scholarly journals EXTIRPATION OF THE THYMUS IN THE GUINEA PIG

1917 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwards A. Park
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Serial Section ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Main Lobe ◽  
Technical Error ◽  
Serial Sections ◽  
Pharyngeal Pouch ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Pharyngeal Pouch

1. Accessory lobes of thymus, derived from the third pharyngeal pouch, occurring in close association with the parathyroids from the third pouch, were found in serial section of the cervical tissues of eleven out of fourteen guinea pigs, and probably would have been found in all fourteen but for a technical error. 2. It is probable, therefore, that accessory lobes of thymus having this situation and origin are usually, if not always, present in the guinea pig. 3. Additional accessory lobes of thymus belonging to, but at some distance from the main lobe were also present in several of the animals. 4. The discovery of these accessory lobes makes it certain that the guinea pig is unsuitable material for complete thymectomy, and probably complete extirpation of the thymus in this animal is rarely, if ever accomplished. 5. The extirpation experiments of previous investigators in the guinea pig must now be regarded as partial extirpations, and their results interpreted in that light. 6. Extirpation of the thymus in the guinea pig produced no changes in the writer's experiments. 7. The study of the serial sections of the cervical tissues of the guinea pig indicates that Ruben's statements regarding the parathyroid derived from the fourth pharyngeal pouch in the guinea pig are correct,—that it is much smaller than parathyroid III, may be rudimentary, and is sometimes absent at least on one side. 8. No accessory lobe of thymus was found accompanying the parathyroid from the fourth pouch, a finding also bearing out Ruben's statement that no thymus anlarge springs from the fourth pouch in the guinea pig.

scholarly journals Undescended retropharyngeal parathyroid adenoma with adjacent thymic tissue in a 13-year-old boy with primary hyperparathyroidism

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (12) ◽  
pp. 519-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony M Kordahi ◽  
Ron S Newfield ◽  
Stephen W Bickler ◽  
Jun Q Mo ◽  
Paritosh C Khanna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Hyperparathyroidism ◽  
Ct Scan ◽  
Parathyroid Adenoma ◽  
Pharyngeal Pouch ◽  
Rare Presentation ◽  
Thymic Tissue ◽  
The Third ◽  
Parathyroid Adenomas ◽  
Preoperative Ct ◽  
Third Pharyngeal Pouch

ABSTRACT We describe a rare presentation of a symptomatic parathyroid adenoma located in an ectopic retropharyngeal position in a 13-year-old boy. Preoperative CT scan and MRI demonstrated the ectopic location of the parathyroid adenoma. The patient underwent successful parathyroidectomy with cure of his hyperparathyroidism. On pathologic exam, the specimen was made up of a parathyroid adenoma and adjacent thymic tissue, indicating that it was likely an undescended lower parathyroid gland arising from the third pharyngeal pouch. Ectopic retropharyngeal parathyroid adenomas are very rare and to our knowledge, none have been previously described in adolescents.

scholarly journals Localised inhibition of FGF signalling in the third pharyngeal pouch is required for normal thymus and parathyroid organogenesis

Development ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 139 (18) ◽  
pp. 3456-3466 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Gardiner ◽  
A. L. Jackson ◽  
J. Gordon ◽  
H. Lickert ◽  
N. R. Manley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pharyngeal Pouch ◽  
The Third ◽  
Fgf Signalling ◽  
Third Pharyngeal Pouch

scholarly journals Gene expression profile of the third pharyngeal pouch reveals role of mesenchymal MafB in embryonic thymus development

Blood ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 113 (13) ◽  
pp. 2976-2987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dil Afroz Sultana ◽  
Shuhei Tomita ◽  
Michito Hamada ◽  
Yasuyuki Iwanaga ◽  
Yuki Kitahama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Mesenchymal Cells ◽  
Pharyngeal Pouch ◽  
Cdna Subtraction ◽  
Cell Repertoire ◽  
The Third ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Deficient Mice ◽  
Third Pharyngeal Pouch

Abstract The thymus provides a microenvironment that induces the differentiation of T-progenitor cells into functional T cells and that establishes a diverse yet self-tolerant T-cell repertoire. However, the mechanisms that lead to the development of the thymus are incompletely understood. We report herein the results of screening for genes that are expressed in the third pharyngeal pouch, which contains thymic primordium. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–based cDNA subtraction screening for genes expressed in microdissected tissues of the third pharyngeal pouch rather than the second pharyngeal arch yielded one transcription factor, MafB, which was predominantly expressed in CD45−IA−PDGFRα+ mesenchymal cells and was detectable even in the third pharyngeal pouch of FoxN1-deficient nude mice. Interestingly, the number of CD45+ cells that initially accumulated in the embryonic thymus was significantly decreased in MafB-deficient mice. Alterations of gene expression in the embryonic thymi of MafB-deficient mice included the reduced expression of Wnt3 and BMP4 in mesenchymal cells and of CCL21 and CCL25 in epithelial cells. These results suggest that MafB expressed in third pharyngeal pouch mesenchymal cells critically regulates lymphocyte accumulation in the embryonic thymus.

