scholarly journals ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY REACTIONS IN ALLERGIC HUMAN TISSUES

1960 ◽  
Vol 112 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Z. Rappaport
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Fluorescent Dyes ◽  
Fibrous Tissue ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Specific Staining ◽  
Intense Staining ◽  
Egg Albumin

Skin sensitizing human antibodies were conjugated with various fluorescent dyes without significant loss in their ability to combine with specific antigen in vitro. A biopsy of the skin site challenged with egg albumin in a patient sensitive to this antigen could be stained specifically by the fluorescent reagins. The epithelial cells of the epidermis, sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands in such a challenged site showed specific staining. In addition to the epithelial cells, the most intense staining was in macrophages and in pericapillary cells. The endothelium of the small blood vessels stained less intensely. Fibrous tissue bundles were specifically stained. The immunologic staining with the conjugated reagins was similar to but more intense than that obtained with conjugated rabbit anti-egg albumin globulins.

TIMP-1, -2, -3, and -4 in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. A prevailing nondegradative lung microenvironment?

2000 ◽  
Vol 279 (3) ◽  
pp. L562-L574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moises Selman ◽  
Victor Ruiz ◽  
Sandra Cabrera ◽  
Lourdes Segura ◽  
Remedios Ramírez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Alveolar Epithelial Cells ◽  
Tissue Inhibitor Of Metalloproteinase ◽  
Intense Staining ◽  
Membrane Type

Fibroblast proliferation and extracellular matrix accumulation characterize idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). We evaluated the presence of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, -2, -3, and -4; collagenase-1, -2, and -3; gelatinases A and B; and membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) in 12 IPF and 6 control lungs. TIMP-1 was found in interstitial macrophages and TIMP-2 in fibroblast foci. TIMP-3 revealed an intense staining mainly decorating the elastic lamina in vessels. TIMP-4 was expressed in IPF lungs by epithelial and plasma cells. TIMP-2 colocalized with Ki67 in fibroblasts, whereas TIMP-3 colocalized with p27 in inflammatory and epithelial cells. Collagenase-1 was localized in macrophages and alveolar epithelial cells, collagenase-2 was localized in a few neutrophils, and collagenase-3 was not detected. MMP-9 was found in neutrophils and subepithelial myofibroblasts. Myofibroblast expression of MMP-9 was corroborated in vitro by RT-PCR. MMP-2 was noticed in myofibroblasts, some of them close to areas of basement membrane disruption, and membrane type 1 MMP was noticed in interstitial macrophages. These findings suggest that in IPF there is higher expression of TIMPs compared with collagenases, supporting the hypothesis that a nondegrading fibrillar collagen microenvironment is prevailing.

scholarly journals TGM4: an immunogenic prostate-restricted antigen

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. e001649
Author(s):  
Zoila A Lopez-Bujanda ◽  
Aleksandar Obradovic ◽  
Thomas R Nirschl ◽  
Laura Crowley ◽  
Rodney Macedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Effector Memory ◽  
Primary Tumors ◽  
Castration Resistant ◽  
Mouse Tissues

BackgroundProstate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in men in the USA; death occurs when patients progress to metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Although immunotherapy with the Food and Drug Administration‐approved vaccine sipuleucel‐T, which targets prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), extends survival for 2–4 months, the identification of new immunogenic tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) continues to be an unmet need.MethodsWe evaluated the differential expression profile of castration-resistant prostate epithelial cells that give rise to CRPC from mice following an androgen deprivation/repletion cycle. The expression levels of a set of androgen-responsive genes were further evaluated in prostate, brain, colon, liver, lung, skin, kidney, and salivary gland from murine and human databases. The expression of a novel prostate-restricted TAA was then validated by immunostaining of mouse tissues and analyzed in primary tumors across all human cancer types in The Cancer Genome Atlas. Finally, the immunogenicity of this TAA was evaluated in vitro and in vivo using autologous coculture assays with cells from healthy donors as well as by measuring antigen-specific antibodies in sera from patients with prostate cancer (PCa) from a neoadjuvant clinical trial.ResultsWe identified a set of androgen-responsive genes that could serve as potential TAAs for PCa. In particular, we found transglutaminase 4 (Tgm4) to be highly expressed in prostate tumors that originate from luminal epithelial cells and only expressed at low levels in most extraprostatic tissues evaluated. Furthermore, elevated levels of TGM4 expression in primary PCa tumors correlated with unfavorable prognosis in patients. In vitro and in vivo assays confirmed the immunogenicity of TGM4. We found that activated proinflammatory effector memory CD8 and CD4 T cells were expanded by monocyte-derived dendritic cell (moDCs) pulsed with TGM4 to a greater extent than moDCs pulsed with either PAP or prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and T cells primed with TGM4-pulsed moDCs produce functional cytokines following a prime/boost regiment or in vitro stimulation. An IgG antibody response to TGM4 was detected in 30% of vaccinated patients, while fewer than 8% of vaccinated patients developed antibody responses to PSA or prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA).ConclusionsThese results suggest that TGM4 is an immunogenic, prostate-restricted antigen with the potential for further development as an immunotherapy target.

