakness ◽  
Form Part ◽  
Prompt Diagnosis

Polymyositis (PM), dermatomyositis (DM), and inclusion body myositis (IBM) form part of the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM), a heterogeneous group of rare autoimmune diseases characterized by an acquired proximal muscle weakness, raised muscle enzymes (including creatine kinase), inflammatory cell infiltrates in muscle biopsy tissue, electrophysiological abnormalities, and presence of circulating myositis-specific/myositis-associated autoantibodies. The underlying aetiology of IIM is poorly understood, but likely involves interactions between environmental and genetic risk factors. Myositis may also manifest in association with other connective tissue disorders. The predominant clinical presentation of IIM is skeletal muscle weakness, but many extramuscular features can also occur. Access to good neuropathological support is essential in securing an accurate IIM diagnosis and excluding non-inflammatory myopathies, although IBM is often difficult to distinguish from PM. Antibody testing can help define IIM clinical subtypes, including cancer-associated myositis, predict prognosis, and help in optimizing treatment decisions. MRI can be invaluable for differentiating disease activity from damage, and detecting treatment-induced interval changes. Therapeutic effectiveness of new and existing treatments (where the evidence base remains poor) depends on making a prompt diagnosis and initiating early and appropriately aggressive treatment to prevent establishment of muscle damage. This chapter attempts to summarize the salient features of IIM and update the reader about currently used diagnostics and treatment paradigms in this rare and understudied disease.

The evidence base for advanced learning programs

2020 ◽  
Vol 102 (4) ◽  
pp. 14-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan A. Plucker ◽  
Carolyn M. Callahan
Keyword(s):  
Ability Grouping ◽  
Educational Interventions ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Substantial Evidence ◽  
Advanced Education ◽  
Acceleration Ability ◽  
Learning Programs ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Ethnicity And Gender

There is substantial evidence on the effectiveness of many forms of advanced education, especially various approaches to acceleration, ability grouping, and curricular innovations such as structured curriculum and enrichment. Nonetheless, additional research on the ways in which advanced education impacts the learning and lives of students across the variables of class, race, ethnicity, and gender is still needed, as it is for most educational interventions. Jonathan Plucker and Carolyn Callahan share the evidence base for several popular strategies and describe what evidence is still needed.

Telop, Affect, and Media Design: A Multimodal Analysis of Japanese TV Programs

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 427-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryoko Sasamoto ◽  
Minako O’Hagan ◽  
Stephen Doherty
Keyword(s):  
New Media ◽  
Relevance Theory ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Media Design ◽  
Multimodal Analysis ◽  
Empirically Supported ◽  
Form Part ◽  
Media Research ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
The Way

Japanese and other Asian TV producers have been deploying multi-colored, and highly visible, intra-lingual captions on TV programs to enhance their appeal and to influence their viewers’ interpretations. The practice of adding these captions is far from innocent and is prone to abuse and overuse due to the lack of official guidelines and an evidence base. We conducted a multimodal analysis within the framework of relevance theory to provide an empirically supported insight into the way in which these captions, known as “telop” in Japan, form part of a production’s deliberate and careful media design. Our findings suggest that telop are deployed in conjunction with other communicative resources that are deliberately used to influence viewers’ interpretations, to enhance and make affective values in TV programs more explicit. The increasing use of diegetically integrated captions elsewhere further justifies the need for critical TV and new media research on telop.

scholarly journals Tests of a dual-system model of speech category learning

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 709-728 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. TODD MADDOX ◽  
BHARATH CHANDRASEKARAN
Keyword(s):  
Category Learning ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
American English ◽  
Dual System ◽  
Learning Systems ◽  
Practice Transfer ◽  
Mandarin Tones ◽  
Visual Domain ◽  
Speech Learning