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF POST-PARTUM ENDOMETRIAL REPAIR IN THE GUINEA-PIG AND RAT

1952 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-NP
Author(s):  
A. SHARMAN
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Corpus Luteum ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
The Third ◽  
Endometrial Regeneration

An experimental study was made of post-partum endometrial regeneration in twenty-one healthy guinea-pigs and in twenty healthy rats. To serve as controls, one guinea-pig was killed on the day of parturition and another 6½ days following parturition: three rats were killed on the day of parturition and one 6½ days following parturition. All the remaining animals were ovariectomized. Groups of three were killed at the following intervals after parturition, viz.: 22, 40, 58, 84 hr. and 6½ days. In each group, one animal was left uninjected, another injected with oestrogenic hormone and the third injected with corpus luteum hormone. Endometrial regeneration appeared to proceed normally in all the animals.

scholarly journals Concurrent intrathyroidal thymus and parathyroid in a patient with papillary thyroid carcinoma: a challenging diagnosis

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgios Velimezis ◽  
Argyrios Ioannidis ◽  
Sotirios Apostolakis ◽  
Maria Chorti ◽  
Charalampos Avramidis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Female ◽  
Present Condition ◽  
List Type ◽  
Pharyngeal Pouch ◽  
Thymic Tissue ◽  
The Third ◽  
Individual Entity ◽  
Well Differentiated ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Third Pharyngeal Pouch

Summary During embryogenesis, the thymus and inferior parathyroid glands develop from the third pharyngeal pouch and migrate to their definite position. During this process, several anatomic variations may arise, with the thyroid being one of the most common sites of ectopic implantation for both organs. Here, we report the case of a young female patient, who underwent total thyroidectomy for papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. The patient’s history was remarkable for disorders of the genitourinary system. Histologic examination revealed the presence of well-differentiated intrathyroidal thymic tissue, containing an inferior parathyroid gland. While each individual entity has been well documented, this is one of the few reports in which concurrent presentation is reported. Given the fact that both the thymus and the inferior parathyroid are derivatives of the same embryonic structure (i.e. the third pharyngeal pouch), it is speculated that the present condition resulted from a failure in separation and migration during organogenesis. Learning points: Intrathyroidal thymus and parathyroid are commonly found individually, but rarely concurrently. It is a benign and asymptomatic condition. Differential diagnosis during routine workup with imaging modalities can be challenging.

scholarly journals BOUND COMPLEMENT AND IMMUNOLOGIC INJURY OF BLOOD VESSELS

1965 ◽  
Vol 121 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter A. Ward ◽  
Charles G. Cochrane
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Vascular Damage ◽  
The Third ◽  
Component C ◽  
Vascular Structures

Rats and guinea pigs were depleted of complement (C') by treatment with heat aggregated human γ-globulin (agg HGG), zymosan, anti-ß1C globulin, and carrageenan. Although antigen and antibody were bound to vascular structures, Arthus reactions were inhibited. This inhibition was characterized by the lack of C' binding to walls of vessels, the lack of polymorphonuclear (PMN's) cellular infiltrates, and the lack of significant vascular damage. When the same animals were followed for several hours thereafter, levels of serum C' began to rise, C' was bound in tissues, PMN infiltrates appeared, and immunologic vasculitis developed. Blood counts, chemotaxis of PMN's induced by lysates of PMN granules, together with studies on motility and phagocytosis by PMN's obtained from C' depleted rats, failed to establish any abnormality in these cells which would account for inhibition of Arthus reactions. The specificity of C' depletion in terms of effects in the first four reacting components of guinea pig C' was studied. Treatment with agg HGG led to loss of activity in all components, whereas zymosan and anti-ß1C globulin predominately affected the third component (C'3c). Carrageenan mainly affected the first two reacting components of C'. Thus, the availability of the 3c component, or a subsequently reacting component, correlated with the attraction of PMN's to immune reactants in vivo. Various antibodies with different C' fixing capacities in vitro were tested for their ability to induce immunologic vasculitis in normal animals. In rats, only those antibodies which fixed C' in vitro possessed biological activity, whereas in guinea pigs, all antibodies tested, regardless of C' fixation in vitro, induced Arthus reactions. For a given antibody in rats the vasculitis-inducing property was reflected in its ability to bind C' in vascular structures. Rats depleted of circulating PMN's by specific antibody were tested for Arthus activity. Although concentrations of immune reactants and C' were readily detected in vascular structures, no PMN infiltration occurred and significant vascular damage was averted.