scholarly journals In vitro Growth and Differentiation of Epithelial Cells derived from Post-embryonic Hair Follicles

1982 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean R Hewish ◽  
Robert C Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Electrophoretic Analysis ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Culture Period ◽  
Fibroblast Cells ◽  
Cell Aggregates ◽  
In Vitro Growth ◽  
Cultured Cell ◽  
Cell Densities

Cell aggregates formed during the first 2 days of culture of cells derived from hair folIicle tissue of young rats. Aggregates occurred at an accelerated rate at higher cell densities, and contained a high proportion of epithelial cells although a variable proportion of esenchymal (fibroblast) cells were present. Citrulline was detected in the cultured cell proteins. Electrophoretic analysis of the proteins showed the presence of hair cortical keratin in the cultures, but these proteins were not synthesized during the culture period, in conflict with previous findings.

scholarly journals ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY REACTIONS IN ALLERGIC HUMAN TISSUES

1960 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. 725-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Z. Rappaport
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Toluidine Blue ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Human Tissues ◽  
Sebaceous Glands ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Antigen Antibody ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Reaginic Antibodies

The skin of atopic patients contains specific reaginic antibodies in all epidermal cells, in unchallenged as well as antigen-challenged areas. The reagins are also present in the epithelial cells of sebaceous glands, sweat glands, hair follicles and also in macrophages and pericytes. Judged by staining characteristics, their immunologic reaction in tissues with antigen is identical with that of rabbit antibodies. Comparison of tissues stained with conjugated reagins and conjugated anti-human globulin antibodies demonstrates the close relationship of reagins and globulins. In antigen-challenged tissues the macrophages and pericytes become enlarged and stain more intensely with toluidine blue. No such changes in morphology or staining are present in histamine-tested or unchallenged atopic tissues.

Immunocytochemical localization of prostaglandin synthase in the ovine uterus during the oestrous cycle and in early pregnancy

1990 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 311 ◽  
Author(s):  
LA Salamonsen ◽  
JK Findlay
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Cellular Localization ◽  
In Vitro Release ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Intense Staining ◽  
Endometrial Cells ◽  
Ovine Uterus

Prostaglandin (PG) synthase has been localized by immunocytochemistry within the ovine uterus throughout the oestrous cycle and in early pregnancy. On Day 4 of the cycle, PG synthase was located primarily in the stromal cells in caruncular and intercaruncular tissue with little staining in the epithelium. On Days 14 through to 16, the most intense staining was in the luminal epithelial cells (caruncular and intercaruncular) and in epithelial cells of glands close to the uterine lumen. PG synthase was also located in the intercaruncular stromal cells, particularly close to the myometrium. Staining for the enzyme on Day 10 was intermediate between that of Day 4 and Day 14. On Day 15 of pregnancy, the pattern of staining was identical to that on Day 15 of the cycle, with no detectable difference in intensity. When endometrial cells (cycle, Day 14) were cultured with and without ovine trophoblast protein-1 (3 ng mL-1) in vitro, release of PGE and PGF2 alpha was attenuated (54% and 47% of control respectively) but no differences were observed in the intensity of staining for PG synthase in the cells. These results demonstrate marked cyclical changes in the endometrial cell types producing PGs, suggesting differential regulation of PG synthase. In addition, it appears that conceptus-induced changes in PGF2 alpha release do not occur via changes in the concentration or cellular localization of PG synthase, but rather that the activity of the enzyme is modified.

scholarly journals SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EPITHELIAL TUMORS OF THE MOUSE

1932 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 893-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Santesson
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Physiological Characteristics ◽  
Ehrlich Carcinoma ◽  
Normal Appearance ◽  
Egg Albumin ◽  
Mouse Tumors ◽  
Thin Membranes ◽  
Irregular Growth