In the visual domain, more than two decades of work has argued for the existence of dual category learning systems. Thereflectivesystem uses working memory in an explicit fashion to develop and test rules for classifying. Thereflexivesystem operates by implicitly associating perception with actions that lead to reinforcement. Dual-system models posit that in learning natural categories, learners initially use the reflective system and with practice, transfer control to the reflexive system. The role of reflective and reflexive systems in second language (L2) speech learning has not been systematically examined. In the study reported in this paper, monolingual native speakers of American English were trained to categorize Mandarin tones produced by multiple speakers. Our computational modeling approach demonstrates that learners use reflective and reflexive strategies during tone category learning. Successful learners use speaker-dependent, reflective analysis early in training and reflexive strategies by the end of training. Our results demonstrate that dual-learning systems are operative in L2 speech learning. Critically, learner strategies directly relate to individual differences in successful category learning.

scholarly journals Targeting CCN Proteins in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 4340
Author(s):  
Iona J. MacDonald ◽  
Chien-Chung Huang ◽  
Shan-Chi Liu ◽  
Yen-You Lin ◽  
Chih-Hsin Tang
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Wound Healing ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Ccn Proteins ◽  
Matricellular Proteins ◽  
Substantial Evidence ◽  
Ccn Family ◽  
Cellular Processes

The CCN family of matricellular proteins (CYR61/CCN1, CTGF/CCN2, NOV/CCN3 and WISP1-2-3/CCN4-5-6) are essential players in the key pathophysiological processes of angiogenesis, wound healing and inflammation. These proteins are well recognized for their important roles in many cellular processes, including cell proliferation, adhesion, migration and differentiation, as well as the regulation of extracellular matrix differentiation. Substantial evidence implicates four of the proteins (CCN1, CCN2, CCN3 and CCN4) in the inflammatory pathologies of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA). A smaller evidence base supports the involvement of CCN5 and CCN6 in the development of these diseases. This review focuses on evidence providing insights into the involvement of the CCN family in RA and OA, as well as the potential of the CCN proteins as therapeutic targets in these diseases.

Learning in simple systems

2009 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Hall
Keyword(s):  
Complex Systems ◽  
Associative Learning ◽  
System Approach ◽  
Dual System ◽  
Learning Effects ◽  
Associative Theory ◽  
Simple Systems

AbstractStudies of conditioning in simple systems are best interpreted in terms of the formation of excitatory links. The mechanisms responsible for such conditioning contribute to the associative learning effects shown by more complex systems. If a dual-system approach is to be avoided, the best hope lies in developing standard associative theory to deal with phenomena said to show propositional learning.

scholarly journals Interventions to reduce self-harm on in-patient wards: systematic review

BJPsych Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rasanat Fatima Nawaz ◽  
Gurpreet Reen ◽  
Natasha Bloodworth ◽  
Daniel Maughan ◽  
Charles Vincent
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Behaviour Therapy ◽  
Substantial Evidence ◽  
Environmental Interventions ◽  
Patient Admissions ◽  
Self Harm

Background Incidents of self-harm are common on psychiatric wards. There are a wide variety of therapeutic, social and environmental interventions that have shown some promise in reducing self-harm in in-patient settings, but there is no consensus on the most appropriate means of reducing and managing self-harm during in-patient admissions. Aims To review interventions used to reduce self-harm and suicide attempts on adolescent and adult psychiatric in-patient wards. Method A systematic literature search was conducted between 14 March 2019 and 25 January 2021 using PsycINFO and Medline (PROSPERO ID: CRD42019129046). A total of 23 papers were identified for full review. Results Interventions fell into two categories, therapeutic interventions given to individual patients and organisational interventions aimed at improving patient–staff communication and the overall ward milieu. Dialectical behaviour therapy was the most frequently implemented and effective therapeutic intervention, with seven of eight studies showing some benefit. Three of the six ward-based interventions reduced self-harm. Two studies that used a combined therapeutic and ward-based approach significantly reduced self-harm on the wards. The quality of the studies was highly variable, and some interventions were poorly described. There was no indication of harmful impact of any of the approaches reported in this review. Conclusions A number of approaches show some promise in reducing self-harm, but the evidence is not strong enough to recommend any particular approach. Current evidence remains weak overall but provides a foundation for a more robust programme of research aimed at providing a more substantial evidence base for this neglected problem on wards.

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