Parathyroid anatomy, hormone synthesis, secretion, action, and receptors

2011 ◽  
pp. 633-641
Author(s):  
Geoffrey N. Hendy ◽  
David Goltzman
Keyword(s):  
Parathyroid Glands ◽  
Cervical Region ◽  
Pharyngeal Pouch ◽  
Hormone Synthesis ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Pharyngeal Pouch

Humans have two pairs of parathyroid glands lying in the anterior cervical region. The fetal parathyroid glands begin developing at 5 weeks from the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches. The third pharyngeal pouch, which contains tissue that will become the thymus and parathyroid, migrates downward and gives rise to the two inferior parathyroid glands normally located at the lower poles of the thyroid. The fourth pharyngeal pouch does not migrate and gives rise to the two upper parathyroid glands, which normally are attached to the upper poles of the thyroid (1).

scholarly journals Tbx1 and Foxi3 genetically interact in the third pharyngeal pouch endoderm required for thymus and parathyroid development

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica Hasten ◽  
Bernice E Morrow
Keyword(s):  
Adherens Junctions ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
22Q11.2 Deletion Syndrome ◽  
Deletion Syndrome ◽  
Pharyngeal Pouch ◽  
22Q11.2 Deletion ◽  
The Third ◽  
Transcription Factor Genes ◽  
Pharyngeal Apparatus ◽  
Third Pharyngeal Pouch

SummaryThe mechanisms required for segmentation of the pharyngeal apparatus to individual arches are not precisely delineated in mammalian species. Here, using conditional mutagenesis, we found that two transcription factor genes, Tbx1, the gene for 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and Foxi3, genetically interact in the third pharyngeal pouch endoderm for thymus and parathyroid gland development. We found that Tbx1 is autonomously required for the endoderm to form a temporary multilayered epithelium while invaginating. E-cadherin for adherens junctions remains expressed and cells in the apical boundary express ZO-1. Foxi3 is required autonomously to modulate proliferation and promote later restoration of the endoderm to a monolayer once the epithelia meet after invagination. Completion of this process cooccurs with expression of Alcam needed to stabilize adherens junctions and extracellular, Fibronectin. These processes are required in the third pharyngeal pouch to form the thymus and parathyroid glands, disrupted in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome patients.

Synaptic Bodies in the Different Rows of Outer Hair Cells in the Guinea Pig Cochlea

1988 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 308-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Swetlitschkin ◽  
L. Vollrath
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Hair Cells ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Functional Significance ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Outer Hair Cells ◽  
Inner Hair Cells ◽  
Circadian Changes ◽  
The Third ◽  
Ribbon Synapses

The afferent synapses of the outer hair cells (OHCs) of the cochlea are peculiar, insofar as some of them contain special synaptic bodies (SBs) forming the so-called ribbon synapses. These SB-containing synapses are highly variable in number, exhibiting interspecies and intraspecies differences. As quantitative data on the incidence of SBs in the different rows of OHCs are lacking and as some of the above differences may have a circadian basis, in the present study SBs were counted in guinea pigs killed at different times of the day and night. In the second turn of the cochlea, synapses with perpendicular and parallel SBs were distinguished. Perpendicular SBs, but not parallel SBs, were significantly higher in number in the first than in the third row. Circadian changes were observed for perpendicular SBs, which were higher in number in the evening than in the morning. Circadian changes were absent in the parallel SBs of the OHCs and in the SBs of the inner hair cells. These results show that the afferent synapses of OHCs are rather complex, structurally as well as temporally; the functional significance of this finding remains to be elucidated.

ANTI-BRUCELLA SERUM: GUINEA PIG PROTECTION EXPERIMENTS

1938 ◽  
Vol 16d (12) ◽  
pp. 353-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald Gwatkin
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Brucella Abortus ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Natural Manner ◽  
The Third ◽  
And Control

Guinea pigs were protected against infection with Brucella abortus by intraperitoneal injections of fresh, unpreserved, anti-abortus rabbit serum. In the first two experiments the serum-treated and control animals were exposed to infection by contact with infected guinea pigs, while in the third experiment they were exposed by instillation of the infecting organism into the eye. In the first experiment 60% of the controls and none of the treated animals were infected. In the second, 80% of the controls and 20% of the treated animals were infected. In the third, all of the treated animals were protected, while all of the controls became infected. The former method, although less certain than the latter, is worthy of consideration in experiments of this type, as it permits infection to occur in a natural manner.

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