1. The histological and physiological characteristics in vitro of mouse tumors have been compared. 2. Twenty-eight adenomas, 31 adenocarcinomas, 18 carcinomas, and a series of tumors from 2 transplantable carcinomas and from Ehrlich carcinoma have been cultivated in vitro. 3. The adenomas were characterized by cells of normal appearance, migrating quickly and organizing in thin membranes, by few mitoses, a large acid production, and a rapid digestion of fibrin and egg albumin. 4. The carcinomas differed from adenomas in a less rapid and extensive migration of epithelial cells, a tendency to grow in bud-like formations, the presence of many mitoses, and a lesser acid production and fibrin and albumin digestion. 5. Ehrlich carcinoma differed from both adenomas and spontaneous carcinomas in the unhealthy state of the cells, their irregular growth, and the occurrence of a great many mitoses. Acid production was slight, and digestion of egg albumin or fibrin less marked, and even entirely lacking. 6. The adenomas and spontaneous carcinomas did not invade embryonic tissue. The transplantable carcinomas invaded it slightly, while Ehrlich carcinoma actively infiltrated and destroyed it.

scholarly journals Generation of Skin Organoids: Potential Opportunities and Challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Sun ◽  
Yi-Xuan Zhang ◽  
Yu-Mei Li
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Generation Model ◽  
Skin Substitutes ◽  
Local Skin ◽  
Cell Microenvironment ◽  
And Function

Although several types of human skin substitutes are currently available, they usually do not include important skin appendages such as hair follicles and sweat glands, or various skin-related cells, such as dermal adipocytes and sensory neurons. This highlights the need to improve the in vitro human skin generation model for use as a tool for investigating skin diseases and as a source of cells or tissues for skin regeneration. Skin organoids are generated from stem cells and are expected to possess the complexity and function of natural skin. Here, we summarize the current literatures relating to the “niches” of the local skin stem cell microenvironment and the formation of skin organoids, and then discuss the opportunities and challenges associated with multifunctional skin organoids.

Adenomatoid Tumor of the Testis, A Mesonephric Hamartoma

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 318-319
Author(s):  
Raoul Fresco ◽  
Mary Chang-Lo
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Fibrous Tissue ◽  
Salient Feature ◽  
Luminal Surface ◽  
Adenomatoid Tumor ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies ◽  
Epithelial Origin ◽  
Brush Borders ◽  
Cell Processes

Confusion surrounds the nature of the “adenomatoid tumor” of the testis, as evidenced by the large number of synonyms which have been ascribed to it. Various authors have considered the tumor to be of endothelial, mesothelial or epithelial origin. There appears to be no controversy as to the stromal elements of the tumor, which consists mainly of smooth muscle and fibrous tissue. It is the irregular gland-like spaces which have given rise to the numerous theories as to its histogenesis, and even recent ultrastructural studies fail to agree on the origin of these structures.Electron microscopy of a typical intrascrotal adenomatoid tumor showed the gland-like spaces to be lined by epithelial cells (Fig. 1), rich in cytoplasmic tonofibrils and united to each other by numerous desmosomes (Fig. 2). The most salient feature of these epithelial cells was the presence on their luminal surface of numerous long and repeatedly branching microvillous structures of the type known as stereocilia (Fig. 3). These are extremely long slender cell processes which are as much as three to four times the length of those in brush borders.

Electron probe x-ray microanalysis and electron microscopy of amino acid absorption and transport by the small intestine: inhibition by chemical poisons and correlation to the elemental composition of the epithelial cells

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 134-135
Author(s):  
A. J. Tousimis
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Elemental Composition ◽  
Isotope Labeling ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Human Small Intestine ◽  
Transport Studies

The elemental composition of amino acids is similar to that of the major structural components of the epithelial cells of the small intestine and other tissues. Therefore, their subcellular localization and concentration measurements are not possible by x-ray microanalysis. Radioactive isotope labeling: I131-tyrosine, Se75-methionine and S35-methionine have been successfully employed in numerous absorption and transport studies. The latter two have been utilized both in vitro and vivo, with similar results in the hamster and human small intestine. Non-radioactive Selenomethionine, since its absorption/transport behavior is assumed to be the same as that of Se75- methionine and S75-methionine could serve as a compound tracer for this amino acid.

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